An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates arc mutually perpendicular
Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems include the Cartesian (or rectangular), the circular cylindrical, the spherical, the elliptic cylindrical, the parabolic cylindrical, the conical, the prolate spheroidal, the oblate spheroidal, and the ellipsoidal.1
A considerable amount of work and time may be saved by choosing a coordinate system that best fits a given problem
A hard problem in one coordi nate system may turn out to be easy in another system.
In this text, we shall restrict ourselves to the three best-known coordinate systems: the Cartesian, the circular cylindrical, and the spherical.
Differential Geometry for Machine LearningSEMINARGROOT
References:
Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Manfredo P. Do Carmo (2016)
Differential Geometry by Claudio Arezzo
Youtube: https://youtu.be/tKnBj7B2PSg
What is a Manifold?
Youtube: https://youtu.be/CEXSSz0gZI4
Shape analysis (MIT spring 2019) by Justin Solomon
Youtube: https://youtu.be/GEljqHZb30c
Tensor Calculus
Youtube: https://youtu.be/kGXr1SF3WmA
Manifolds: A Gentle Introduction,
Hyperbolic Geometry and Poincaré Embeddings by Brian Keng
Link: http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/manifolds/,
http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/hyperbolic-geometry-and-poincare-embeddings/
Statistical Learning models for Manifold-Valued measurements with application to computer vision and neuroimaging by Hyunwoo J.Kim
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates shalinishalini singh
In this Presentation, I have explained the co-ordinate system in three plain. ie Cylindrical, Spherical, Cartesian(Rectangular) along with its Differential formulas for length, area &volume.
Eucluidian and Non eucluidian space in Tensor analysis.Non Euclidian space AJAY CHETRI
Eucluidian and Non eucluidian space in Tensor analysis.
Introduction to type of system in sphere.Benefit and advantage of using Tensor analysis.EUCLID’S GEOMETRY
VS.
NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates arc mutually perpendicular
Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems include the Cartesian (or rectangular), the circular cylindrical, the spherical, the elliptic cylindrical, the parabolic cylindrical, the conical, the prolate spheroidal, the oblate spheroidal, and the ellipsoidal.1
A considerable amount of work and time may be saved by choosing a coordinate system that best fits a given problem
A hard problem in one coordi nate system may turn out to be easy in another system.
In this text, we shall restrict ourselves to the three best-known coordinate systems: the Cartesian, the circular cylindrical, and the spherical.
Differential Geometry for Machine LearningSEMINARGROOT
References:
Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Manfredo P. Do Carmo (2016)
Differential Geometry by Claudio Arezzo
Youtube: https://youtu.be/tKnBj7B2PSg
What is a Manifold?
Youtube: https://youtu.be/CEXSSz0gZI4
Shape analysis (MIT spring 2019) by Justin Solomon
Youtube: https://youtu.be/GEljqHZb30c
Tensor Calculus
Youtube: https://youtu.be/kGXr1SF3WmA
Manifolds: A Gentle Introduction,
Hyperbolic Geometry and Poincaré Embeddings by Brian Keng
Link: http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/manifolds/,
http://bjlkeng.github.io/posts/hyperbolic-geometry-and-poincare-embeddings/
Statistical Learning models for Manifold-Valued measurements with application to computer vision and neuroimaging by Hyunwoo J.Kim
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates shalinishalini singh
In this Presentation, I have explained the co-ordinate system in three plain. ie Cylindrical, Spherical, Cartesian(Rectangular) along with its Differential formulas for length, area &volume.
Eucluidian and Non eucluidian space in Tensor analysis.Non Euclidian space AJAY CHETRI
Eucluidian and Non eucluidian space in Tensor analysis.
Introduction to type of system in sphere.Benefit and advantage of using Tensor analysis.EUCLID’S GEOMETRY
VS.
NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
LINEAR ALGEBRA, WITH OPTIMIZATION; VECTORS & MATRICES, LINEAR SUB-SPACES, LINEAR INDEPENDENCE & DIMENSION; MATRIX SUB-SPACES, MATRIX RANK, MATRIX INVERSE, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, etc.
Un sistema de coordenadas es un conjunto de valores que permiten definir la posición de cualquier punto de un espacio vectorial.
Estos sistemas de coordenadas son de suma importancia ya que para resolver problemas de electrotástica, magnetostática y
campos variables en el tiempo, tenemos que tener un conocimiento previo de cómo utilizarlos y cómo hacer cambios de bases
vectoriales entre ellos para que la resolución de los problemas sea menos compleja.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS
Para adentrarnos en el tema de transformación de coordenadas, considero que es importante conocer primeramente, la definición y/u concepto
de lo que es un sistema de coordenadas, así que iniciando desde este punto, tenemos que:
Un sistema de coordenadas es un sistema que utiliza uno o más números (coordenadas) para determinar unívocamente la posición de un
punto u objeto geométrico.
El orden en que se escriben las coordenadas es significativo y a veces se las identifica por su posición en una tupla ordenada; también se las
puede representar con letras, como por ejemplo (la coordenada-x). El estudio de los sistemas de coordenadas es objeto de la geometría
analítica, permite formular los problemas geométricos de forma "numérica“.
Teniendo esto en claro, podemos definir a aquello que se conoce como Transformación de coordenadas… Entonces, tenemos que:
La transformación de coordenadas es una operación por la cual una relación, expresión o figura se cambia en otra siguiendo una ley dada.
Analíticamente, la ley se expresa por una o mas ecuaciones llamadas ecuaciones de transformación.
También se define como el cambio de posición de los ejes de referencia en un sistema de coordenadas, ya sea por traslación, rotación, o ambas. El propósito de dicho cambio por lo general es simplificar la ecuación de una curva para manejo posterior.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS RECTANGULARES A POLARES
Primero definiremos a cada sistema de coordenadas…
Coordenadas Rectangulares:son aquellas que nos permiten determinar la ubicación de un punto mediante dos distancias y refiriéndolas a una dirección base y a un punto base.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
LINEAR ALGEBRA, WITH OPTIMIZATION; VECTORS & MATRICES, LINEAR SUB-SPACES, LINEAR INDEPENDENCE & DIMENSION; MATRIX SUB-SPACES, MATRIX RANK, MATRIX INVERSE, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, etc.
Un sistema de coordenadas es un conjunto de valores que permiten definir la posición de cualquier punto de un espacio vectorial.
Estos sistemas de coordenadas son de suma importancia ya que para resolver problemas de electrotástica, magnetostática y
campos variables en el tiempo, tenemos que tener un conocimiento previo de cómo utilizarlos y cómo hacer cambios de bases
vectoriales entre ellos para que la resolución de los problemas sea menos compleja.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS
Para adentrarnos en el tema de transformación de coordenadas, considero que es importante conocer primeramente, la definición y/u concepto
de lo que es un sistema de coordenadas, así que iniciando desde este punto, tenemos que:
Un sistema de coordenadas es un sistema que utiliza uno o más números (coordenadas) para determinar unívocamente la posición de un
punto u objeto geométrico.
El orden en que se escriben las coordenadas es significativo y a veces se las identifica por su posición en una tupla ordenada; también se las
puede representar con letras, como por ejemplo (la coordenada-x). El estudio de los sistemas de coordenadas es objeto de la geometría
analítica, permite formular los problemas geométricos de forma "numérica“.
Teniendo esto en claro, podemos definir a aquello que se conoce como Transformación de coordenadas… Entonces, tenemos que:
La transformación de coordenadas es una operación por la cual una relación, expresión o figura se cambia en otra siguiendo una ley dada.
Analíticamente, la ley se expresa por una o mas ecuaciones llamadas ecuaciones de transformación.
También se define como el cambio de posición de los ejes de referencia en un sistema de coordenadas, ya sea por traslación, rotación, o ambas. El propósito de dicho cambio por lo general es simplificar la ecuación de una curva para manejo posterior.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS RECTANGULARES A POLARES
Primero definiremos a cada sistema de coordenadas…
Coordenadas Rectangulares:son aquellas que nos permiten determinar la ubicación de un punto mediante dos distancias y refiriéndolas a una dirección base y a un punto base.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. COORDINATE SYSTEM & TRANSFORMATION
• Coordinate systems are defined as a system used to represent a point
in space
• Classified a Orthogonal and Nonorthogonal Coordinate system
• For orthogonal coordinate system, the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular. The orthogonal coordinate systems include
• Rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system
• Cylindrical or circular coordinate system
• Spherical coordinate system
3. Rectangular Coordinate System
• This system is formed by three mutually orthogonal straight lines. The
three straight lines are called x,y,z axis. The point of intersection of
these lines are called the origin
• We will use the unit vectors ෞ
𝑎𝑥, ෞ
𝑎𝑦, ෞ
𝑎𝑧 to indicate the direction of
components along x,y,z axis respectively
• Range of coordinates x,y,z are −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
−∞ < 𝑦 < ∞
−∞ < 𝑧 < ∞
• Vector Ԧ
𝐴 in cartesian coordinate can be written as
• Ԧ
𝐴=(Ax ,
Ay ,
A𝑧) =Ax ෞ
𝑎𝑥+ Ay ෞ
𝑎𝑦 + A𝑧ෞ
𝑎𝑧
4. • The position vector ത
𝒓 , a vector directed from the origin 0 to point P,
P(x,y,x) is given by
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶
ҧ
𝑟 = 𝑥ෞ
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦ෞ
𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧ෞ
𝑎𝑧
• x,y,z are scalar projections of ҧ
𝑟 𝑜𝑛 x,y and z axis
• Magnitude of ത
𝒓 is given by
ҧ
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
• Orientation of ҧ
𝑟 on the x,y,z axis is given by 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 called Direction
Angles
ҧ
𝑟
𝑟
=
𝑥
𝑟
ෞ
𝑎𝑥 +
𝑦
𝑟
ෞ
𝑎𝑦 +
𝑧
𝑟
ෞ
𝑎𝑧
=Cos 𝛼 ෞ
𝑎𝑥+ Cos𝛽ෞ
𝑎𝑦+ Cos𝛾ෞ
𝑎𝑧
=𝑙𝑥 ෞ
𝑎𝑥+𝑙𝑦 ෞ
𝑎𝑦+ 𝑙𝑧ෞ
𝑎𝑧
𝑙𝑥, 𝑙𝑦, 𝑙𝑧 are known as Direction Cosines
5. • The unit vector along the direction of the position vector can be expressed in
terms of the direction cosines.
• Direction cosines are nothing but the magnitude of the position vector along the
coordinate axis
• Also Cos 𝛼 + Cos𝛽 + Cos𝛾 = 1
• Components in a specific direction
Consider a unit vector in a specific
direction.
The projection of Ԧ
𝐴 along the desired
direction is A.ො
𝑛 =A.Cos𝜃
This gives the magnitude of projection.
Scalar Component of Ԧ
𝐴 on 𝐵 = Ԧ
𝐴. ෞ
𝑎𝐵
Vector Component of Ԧ
𝐴 on 𝐵 =( Ԧ
𝐴. ෞ
𝑎𝐵) ෞ
𝑎𝐵
6. Relative Position Vector (Rij)
• Vector expression for Coulombs law, electric field intensity etc contains the
position vectors relative to the points other than the origin.
• Using the law of addition of vectors,
𝑟1 + 𝑟12 = 𝑟2
𝑟12 = 𝑅 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
• This can be considered as the position vector of (2) w.r.t position vector(1),
hence the name relative position vector
• The Unit vector of a relative position vector is
𝑎12=
𝑟12
𝑟12
=
𝑟2−𝑟1
𝑟2−𝑟1
, 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
Similarly, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑟𝑗−𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑗−𝑟𝑖
7. Cylindrical Coordinate System
• A point P in the cylindrical coordinate system is represented as
P(𝜌, ∅, 𝑧)
• Range of Coordinates
• Unit vectors
0≤ 𝜌 ≤ ∞
0≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋
-∞ ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ∞
𝑎𝜌 → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝜌 →Radius of the cylinder
𝑎∅ → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ∅ →Azimuthal angle
𝑎𝑧 → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑧 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
8. Spherical Coordinate System
• A point P in the Spherical coordinate system is represented as P(r, 𝜃, ∅)
• Range of Coordinates
• Unit vectors
0≤ 𝑟 ≤ ∞
0≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
0≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋
𝑎𝑟 → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 r →Radius of the sphere(meters)
𝑎𝜃 → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝜃 →Angle of elevation measured from z-axis (radians)
𝑎∅ → 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ∅ → Azimuthal Angle(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
9. Rectangular to Cylindrical Coordinate system
• 𝜌 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
• ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
(𝑦 ⁄ 𝑥)
• 𝑧 = 𝑧
• Sin ∅=
𝑦
𝜌
, Cos ∅=
𝑥
𝜌
, z=z
• X= 𝜌. Cos ∅
• y= 𝜌. Sin ∅
• Z=z
Cylindrical to Rectangular Coordinate system
14. DIFFERENTIAL VECTOR
• A differential vector or line element dl in Rectangular coordinate
system is given by
• ഥ
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥ෞ
𝑎𝑥+ dyෞ
𝑎𝑦+ dzෞ
𝑎𝑧
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑦2 + 𝑑𝑧2
• A differential volume element is given by dv=dxdydz
15. Differential vector in Cylindrical coordinate system
• A differential vector or line element dl in Cylindrical coordinate
system is given by
ഥ
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑙𝜌ෞ
𝑎𝜌+ 𝑑𝑙∅ෞ
𝑎∅+ 𝑑𝑙𝑧ෞ
𝑎𝑧
= 𝑑ρෞ
𝑎𝜌+ ρ𝑑∅ෞ
𝑎∅+ 𝑑𝑧ෞ
𝑎𝑧
• Differential arc length
𝑑𝑙 = (𝑑ρ)2+ (ρ𝑑∅)2+ (𝑑𝑧)2
• Differential area in the lateral surface of a cylinder
ρ𝑑∅𝑑𝑧. ෞ
𝑎𝜌
Differential in Coordinate Corresponding change in length
𝑑𝜌
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑙𝜌=𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑙∅=𝜌𝑑∅
𝑑𝑙𝑧=dz
16. Differential vector in Spherical coordinate system
• A differential vector or line element dl in Spherical coordinate system is
given by
ഥ
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑙𝑟ෞ
𝑎𝑟+ 𝑑𝑙𝜃 ෞ
𝑎𝜃 + 𝑑𝑙∅ෞ
𝑎∅
= 𝑑𝑟ෞ
𝑎𝑟+ 𝑟𝑑𝜃ෞ
𝑎𝜃+ 𝑟. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑑∅ෞ
𝑎∅
• Differential arc length
𝑑𝑙 = (𝑑𝑟)2+ (𝑟𝑑𝜃)2+ (𝑟. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑑∅)2
• Differential area on the Spherical Surface
𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑟.𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑∅
• Differential Volume
(𝑑𝑟)(𝑟𝑑𝜃)(𝑟.𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑∅)
Differential in Coordinate Corresponding change in length
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑙𝑟=𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑙𝜃 =r𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑙∅=𝑟. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑑∅
17.
18. Curvilinear, Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical
Curvilinear Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
Coordinate
𝑈1 x 𝜌 r
𝑈2 y ∅ 𝜃
𝑈3 z z ∅
Scale
factor
ℎ1 1 1 1
ℎ2 1 𝜌 r
ℎ3 1 1 r. Sin𝜃
Unit
Vector
𝑒1 ෞ
𝑎𝑥 ෞ
𝑎𝜌 ෞ
𝑎𝑟
𝑒2 ෞ
𝑎𝑦 ෞ
𝑎∅ ෞ
𝑎𝜃
𝑒3 ෞ
𝑎𝑧 ෞ
𝑎𝑧 ෞ
𝑎∅
Differential
length
𝑑𝑙1=ℎ1𝑈1 𝑑1 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑙2=ℎ2𝑈2 𝑑2 𝜌 𝑑∅ r𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑙3=ℎ3𝑈3 𝑑3 𝑑𝑧 r. Sin𝜃 𝑑∅