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Pdf human brain
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- 3. Meninges Three layersof connective tissue that enclose the brain Dura Mater Arachnoid Pia Mater
- 4. Dura Mater Outermost layer Thickest and toughest part of the meninges There are two layers, the outer layer is fused to the cranial bones.
- 5. Dura Mater In various places, the two layers separate to allow venous channels called dural sinuses to drain blood from the brain. Function containment of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
- 6. Arachnoid Middle layer of the meninges Loosley attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers. Function Allows for movement of cerebrospinal fluid.
- 7. Cerebrospinal Fluid Fluid that circulates in and around the brain. Protects the brain from shock and injury. Function-Transports nutrients and waste to and from cells. .
- 8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Formed in four spaces called ventricals. The ventricals hold a vascular portion called the choroid plexus, which produces the cerebrospinal fluid by filtering the blood and cellular excretion.
- 9. Pia Mater Innermost layer of the meninges A delicate connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal chord Function-Holds the blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord.
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- 12. Structure of theHemispheres Two layers An outer layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex. Supported by an inner layer of white matter
- 13. Structure of thehemispheres Each hemisphere has four lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
- 14. Structure of thehemispheres Gray Matter – The Cerebral Cortex The most highly evolved portion of the brain. Arranged in folds of elevations called gyri, and grooves called sulci
- 15. Gyri and Sulci The surfaces on which brain cells reside. More surface = more complex calculations
- 16. Structure of thehemispheres White Matter Connects the gray matter areas with one another and with other parts of the brain. Dispersed in a tree like pattern Made of myelinated fibers
- 17. White and GrayMatter White matter Gray Matter
- 18. Structure of thehemispheres Corpus Callosum Largest white matter structure in the brain Facilitates communication between the right and left hemispheres by electrical impulses
- 19. Structure of thehemispheres Basal Ganglia Base of forbrain, deep in each hemisphere. Functions: helps to re- gulate body movement and facial expressions.
- 20. Structure of thehemispheres Internal Capsule In between the hemi- spheres and the brain stem Function – Carries im- pulses between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem.
- 21. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The functions of the Cerebral Cortex are localized according to the four lobes. They are named for the overlying cranial bones.
- 22. CEREBRAL CORTEX FUNCTIONS CEREBRALCORTEX- Functions Conscious deliberation Voluntary actions Memory Association Discrimination Judgement
- 23. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Frontal Lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus.
- 24. Functions of theCerebral Cortex Some Frontal Lobe Functions Contains an area that provides the conscious control of skeletal muscles. Contains two areas that are important in speech
- 26. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Parietal Lobe occupies the superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central nucleus
- 27. Functions of theCerebral Cortex Some Parietal Lobe Functions Contains a primary sensory area where impulses from the skin are interpreted Estimates distance and size.
- 28. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Temporal Lobe lies inferior the lateral sulcus snd folds under the hemi- sphere on each side.
- 29. Functions of theCerebral Cortex Some Temporal Lobe Functions Responsible for receiving and interpreting auditory impulses from the ear. An olfactory area that concerns the sense of smell.
- 30. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Occipital Lobe lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum.
- 31. Functions of theCerebral Cortex Some Occipital Lobe Functions Visual receiving area and visual ass- ociation for interpreting impulses from the retina of the eye.
- 32. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Insula lies deep within each hemisphere and cannot be seen from the surface.
- 33. Functions of theCerebral Cortex The Insula Functions Visceral reactions and judgments Receives, integrates and responds to autonomic influx.
- 34. Communication areas ofthe lobes TEMPORAL LOBE Auditory Cortex Lies at the posterior area of the temporal lobe Contains the auditory receiving and association areas.
- 35. Communication areas ofthe lobes Auditory Receiving Area Detects sound impulses from the surrounding environment Auditory association area Interprets and translates the sound impulses. 1 1 2
- 36. Communication areas ofthe lobes FRONTAL LOBE- Motor cortex Lies anterior to the most inferior part of the frontal lobe Contains the Broca area
- 37. Communication areas ofthe lobes Broca Area – Responsible for spoken and written communication. Functions- Controls: Muscles in the tongue Soft Palate The larynyx Lies anterior to the area that controls the arm and hand muscles that produce written speech
- 38. Diencephalon The areabetween the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
- 39. The Thalamus Sortsand directs sensory impulses to areas of the cerebral cortex. Nearly all sensory impulses travel through the thalamus. Important role in sleep and wakefullness.
- 40. Hypothalamus Locatedinferior tothe thalamus The Boss of you.
- 41. Hypothalamus Helps maintain homeostasis Controls autonomic function such as: heartbeat, blood flow, and hormone secretion. Controls the pituitary gland.
- 42. Pituitary Gland A„master gland‟ lo- cated at the bottom of the hypothalamus. Pea sized Assists in the regulation of homeostasis.
- 43. Pituitary Gland Functions Helpsto regulate: Growth Blood pressure Child birth Sex organ function Thyroid gland Metabolism Temperature regulation
- 44. Hypothalamus/ Pituitary Homeostasis Balance Maintenance of body con- ditions within set limits.
- 45. The Limbic System Located between the cerebrum and diencephalon Includes the Hip- pocampus Links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex and autonomic functions of the brainstem.
- 46. The Limbic System Located between the cerebrum and diencephalon Includes the Hip- pocampus Links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex and autonomic functions of the brainstem.
- 47. The Limbic System Emotional states and behavior Formation of long term memory
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- 50. The Brain Stem Thebrainstem is located in the anterior region below the cerebrum
- 51. The Brain Stem Connectsthe cerebrum and the diencephalon with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes: The Midbrain The Pons The Medulla Oblongata
- 52. The Midbrain The midbrain is located below the center of the cerebrum. The midbrain forms the superior part of the brain stem.
- 53. The Midbrain The midbrainconsists of centers that are concerned with aspects of vision and hearing.
- 54. The Pons Locatedanterior to the cerebellum. Lies between the midbrain and the medulla Connects the two halves of the cerebellum with the brainstem.
- 55. Medulla Oblongata Locatedbetween the pons and spinal cord. Contains gray matter which has centers that play an important role in many involuntary actions such as respiration. The centers are called vital centers.
- 56. The Medulla VitalCenters The respiratory center The cardiac center The vasomotor center
- 57. The Cerebellum “LittleBrain” Divided into two hemispheres, and one middle part(vermis). Outer layer gray matter, inner layer white matter. Located above the brainstem, and beneath the occipital lobes.
- 58. The Cerebellum Functions: Coordinationin voluntary movement. Helps maintain balance and equilibrium. Helps maintain muscle tone.
- 59. Brain Studies Imaging usedto study the brain without physically entering it
- 60. Brain Studies CT ScanProvides photographs of the bone, soft tissue, and cavities of the brain. Used to de- tect: Scar tissue accumulations Anatomic lesions such as tumors
- 61. Brain Studies MRI MagneticResonance Imaging Shows more views than CT scans Often reveals issues that the CT scan can miss such as tumors, scar tissue, and hemorrhaging.
- 63. Brain Studies EEG TheElectroencephalograph records Electrical currents produced by the brain‟s Nerve cells.
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- 65. Cranial Nerves 12pairs of cranial nerves Numbered 1- 12 based on connection with the brain. Originate in the brain stem Divided into 4 categories based on the impulses they send.
- 66. Cranial Nerves Types Specialsensory impulses Located in special sense organs in the head, responsible for: Smell Taste Vision Hearing
- 67. Cranial Nerves Types Generalsensory impulses Originate from receptors through the body. Pain Touch Temp Pressure Vibration Deep muscle sense
- 68. Cranial Nerves Types SomaticMotor Impulses Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
- 69. Cranial Nerves Types VISCERALMOTOR IMPULSES Part of autonomic nervous system Involuntary control of glands and involuntary muscle
- 70. Aging and theNervous System
- 71. Aging of thebrain The brain loses 5-10 % of it’s volume between the ages of 20-90. The grooves widen and the surface shrinks.
- 72. Agingof the brain Aging in the Brain Senile plaque forms Synapses and neurons decrease, esp in the cere- bral cortex.
- 73. Aging in thebrain Movement is slowed Information processing slows Chance of stroke, and alzheimers increases
- 74. Dementia Loss of cognitiveability in a previously-unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Massage - Yes
- 75. Alzheimers Alzheimer’s diseaseleads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all Massage –Yes, best to its functions. start in early stages
- 76. Multiple Sclerosis Eats awayat the protective sheath that covers your nerves. This interferes with the communication between your brain and the rest of your body. Massage- During remissions