The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses. ... The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions like breathing and sleep are controlled here.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses. ... The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions like breathing and sleep are controlled here.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
the structure of human brain is being discribed.
Its bout the explaination of how human brain works and all the eesnsial substances include in it that are simpkly defoned and
very important if someone nb
to be .
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Brain anatomy
• CNS consist of brain and spinal card.
• 100 billion neurons in the CNS
• According to John Eccles (1973) it is the most highly complexly
organized matter in universe
• Brain is very soft and jelly like.
• Brain weight is 3 pond
3. Brain development
• Development of CNS begins around eighteen day after conception
• Ectoderm of embryo thickens and form plate
• Plate edges form ridges that curl through longitudinal line then
ridges touch and fuse together …forming a neural tube that give
rise to the brain and spinal cord.
• By twenty-eight day of development the neural tube is closed and
its rostral end has developed three interconnected chamber.
• Chamber become ventricles and tissues surround them become
the three major part of brain.. Forebrain, mid brain and hindbrain.
4. Brain development
• As development progress, the rostral chamber (forebrain) divide
into three separate parts
• Two lateral ventricles and third ventricle
• Region around lateral ventricles becomes the telencephalon (end
brain)
• Third ventricle region become diencephalon (inter brain).
• Mid brain (also called mesencephalon) divide into tube like
structure and form cerebral aqueduct.
• Two structure developed in the hind brain: metencephalon (after
brain) and the myelencephalon (marrow brain)
6. Forebrain: surround rostral end of
neural tube
Telencephalon
• Outer most portion is telencephalon
• Larger than diencephalon
7. The Cerebral Cortex
•Outermost layer of
brain
•Cerebral Cortex
•the body’s ultimate
control and
information
processing center
•Highest level of motor
sensory and cognitive
processing
8. Cerebrum
• Cerebrum consists of the cerebral cortex and underlying structure
of telencephalon.
• Central celcus divides cerebrum into two equal halves. Left and
right hemisphere
• Receive sensory input from and sends motor output to other side
of the body.
9. Function of Hemispheres
Right Hemisphere
• understanding and remembering things we do and see
• putting bits of information together to make an entire picture
• controls the left side of the body
Left Hemisphere
• understanding and use of language (listening, reading, speaking and
writing)
• memory for spoken and written messages
• detailed analysis of information
• controls the right side of the body
11. The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Planning, decision
making speech
Sensory
Auditory
Vision
12. Frontal Lobe
• Judgments
• How we initiate activity in response to our environment.
• Controls our emotional response.
• Controls our expressive language.
• Assigns meaning to the words we choose (abstract thought)
• Attention span
• Involves word associations (language planning)
• Memory for habits and motor activities (short term memory)
• Motor cortex—Voluntary movement
• Impulse control
• Perseverance
13. Frontal Lobe Deficit—Problems
• Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis).
• Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-
stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing).
• Loss of flexibility in thinking.
• Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration).
• Inability to focus on task (Attending).
• Mood changes (Emotionally Labile).
• Difficulty with problem solving.
• Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).
14. Parietal Lobe Function
• Location for visual attention.
• Location for touch perception.
• Goal directed voluntary movements.
• Manipulation of objects.
• Integration of different senses that allows for
understanding a single concept.
15. Parietal Lobe—Problems resulting from deficit
• Inability to attend to more than one object at a time.
• Inability to name an object (Anomia).
• Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia).
• Problems with reading (Alexia).
• Difficulty with drawing objects (Apraxia)
• Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia).
• Lack of awareness of certain body parts (Apraxia) that leads to
difficulties in self-care.
• Inability to focus visual attention.
• Difficulties with eye and hand coordination.
16. Temporal Lobe Function
• Hearing ability
• Memory acquisition (storage and retrieval)
Of new information in memory)
• Some visual perceptions
• Categorization of objects.
17. Temporal Lobe Deficits—Problems
• Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia).
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia).
• Disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear.
• Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.
• Short-term memory loss.
• Interference with long-term memory
• Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior.
• Inability to categorize objects (Categorization).
• Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking.
• Increased aggressive behavior.
18. Occipital Lobe
Function: vision
Occipital Lobe Deficits—Problems
• Defects in vision.
• Difficulty with locating objects in environment (visual Agnosia)
• Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia).
• Production of hallucinations
• Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects.
• Word blindness - inability to recognize words.
• Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects.
• Inability to recognize movement of an object (Movement Agnosia).
• Difficulties with reading and writing.
19. The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex
• Parietal (Top to ear) Sensory Cortex
• Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
• Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex
20. Limbic system
• The limbic system is an older term for a group of subcortical
structures dealing with basic drives, emotions and memory
• It involve Hippocampus and amygdala.
• Even every different part of limbic system perform different
functions
21. hippocampus
• Two hippocampi in each temporal lobe
• If deficit in one part then cause extreme disturbance
• General intelligence is effected due to lesion in this part
• It also depends upon the type of hemisphere
• Hippocampus Memory processing
• Amygdala Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)
22. Basal ganglia
• Above cerebral cortex and thalamus
• It control Motor system
• Also involved in thinking, Recall
• Parkinson disease is due to degeneration of neuron at this part
• Diminished learning
• Lack of initiative
23. Diencephalon
• Consisted of thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal body
• Pineal body
• Pea sized structure that sites at the centre of the brain
• Secrets melatonin which helps in regulation of biological cycle
24. Thalamus
• Small bifurcated structure
• Relay station
• located on top of the brainstem.
• directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
• Lesions can cause threshold for pain may be raised
• It involve in Memory attention and speech, emotion
25. • There are many projection fibres(whose cell bodies at one region
and axons at another).
• So it consisted of nuclei that project information from one region
to another.
• Some nuclei receive information from sensory system and project
them to the cerebral cortex.
26.
27. hypothalamus
• Below thalamus
• 0.3 percent of brain weight
• More studied in animals
• Controls pituitary gland
• Control autonomic nervous system
• Endocrine system
• Organize behaviours which are important for the survival.
• Pituitary gland is attached to the base of hypothalamus through
the pituitary stalk.
28. • Hypothalamus control four f’s. Feeding, fleeing, fighting and
mating
• Much of the endocrine system controlled by hormones produced
by cells in the hypothalamus.
• The hypothalamus is connected internally with the pituitary gland.
• The hypothalamus hormones are secreted by neurosecretory cells
present at the base of the pituitary stalk.
• Hormones stimulate the pituraty gland to release the hormones
such as gonadotrophin-releasing hormone called gonadotrophic
hormone ----important is reproduction and behaviour.
30. Brainstem Deficits—Problems
• Decreased vital capacity in breathing, important for speech.
• Swallowing food and water (Dysphagia).
• Difficulty with organization/perception of the environment.
• Problems with balance and movement.
• Dizziness and nausea (Vertigo).
• Sleeping difficulties (Insomnia, hypersomnia).
31. Mid brain :Mesencephalon .
• Consists of two main divisions.Tectum andTegmentum
• Wrap around a fluid filled aqueduct
• Tectum as roof andTegmentum as floor
• Tectum consists of two bilaterally symmetrical nuclei called
colliculli
• Superior colliculli used to mediate head and eye movement during
following any visual stimuli
• Inferior colliculli used to follow same function for audition.
32. Tegmentum
• It is a relay station for sensory and motor fibers.
• It also includes the rostral end of reticular formation, several nuclei
controlling the eye movement.
• Control Blood pressure,Temperature , Emotional influence.
33. Hind brain:
Myelencephalon
• Medulla oblongata
• Pass through the spinal cord
• Breathing vomiting swallowing blood pressure and heart rate
• Talking and singing
• Degeneration causes Opposite side of paralysis, partial loss of pain
and temperature, Polio virus do effect on it
34. Reticular formation
• It is at lower border attached to the medulla and at upper border to
the mid brain.
• It receives sensory information and project it to the cerebral cortex,
thalamus and spinal cord.
• It play role in the sleep and arousal, attention ,muscle tone and
movement.
• Coma.
35. Hind brain :Metencephalon
• Cerebellum
the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem,
cerebellum actually means little brain.
• Involve in Coordination of voluntary movement
• Balance and equilibrium
Also helps involved in nonverbal learning and in case of
injury in cerebellum you would have difficulty walking,
keeping your balance, shaking hands.
36. Cerebellum Deficits—Problems
• Loss of ability to coordinate fine movements.
• Loss of ability to walk.
• Inability to reach out and grab objects.
• Tremors.
• Dizziness (Vertigo). Moving object surrounding
• Slurred Speech (Scanning Speech). Explosive speech
• Inability to make rapid movements