The Byzantine Empire lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD, with its capital in Constantinople. It preserved classical Greek knowledge and spread Orthodox Christianity. Politically, the emperor was head of both church and state. Justinian reconquered much of the former Western Roman Empire in the 6th century but this left the empire financially weakened. The empire gradually declined due to invasions and loss of territory to the Arabs and Seljuk Turks. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1203, weakening the empire further until the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire preserved classical knowledge from Greece and Rome that was lost in Western Europe. Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople for its strategic advantages. Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire through military campaigns, doubling its size. He also had Roman law codified and oversaw construction projects like Hagia Sophia that combined Christian and imperial influences. The Byzantine Empire played a key role in preserving Greco-Roman culture and influencing architecture, art, and law in Europe.
Ancient Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Tiber River, situated on seven hills which provided strategic advantages. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC after Romans overthrew their Etruscan rulers. Power was shared between the patrician nobility and the plebeians, though plebeians gained more rights over time. Rome expanded through conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean region, destroying the rival city of Carthage. Internal conflicts emerged between those wishing to maintain the status quo and those pushing for reforms as wealth inequality grew.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire. It began as the eastern half of the Roman Empire after Diocletian split the empire in 284 AD. Constantine rebuilt the city of Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople and making it the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reconquered much of the territory of the old Western Roman Empire before losing it again. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The Dark Ages spanned from around 500 AD to 1000 AD. This period followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and was characterized by economic and political instability, migrations of people, and a decline in arts, culture, and education. Christianity spread throughout Europe during this time, while paganism remained influential in northern regions. Monks worked to preserve knowledge by copying manuscripts in monasteries and helped reconstruct European society after the fall of Rome.
The document provides historical context about the origins and rise of the Byzantine Empire. It discusses how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in the late 200s AD. The eastern half continued on from the city of Constantinople, which was established as the new capital in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine. Over time, the Byzantine Empire became the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe for much of its existence.
The Byzantine Empire originated as the eastern half of the Roman Empire, with its capital moved to Constantinople in 330 CE. At its height under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire rebuilt and expanded Constantinople and established a codified legal system. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost territory to Arab armies starting in the 600s and Turkish armies in the 1000s, and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It details how Rome grew to become the most powerful empire in Europe through its strong military, establishment of Roman law and democratic republic, and spread of Latin and Roman infrastructure across its territories. However, over time the empire declined due to invasions from outside groups, the rise of a new religion in Christianity, economic troubles, and political instability. This led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
The Byzantine Empire preserved classical knowledge from Greece and Rome that was lost in Western Europe. Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople for its strategic advantages. Justinian expanded the Byzantine Empire through military campaigns, doubling its size. He also had Roman law codified and oversaw construction projects like Hagia Sophia that combined Christian and imperial influences. The Byzantine Empire played a key role in preserving Greco-Roman culture and influencing architecture, art, and law in Europe.
Ancient Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Tiber River, situated on seven hills which provided strategic advantages. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC after Romans overthrew their Etruscan rulers. Power was shared between the patrician nobility and the plebeians, though plebeians gained more rights over time. Rome expanded through conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean region, destroying the rival city of Carthage. Internal conflicts emerged between those wishing to maintain the status quo and those pushing for reforms as wealth inequality grew.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire. It began as the eastern half of the Roman Empire after Diocletian split the empire in 284 AD. Constantine rebuilt the city of Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople and making it the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reconquered much of the territory of the old Western Roman Empire before losing it again. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The Dark Ages spanned from around 500 AD to 1000 AD. This period followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and was characterized by economic and political instability, migrations of people, and a decline in arts, culture, and education. Christianity spread throughout Europe during this time, while paganism remained influential in northern regions. Monks worked to preserve knowledge by copying manuscripts in monasteries and helped reconstruct European society after the fall of Rome.
The document provides historical context about the origins and rise of the Byzantine Empire. It discusses how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in the late 200s AD. The eastern half continued on from the city of Constantinople, which was established as the new capital in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine. Over time, the Byzantine Empire became the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe for much of its existence.
The Byzantine Empire originated as the eastern half of the Roman Empire, with its capital moved to Constantinople in 330 CE. At its height under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire rebuilt and expanded Constantinople and established a codified legal system. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost territory to Arab armies starting in the 600s and Turkish armies in the 1000s, and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It details how Rome grew to become the most powerful empire in Europe through its strong military, establishment of Roman law and democratic republic, and spread of Latin and Roman infrastructure across its territories. However, over time the empire declined due to invasions from outside groups, the rise of a new religion in Christianity, economic troubles, and political instability. This led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
Martin Luther was troubled by the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to forgive sins and fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. In 1517, he wrote the 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and questioning papal authority. He nailed the theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church to debate fellow scholars. This sparked the Protestant Reformation as his ideas spread through printing and divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches that still exist today.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It describes how Octavian, later known as Caesar Augustus, transitioned Rome from a republic to an empire and established stability through consolidating power. It then outlines some of the key emperors and events that occurred over the centuries as the empire expanded but eventually declined due to military overreach, economic troubles, and invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is seen as marking the end of the ancient period.
Religion in ancient Rome was polytheistic and based on Greek gods. Emperors were generally tolerant of other religions but expected people to respect Roman gods. When Rome conquered Judea in 63 BC, they allowed Hebrews to govern if they respected Roman laws, but many refused to worship Roman gods due to monotheism. This led to resistance and belief that a Messiah would restore the kingdom. Jesus was born in Judea in the early 1st century AD and began preaching a unique form of Judaism known as Christianity. He was crucified for defying Roman authority in 29 AD. The apostle Paul helped mold Jesus' teachings into a new religion of Christianity based on Jesus being God's son who
Medieval Christianity had a profound influence on everyday life. The Church organized people's lives from birth through death, requiring rituals like baptism, Christian marriage, and funeral. It also regulated working hours and holidays. As a result, the Church had immense social power. Christians had religious duties to obtain salvation, such as weekly confession and communion. Politically, bishops advised kings while the Pope governed the Papal States. The Church also wielded significant economic power through tithes and ownership of lands worked by peasants. Overall, Christianity dominated medieval European society.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades from 1095 to 1291 AD. It began when the Pope called on European warriors to help retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were nine major Crusades over almost two centuries that aimed to defeat Muslim forces and establish Christian control, but they ultimately failed and Muslim rule was restored. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new cultures and increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages, sparked by Italian interest in classical Roman ruins and manuscripts. Wealthy Italian city-state rulers like the Medicis in Florence became patrons of the arts, supporting artists and architects. This led to a rebirth of learning and culture across Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries as the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread.
Ancient Greece developed out of two early civilizations - the Minoan civilization on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland. Geographic factors like mountains and islands led to the rise of independent city-states across Greece. These city-states experimented with different forms of government, with Athens developing the first democratic system and Sparta developing a totalitarian military state. The Persian Wars in the 5th century BC united the Greek city-states against a common enemy but also intensified rivalry between Athens and Sparta for dominance over Greece.
The document discusses the Crusades, a series of religious wars launched by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of Christian holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade by calling on European Christians to fight to reclaim the Holy Land. While the Crusades succeeded in temporarily taking Jerusalem, they ultimately failed in permanently retaking and maintaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim powers like Saladin.
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. In Italy, the Renaissance saw advancements in literature, philosophy, art, science, and architecture that emphasized humanism, secularism, and use of perspective and realism. Major Italian Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel ceiling, and School of Athens. The Renaissance ideals later influenced northern Europe with artists like Durer and architects like Brunelleschi leading the movement.
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River in Italy that united around 750 BC to form the city of Rome. Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire, with emperors ruling from 27 BC to 476 AD. The Roman Republic had three branches of government - the executive branch led by two consuls, the powerful legislative Senate, and judicial branch with elected judges. Initially only patricians could hold public office, but plebeians gained equality in 287 BC. The Roman Empire expanded greatly under ambitious generals until it fell due to overexpansion, corruption, civil wars, and economic troubles.
This document provides information on different types of houses in ancient Rome. It describes the domus as the typical house for rich families, which centered around an atrium and included rooms like the tablinum, cubiculum, and triclinium. The Roman villa was a larger country house for wealthy families with amenities like baths, pools, and gardens. Insulae housed lower-class families in multi-story apartment buildings, with shops on the bottom floor and smaller units higher up. The lowest class lived in simple capannas or shacks, often in rural areas. Temples served as houses for the gods and goddesses in ancient Rome.
Byzantine art evolved from Roman art and was influenced by Eastern styles. Important art forms included churches decorated with mosaics and icons. Byzantine churches were characterized by Greek cross plans, semicircular arches, large domes on pendentives, and decorative mosaics. Two renowned examples were Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Mosaics used small colored tiles or tesserae to make images on golden backgrounds, depicting religious or imperial themes. Icons were religious paintings on wood of figures with stylized, rigid expressions on golden backgrounds.
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople. Constantinople was ideally located for defense as it was surrounded by water on three sides and had fortified walls. It also lay at a strategic crossroads for trade between Europe and Asia. Life in Constantinople was more advanced than in Western Europe, with public services and a sewer system. Emperor Justinian rebuilt parts of the city after a rebellion and improved infrastructure. He also codified Roman law, the basis for modern legal codes. The state religion was Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which was closely linked to the government. The emperor had authority over the church and religion played a central role in daily life.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
The Byzantine Empire grew strong under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD through his legal reforms, military conquests, and construction projects. However, the Empire declined after Justinian's death due to invasions and loss of territory to neighboring powers like the Lombards and Persians. The Christian church also split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches due to disagreements over icons and the supremacy of the Roman Pope.
The document discusses the spread of Christianity from the Byzantine Empire to Russia and the influence of Byzantine culture. It then outlines the history of Russia, including its defeat of the Mongols and growth of Moscow as the capital under Ivan the Great. Ivan the Terrible further centralized power, limiting the nobility and forcing serfs to remain on lands, using violent force against revolts.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
Martin Luther was troubled by the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to forgive sins and fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. In 1517, he wrote the 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and questioning papal authority. He nailed the theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church to debate fellow scholars. This sparked the Protestant Reformation as his ideas spread through printing and divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches that still exist today.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It describes how Octavian, later known as Caesar Augustus, transitioned Rome from a republic to an empire and established stability through consolidating power. It then outlines some of the key emperors and events that occurred over the centuries as the empire expanded but eventually declined due to military overreach, economic troubles, and invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is seen as marking the end of the ancient period.
Religion in ancient Rome was polytheistic and based on Greek gods. Emperors were generally tolerant of other religions but expected people to respect Roman gods. When Rome conquered Judea in 63 BC, they allowed Hebrews to govern if they respected Roman laws, but many refused to worship Roman gods due to monotheism. This led to resistance and belief that a Messiah would restore the kingdom. Jesus was born in Judea in the early 1st century AD and began preaching a unique form of Judaism known as Christianity. He was crucified for defying Roman authority in 29 AD. The apostle Paul helped mold Jesus' teachings into a new religion of Christianity based on Jesus being God's son who
Medieval Christianity had a profound influence on everyday life. The Church organized people's lives from birth through death, requiring rituals like baptism, Christian marriage, and funeral. It also regulated working hours and holidays. As a result, the Church had immense social power. Christians had religious duties to obtain salvation, such as weekly confession and communion. Politically, bishops advised kings while the Pope governed the Papal States. The Church also wielded significant economic power through tithes and ownership of lands worked by peasants. Overall, Christianity dominated medieval European society.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades from 1095 to 1291 AD. It began when the Pope called on European warriors to help retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were nine major Crusades over almost two centuries that aimed to defeat Muslim forces and establish Christian control, but they ultimately failed and Muslim rule was restored. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new cultures and increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages, sparked by Italian interest in classical Roman ruins and manuscripts. Wealthy Italian city-state rulers like the Medicis in Florence became patrons of the arts, supporting artists and architects. This led to a rebirth of learning and culture across Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries as the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread.
Ancient Greece developed out of two early civilizations - the Minoan civilization on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland. Geographic factors like mountains and islands led to the rise of independent city-states across Greece. These city-states experimented with different forms of government, with Athens developing the first democratic system and Sparta developing a totalitarian military state. The Persian Wars in the 5th century BC united the Greek city-states against a common enemy but also intensified rivalry between Athens and Sparta for dominance over Greece.
The document discusses the Crusades, a series of religious wars launched by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of Christian holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade by calling on European Christians to fight to reclaim the Holy Land. While the Crusades succeeded in temporarily taking Jerusalem, they ultimately failed in permanently retaking and maintaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim powers like Saladin.
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. In Italy, the Renaissance saw advancements in literature, philosophy, art, science, and architecture that emphasized humanism, secularism, and use of perspective and realism. Major Italian Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel ceiling, and School of Athens. The Renaissance ideals later influenced northern Europe with artists like Durer and architects like Brunelleschi leading the movement.
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River in Italy that united around 750 BC to form the city of Rome. Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire, with emperors ruling from 27 BC to 476 AD. The Roman Republic had three branches of government - the executive branch led by two consuls, the powerful legislative Senate, and judicial branch with elected judges. Initially only patricians could hold public office, but plebeians gained equality in 287 BC. The Roman Empire expanded greatly under ambitious generals until it fell due to overexpansion, corruption, civil wars, and economic troubles.
This document provides information on different types of houses in ancient Rome. It describes the domus as the typical house for rich families, which centered around an atrium and included rooms like the tablinum, cubiculum, and triclinium. The Roman villa was a larger country house for wealthy families with amenities like baths, pools, and gardens. Insulae housed lower-class families in multi-story apartment buildings, with shops on the bottom floor and smaller units higher up. The lowest class lived in simple capannas or shacks, often in rural areas. Temples served as houses for the gods and goddesses in ancient Rome.
Byzantine art evolved from Roman art and was influenced by Eastern styles. Important art forms included churches decorated with mosaics and icons. Byzantine churches were characterized by Greek cross plans, semicircular arches, large domes on pendentives, and decorative mosaics. Two renowned examples were Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Mosaics used small colored tiles or tesserae to make images on golden backgrounds, depicting religious or imperial themes. Icons were religious paintings on wood of figures with stylized, rigid expressions on golden backgrounds.
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople. Constantinople was ideally located for defense as it was surrounded by water on three sides and had fortified walls. It also lay at a strategic crossroads for trade between Europe and Asia. Life in Constantinople was more advanced than in Western Europe, with public services and a sewer system. Emperor Justinian rebuilt parts of the city after a rebellion and improved infrastructure. He also codified Roman law, the basis for modern legal codes. The state religion was Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which was closely linked to the government. The emperor had authority over the church and religion played a central role in daily life.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
The Byzantine Empire grew strong under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD through his legal reforms, military conquests, and construction projects. However, the Empire declined after Justinian's death due to invasions and loss of territory to neighboring powers like the Lombards and Persians. The Christian church also split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches due to disagreements over icons and the supremacy of the Roman Pope.
The document discusses the spread of Christianity from the Byzantine Empire to Russia and the influence of Byzantine culture. It then outlines the history of Russia, including its defeat of the Mongols and growth of Moscow as the capital under Ivan the Great. Ivan the Terrible further centralized power, limiting the nobility and forcing serfs to remain on lands, using violent force against revolts.
Constantinople served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire from 330 CE until the city's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. Under Emperor Constantine, the city replaced Rome as the capital of the Roman Empire and thrived as a center of political, economic, and cultural power under later emperors like Justinian. Justinian reconquered much of the former Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent during his rule. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually declined due to internal struggles between social classes and external threats from the Ottoman Turks, culminating in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 CE.
The Byzantine Empire grew to become a powerful and influential empire with its capital of Constantinople, which was well protected and situated on a natural harbor. Constantinople became a thriving cultural and economic center as a crossroads of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent as he recodified Roman law and had the general Belisarius expand the empire's territories, though this also led to a schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Byzantine culture preserved Greek and Roman learning and influenced neighboring Slavic peoples. The empire eventually declined as it faced numerous invasions, falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
The document summarizes the Sui and Tang Empires in China between 400-1200 CE. The Sui Empire briefly reunified China in the late 500s and established a Confucian government influenced by Buddhism, but spent heavily on construction projects and the military, leading to a rapid decline. The Tang Empire that followed strengthened China and saw the influence of Buddhism grow within its Confucian-based administration through 800 CE.
St. Augustine - City of God and City of ManSarbjit Rindi
St. Augustine wrote "The City of God" in the 5th century to defend Christianity against critics who blamed it for Rome's fall. In the book, he distinguishes between the earthly City of Man, focused on earthly desires, and the heavenly City of God, focused on faith in God. He argues that true peace and justice can only be found in the City of God, as earthly cities are inherently sinful. The two cities will remain entangled on earth until God's final judgment separates them for eternity.
This document provides an overview of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe between 200-850 CE. It discusses how the Roman Empire split into three civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, Western Europe/Western Christendom, and the Islamic World. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, noting its strong military and legal systems, use of Greek language and culture, and role in preserving classical knowledge. Constantinople was highlighted as the wealthy capital. The document also discusses the development of Christianity and the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.
The document summarizes key aspects of Eastern and Western Christendom between 500-1300 CE. It discusses how the Byzantine Empire built upon Roman traditions while diverging in religion and governance. Eastern Orthodoxy differed from Catholicism in allowing marriage of clergy and recognizing the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire engaged in trade and spread its culture, influencing Kievan Rus. Western Europe fragmented after the fall of Rome, adopting feudalism and experiencing economic and population changes between 1000-1300 CE. The Crusades had cultural and political impacts on Europe and the Near East. Borrowing of knowledge from other civilizations supported advances in Western Europe.
The document contains questions about the Byzantine Empire and medieval Europe between 500-1500 CE. It asks about the characteristics of western Europe after the fall of Rome, how the Byzantine Empire preserved elements of Rome, and the political authority and decline of the Byzantine Empire. It also asks about the relationship between church and state in Byzantium, the divisions in Christianity, and the influence of Byzantium on Rus. Other questions cover the development of feudalism, the role of the church in western Europe, changes after 1000 CE, the growth of towns and cities, opportunities for women, and the causes and impacts of the Crusades.
4 Influences of the 18th C.on Landscape Design ppt.hortykim
Hortykim has created a power point to guide you through significant characteristics and traditions in the 18th C. of landscape design which will prompt discussions and further exploration if you desire. Check out http://wikieducator.org/The_History_and_Traditions_of_Landscaping/Activities for more information on the history and traditions of landscape design.
The document discusses the challenges of summarizing longer documents into concise summaries. It notes that capturing the key ideas and essential information requires analyzing the full context and intent of the document. The summarizer aims to distill the most important elements while maintaining readability and flow for the reader.
The document summarizes political and cultural developments in Inner and Eastern Asia between 400-1200 CE. It describes the rise and fall of the Sui and Tang Empires in China, followed by division and the emergence of the Song Empire in the south. It also discusses the Liao and Jin states that separated China from Central Asia after the Tang. Additionally, it outlines the influence of China on surrounding regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam through cultural diffusion of Confucianism, Buddhism, technology, and administrative practices during this period.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE through the rise of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It discusses key events like Constantine making Christianity the official religion in the 4th century, Justinian's reconquest of Italy and codification of Roman law, the establishment of the theme system of provincial government, and the East-West schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches in 1054. The Byzantine Empire flourished politically, economically, socially, and religiously for centuries before eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
1. Justinian accomplished rebuilding Constantinople after the Nika Revolt, constructing the famous Hagia Sophia church. He also reformed Roman law.
2. The split between the eastern and western churches was caused by theological differences and disputes over icons and the authority of the Pope.
3. The Byzantine Empire declined due to invasions by Muslim forces and Seljuk Turks, as well as internal weaknesses like the divide between the military and government. The empire was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Taj Mahal garden, also known as Char Bagh, is a large Mughal garden that surrounds the Taj Mahal mausoleum. It is an example of the Persian charbagh formal garden design with the garden divided into four quarters by water channels that intersect in the middle. The garden was laid out with trees, flowers and fountains according to Islamic symbols of paradise and the number four, considered holy in Islam. It was built during the construction of the Taj Mahal from 1632 to 1653 as part of the architect's design to represent paradise as described in the Quran.
The Fin Garden is a historical Persian garden located in Kashan, Iran, dating back to 1590. It covers 2.3 hectares and employs many water features like pools and fountains fed by a natural spring. The garden combines architectural elements from various periods and contains cypress trees and the historic Fin Bath. It demonstrates traditional Persian garden design principles and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.
Mughal gardens were built in the Persian style of architecture and featured elements like pools, fountains, and canals. Some key Mughal gardens discussed are:
1) Ram Bagh, the oldest in India built by Babur, divided by pathways and canals to represent paradise with flowing rivers.
2) Dholpur Lotus Garden founded by Babur, with central terraces, water channels, and pools cut into bedrock.
3) Shalimar Bagh built by Jahangir for his wife, with three terraces and the Shah Nahar main water channel running through.
4) Humayun's Tomb garden was the first in India
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 330-1453 CE with its capital of Constantinople, founded by Constantine in 330 CE. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent but then lost territory to invaders. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture and spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Cyrillic alphabet to eastern Europe through missionaries like Cyril and Methodius.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
The document provides an overview of the Byzantine Empire from its origins in 330 AD to its fall in 1453 AD. It summarizes key events, rulers, and developments over this period. Some of the major points covered include the founding of Constantinople as the new capital by Constantine I in 330 AD, the expansion of the empire under Justinian in the 6th century, the losses to the Arabs in the 7th century, the recovery and golden age under the Macedonian dynasty in the 9th-10th centuries, and the slow decline leading to the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 AD. The document also briefly touches on religious, artistic, literary, and other cultural developments within
Europe After the Fall of the Western Roman Empiremczamora
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled across Europe, establishing new kingdoms. They adopted some Roman governmental structures but retained Germanic social traditions like powerful family units. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire, strengthening ties between Germanic, Christian, and Roman elements. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire survived but faced threats to its frontiers and internal disputes, including a schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
The document provides an overview of the origins and history of the Byzantine Empire. It begins by explaining how Constantine established Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century CE. It then discusses key figures like Justinian and military campaigns that expanded the empire's reach before eventually declining due to invasions and loss of territory. The document also summarizes the development of Kievan Rus' and how it was influenced by interactions with Scandinavians and later conversion to Orthodox Christianity influenced by the Byzantine Empire.
The Age of Justinian saw the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 AD. He recovered much of Italy, North Africa, and Spain that had been lost, though this weakened the empire financially and militarily. His greatest lasting achievement was the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, renowned for its massive dome and symbolic grandeur. Justinian also had the laws of the Roman Empire codified into a collection known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which formed the basis of law in Europe. Though the empire declined after Justinian, it persisted as a buffer state between Europe and invading forces from the East for centuries.
The Byzantine Empire was protected by fortified walls in Constantinople and had autocratic emperors who ruled with both secular and religious authority as heads of both the state and church. Over time, theological and political differences grew between the Eastern Orthodox Church based in Constantinople and the Roman Catholic Church centered in Rome, culminating in their final split. The Byzantine Empire declined due to persistent attacks from invaders like the Slavs, Bulgars, Arabs, and Seljuk Turks, which drained imperial resources through prolonged defensive wars. In the pivotal Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine army, marking the loss of Asia Minor and the beginning of the Byzantine
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Roman Catholic Church in response to Muslim conquests in the Holy Land. The summaries include the origins and outcomes of the major Crusades, including the First Crusade which succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, and subsequent Crusades which aimed to retake lands lost to Muslim rulers but ultimately failed to achieve permanent territorial gains.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Pope called European Christians to aid the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion. The First Crusade recaptured Jerusalem in 1099 but it was later lost. Subsequent Crusades were largely unsuccessful and caused conflict between Christians. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204, weakening Byzantium. Other Crusades achieved only brief and limited victories against Muslim rulers.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between 1095-1291 CE. They were called by Pope Urban II in response to a Byzantine request for aid against invading Seljuk Turks and to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land. While the Crusaders had some successes in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Crusader states, they ultimately failed to permanently hold the Holy Land and their actions weakened relations between Christians, Jews and Muslims while also weakening the Byzantine Empire.
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
The document provides a brief history of the cultural foundations of the British Isles from the arrival of the Celts around 500 BC through the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. It describes the various groups that inhabited and invaded the islands over this period, including the Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. It discusses their social and political structures, religious beliefs and conversions, and key events like the Roman invasion in 55 BC and the unification of England under King Alfred in the 9th century. Literature from this period, including the epic poem Beowulf, help capture the history and culture of early Britain.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, which he did with success through his general Belisarius. Justinian also commissioned the construction of the iconic Hagia Sophia church and established the Justinian Code, which formed the basis of legal systems in Europe. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost most of its lands to invading forces like the Muslims and its capital Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched by European Christians between 1096-1291 aimed at gaining control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II called Christian warriors to the First Crusade to help the Byzantine Empire against Turkish attacks. Although the Crusaders succeeded in taking Jerusalem, establishing four states, their control was short-lived and marked significant economic, political, and social changes in Europe and its relations with the Islamic world.
Justinian believed the church should serve the state and passed laws against pagans, Jews, and others. He sent his general Belisarius to reconquer territories, which he did successfully through tactics like cutting off enemy armies. Belisarius recaptured Rome with few troops through strategic actions like using sewers to enter the city, but faced challenges like later being locked out of Rome due to fears he had died in battle. After many battles and sieges, the Ostrogoths eventually retreated from Rome.
527-565: Justinian revived the ancient Roman Empire, recovering much of Italy, Africa, and Spain. This expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size under Justinian's rule. However, the wars exhausted the treasury and weakened defenses.
Justinian's greatest achievements were rebuilding the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and creating the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code), which formed the basis of law for many centuries. He ruled as an autocrat with absolute power, even over the church, aided by his wife Theodora, a powerful and influential woman. After Justinian, the Byzantine Empire continued to serve as a buffer between Europe and invading forces from Persia
The document summarizes the history of cathedrals and the Crusades in Europe. It describes the architectural innovations of Gothic cathedrals including ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for larger windows and open spaces. It then discusses the Crusades which began in the 11th century as a "Holy War" called by the Pope to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but was followed by further Crusades that ultimately failed to retake and hold the Holy Land.
The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 15th centuries with the goal of regaining Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Growing concern over the safety of Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem due to the growing Seljuk Turkish empire led Pope Urban II to call for the First Crusade in 1095. The First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem in 1099 but the city was re-taken by Saladin in 1187, spurring the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart. While the Crusades failed to reclaim the Holy Land long-term, they increased trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East.
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe from 500 to 1500 AD. It describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the manorial system. Key events included the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, the development of languages and kingdoms in Europe, and the Crusades between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The period ended with the devastation of the Black Death pandemic in the late Middle Ages.
The document provides an overview of life in Medieval Europe from 500-1500 AD, known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period. It summarizes that the period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire and was characterized by the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, such as the Crusades. Key developments included the establishment of monarchies and nation-states, the spread of Christianity, and the founding of universities that helped revive learning.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Similar to The Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire (20)
The Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) reunified China under a strong centralized government based in Kaifeng and later Hangzhou. It established a meritocratic bureaucracy through civil service exams that brought educated commoners into government. Economic prosperity was driven by advances in agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and infrastructure like the Grand Canal. The population boomed to over 100 million. Neo-Confucianism synthesized Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas and became the dominant ideology. The Song prevented a return to chaos through political stability, economic growth, and an emphasis on education, ethics, and social harmony.
- Europe is 10.18 million km2, with most of Western Europe's population concentrated in urban areas along major rivers. Internal and external migration has swelled these urban populations.
- Switzerland has four official languages and a population of 8.42 million located in the Alps. Bern is the capital and Geneva is famous for banking, holding $6.5 trillion USD.
- The Netherlands has a population of 17.53 million and Amsterdam is the northern trade city on the Rhine River. During the Golden Age from 1585-1672, the Dutch Republic built a global maritime empire.
This document summarizes the history of southern Europe from early civilizations to the modern era. It describes how the ancient Greeks and Romans established the foundations of European civilization through developments in philosophy, science, architecture, democracy, and more. Major events and time periods covered include the rise and fall of classical empires and kingdoms, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, world wars, and formation of the European Union.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and civilizations of ancient Mexico, beginning with the first humans who migrated from Asia around 40,000 years ago. It discusses the major pre-Columbian civilizations that arose including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. The Maya are described in particular depth, highlighting their advanced mathematics, calendars, and city-states, before environmental challenges including deforestation led to the decline and abandonment of the classic Maya cities between 800-950 AD. The document also outlines the rise and fall of the powerful Aztec empire that dominated central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. It discusses how Ashoka promoted Buddhism in India, and how Buddhism then spread across Asia via trade routes. Merchant activity introduced Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia, influencing kingdoms' social structures, languages, and religions. Powerful kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled maritime trade routes. The Khmer Empire was the most powerful, building the city of Angkor, which supported over 1 million people at its height. The document provides details on the rise of the Khmer Empire under Jayavarman II and the construction of monuments like Angkor
The first peoples arrived in North America between 26,000-19,000 years ago during the last Ice Age when lower sea levels exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America. As the climate warmed, sea levels rose and the land bridge was flooded, separating the populations. Various groups such as the Inuit and Mississippian cultures developed across North America, building settlements and growing crops. However, diseases brought by Europeans devastated Native American populations from the 1500s onward, contributing to the decline of groups like the Mississippian civilization. Meanwhile, the Iroquois developed a matrilineal society with a democratic confederacy that may have influenced the US system of government.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography and social studies. It discusses two main branches of geography - physical geography which focuses on natural features, and human geography which focuses on human characteristics. It also explains important map tools like globes, maps, projections, grids, and cardinal directions. Latitude and longitude are described as the global grid system used to determine absolute location. Relative location is explained as location between places. Different types of maps and map elements like keys, scales and titles are outlined.
The document provides an overview of physical geography concepts and outlines the agenda for an upcoming class. The class will examine how physical geography can influence culture by studying tools geographers use to understand relationships between people, places, and environments. Students will locate major landforms and cities on a world map and complete individual research on how a physical landform has impacted culture.
Russia has a population of over 100 million people composed of over 100 ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is Russians, making up about 80% of the population, while other groups like Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, and Chuvash make up the remaining 20%. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, several republics became independent countries while others joined organizations like NATO. Russia remains ethnically diverse with Slavs, Caucasians, and Turkic peoples forming the major heritages. Russian is the most widely spoken language though over 100 tongues are used across the country's varied regions.
Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning Europe and Asia. It has significant geographic diversity, containing mountains such as the Ural Mountains that divide European and Asian Russia, and the Caucasus Mountains along the border with Europe and Asia. Russia also contains vast plains, such as the Northern Russian Plain where most of the population lives, and the West Siberian Plain, one of the largest flatland areas in the world. Russia has an abundance of natural resources, including fossil fuels, minerals, forests, and freshwater, though some resources are difficult to access due to the country's size and climate.
The document discusses the devastating effects of diseases introduced from Europe to the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange, with up to 90% of some indigenous populations dying from diseases like smallpox and measles. It also describes how the exchange introduced new crops, animals and foods as well as cash crops grown by forced indigenous and African labor, and the establishment of slavery in the Americas.
1. West Africa's isolation from global trade routes ended in the 700s CE with the rise of trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and the Islamic world. Arab traders established routes across the Sahara Desert, exchanging salt and finished goods from North Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves from West African kingdoms.
2. The spread of Islam and cultural diffusion that accompanied trans-Saharan trade led to the rise of powerful empires in West Africa like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai along the Niger River. These kingdoms adopted many cultural and political aspects of Islamic civilization, including literacy, architecture, and forms of governance.
3. At its peak between 1250-1460,
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between 500 BCE to 1500 CE. It discusses how Indian merchants introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the region through trade, and how various kingdoms like Funan and the Khmer Empire adopted Indian religions, social structures, and languages. It also describes the maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit that controlled trade routes and influenced the spread of culture. The founding myth of Cambodia is presented, which tells of an Indian prince marrying a Naga princess and establishing the first Khmer dynasty.
The document discusses three major philosophies that emerged in China during the Warring States period: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism taught that society should be based on traditional social hierarchies and that people could improve themselves through education. Daoism advocated living simply and in harmony with nature. Legalism viewed people as inherently selfish and taught that strict laws and punishments were needed to control society. The document provides overview of the key teachings of each philosophy.
The document provides an overview of a geography lesson plan that will examine how physical geography can shape culture. It outlines the objectives to locate major landforms and cities on a world map and have students complete group research on how a physical landform has impacted culture. It also assigns individual homework for students to present their findings as posters.
The Spanish founded colonies across the Caribbean and in Mexico and South America in the 1500s. They established St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, the oldest permanent European settlement in the continental United States. Meanwhile, the crew of Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, opening the Pacific Ocean to European trade and exploration. By 1600, Spain had established a vast colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, acquiring great wealth in silver and other exports. Other European powers like the Dutch, French, and English then started exploring and colonizing parts of North and South America in search of trade routes, natural resources, and territory.
This document discusses the exploration and colonization efforts of Portugal, Spain, and other European powers in the 15th-16th centuries. It mentions Portugal initially leading European exploration by sailing around Africa, while Spain explored westward across the Atlantic. It then focuses on Spanish conquests in the Americas led by figures like Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro who established empires in Mexico and Peru at the expense of indigenous groups like the Aztecs and Incas. The document also references the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided colonial rights between Portugal and Spain.
The document discusses the expansion of European maritime exploration in the 15th-16th centuries, with a focus on Portugal's early leadership in the field. Portugal took the lead in exploring Africa's west coast and sending voyages to reach India and China in search of trade routes. Explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama made important discoveries for Portugal. Meanwhile, Spain began exploring westward across the Atlantic and established colonies in the Americas. Both countries built large overseas empires through exploration and colonization during this era of mercantilism and competition for trade routes.
The document discusses the 1571 Battle of Lepanto between the Holy League led by Spain and Venice and the Ottoman Empire led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. It provides details on the strengths and deployments of both sides' fleets in the Gulf of Patras. The battle resulted in a major victory for the Holy League, destroying over 200 Ottoman ships and halting their expansion in the Mediterranean, though the Holy League was unable to fully capitalize on the victory due to the late season. The Ottoman navy was able to rebuild but remained less experienced for decades after losing many crews and soldiers at Lepanto.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
3. Byzantine Empire (330-
1453)
• The Byzantines called themselves Romans.
• They had a Roman body, Greek mind, and
Christian heart.
• Politically, the emperor headed both Church
and State.
• Culturally, they observed Greek or Eastern
Orthodox Christianity.
4. Byzantine Empire (330-
1453)
• The Byzantines protected Europe from the Arab
and Mongol Empires.
• Their culture spread to south eastern Europe and
Russia.
• The Christian church split into Roman Catholic
and Greek Orthodox.
• They preserved the wisdom of the ancient world,
giving it to the Italians during the Renaissance.
5. Byzantine Empire (330-
1453)
• The Roman emperor Diocletian split the
empire into two halves. He reversed the
power model of government.
6. Byzantine Empire (330-
1453)
• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337)
founded the capital city Constantinople. He made
Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.
7. Geography
• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built
impregnable walls, which protected the city until the
Ottoman Turks took them down with cannons in
1453.
8. Geography
• Constantinople’s location not as good as
Rome’s location for a Mediterranean empire.
It took 2 weeks to sail to Alexandria, but 3
months to reach Spain.
9. Christian dogma
replaces Classical
philosophy
• The Byzantines thought their empire ordained
by the Christian God. Theodosius outlawed
all the classical temples and gods called
pagan by the Christians.
11. First they destroyed
Classical Culture
Church
• The Christians destroyed Pagan
temples, and learning. They burnt
the Library of Alexandria, and the
schools of Athens.
12. St Augustine
• In his books City of God and Confessions,
the Roman Empire had not fallen because
the old gods had gone, but because the
Empire had sinned against the Christian god.
• As Christianity and Classical philosophy
could not both be correct, Classical
philosophy banned and hated.
13. St Augustus
• Traditional Greek and Roman sexuality became
sinful.
• All sex outside of monogamous marriage a sin.
• Husbands had to be faithful to wives for the first time.
• Gays became sodomites, slowly burned.
14. St Augustus
• Women should be seen but not heard.
Educated women become witches, slowly
burned, or worst.
• They stoned Hypatia to death, the last great
classical philosopher mathematician and
geocentric theory of Alexandria.
15. Orthodox Church
• The Emperor (Casaropapismus) led
the Church with 5 Patriarchs (great
bishops) Rome, Constantinople,
Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria.
• They held great counsels called
ecumenical councils to discuss
theology.
16. Also, they turned on
other Christians
• 325 Emperor Constantine held the
1st Ecumenical counsel at Nicaea.
• The formed the Nicaean Creed
(Christ equal to the Christian God)
said by all Christians today.
17. Rise of Heresy
• Christians with different views on
Christ became heretics, should be
burned.
18. Rise of Heresy
• 325 Arianism Christ not equal to
the father a heresy.
• 431 Nestorians (human nature of
Christ) a heresy .
• 451 Monotheists one divine nature
of Christ a heresy.
19. No rule of succession
• Once emperor cannot depose except by
revolution.
• Out of 88 emperors 1/3 died by poisoning,
assassination, starvation, torture or blinded
• 1/3 killed their predecessor
• 1/3 family members
21. Byzantine Empire (527-
65)
• Under the Emperor Justinian and Empress
Theodora, the brilliant general Belisarius
reconqured most of the old Roman Empire.
27. Belisarius’ force proceeds westward; he places cavalry to guard the front and rear of the infantry columns. Gelimer divides his force
into three to ambush the unsuspecting Byzantines. A cavalry force under Ammatas establishes a blocking position while another
cavalry force under Gibamund and the main infantry force under Gelimer lay in wait to assail the Byzantine flanks.
Ammatas’ cavalry engage the Byzantine advance guard while Gibamund’s cavalry hook around its left flank.
Belisarius quickly checks this second force with his own cavalry and a fierce melee ensues at the front of the
column. Meanwhile, Belisarius struggles to organize his infantry to join the battle.
The fierce, congested melee is won by the heavier Byzantine cavalry who kill Ammatus and chase the Vandal cavalry away before eventually
turning back to aid their fellow cavalry. They arrive too late however as Gelimer’s main infantry force joins the battle and routs the Byzantine
mercenary cavalry. Just as the Byzantine infantry appear on the verge of straightening out their ranks, the Vandal infantry crash into them, further
disordering them. Belisarius marshals his force as best he can, merely to survive.
A stroke of fortune staves off defeat for Belisarius; Gelimer arrives at the front to find Gibamund, his brother, slain. He is overcome
with sorrow and insists his brother be buried immediately right there on the battlefield. During this time, heavy fighting continues but
Gelimer does not push the attack, granting Belisarius the necessary time to coordinate his infantry into a controlled mass.
The Vandals become disorganized themselves without a coherent leader but are still capable of being a potent
fighting force. Belisarius therefore launches a sudden full scale attack before Gelimer again takes control. This
attack eventually breaks the Vandal army and the Byzantines pursue the Vandals from the battlefield.
Byzantines
(Belisarius)
Vandals
(Gelimer)
Byzantines
(Belisarius)
10,000 infantry
5,000 cavalry
NN
Gibamund
Gelimer
Ammatas
Vandals
(Gelimer)
7,000 infantry
4,000 cavalry
37. The religious art of Byzantium
• Intellectual, idealistic,
schematic, with
restrained colors and
reserved form.
• Realism is undesirable
• The objective is
emotional.
44. Justinian’s legacy
• Justinian orders the codification of Roman law.
Tribonian a law professor gathers all Roman Law
and organizes it in The Corpus Iuris Civilis, or
The Body of Civil Law, still used today
throughout Europe.
45. • Italy lay in ruins, the treasury broke.
Constantinople not in a good position to rule the
old Roman Empire.
46. • Justin 1st sheep herder
• Basil 1st a nomadic goat herder
• Michal 4th a servant
47. Byzantine Empire (610-
641)
• The Emperor Heraclius defeated the Persians,
but lost most of the empire to the Arabs after
Yarmuk.
• Most of Italy fell to the Lombards.
49. Leo III Isaurian (717-741)
• Leo III, using the Greek
Fire, defeats the Arabs
decisively and halts Islamic
expansion.
50. Leo III Isaurian (717-741)
• Leo III, using the Greek Fire, defeats the Arabs
decisively and halts Islamic expansion.
51. • In a blink of an eye
the empire had lost
2/3 of its lands.
• Jerusalem gone.
• Leo believed Christ
had stopped
protecting the empire
because of icons.
52. Iconoclasm
• He ordered churches to
destroy iconoclasm all
holy images.
• The Pope in Rome totally
disagreed.
• Led to a revival of
classical learning and
opening of Universities in
Constantinople
53. 799
• Pope Leo III asked the Frankish
King Charlemagne to protect
Rome as the Byzantines could
not.
54. 800
• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman
Emperor in the West, cutting political ties with
Byzantium.
56. • Army small but highly trained and paid well
of citizen soldiers.
57. • Basil I (867-886) founder of the
Macedonian Dynasty
• Son of a shepherd who came to
power by assassinating Michael
III.
• Military success against the
Bulgarians and the Arabs
• Byzantine navy dominates
eastern Mediterranean.
Macedonian
Emperors
58. Macedonian Emperors
• He suppressed the power of the great landowners and protected the
middle classes.
• He recovered Syria, Bulgaria, and the Balkans.
59.
60. Spread of the Orthodox
Church
• Cyril and Methodius Orthodox missionaries
convert the Bulgarians, Hungarians, Slavs and
Russians to the Orthodox Church.
• These converted barbarians became allies to the
Byzantine Empire.
• Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet still used today
in Russia.
61.
62. Orthodox Catholic
Church split
• The Byzantine and Roman
Christian Churches started as one,
but broke from each other into the
Roman Catholic Church and the
Orthodox Church.
65. Split with Catholics
• 1. After Yarmuck only the Patriarch
of Constantinople and Rome
remained independent.
• Catholics spoke Latin, Orthodox
Greek.
• 2 The Bishop of Rome (Pope) felt
superior to all other Bishops and the
Emperor.
• 3. After Justinian, the Emperor
could not protect Rome.
66. Split with Catholics
• 4. Monasticism
• Catholic Monks live in groups doing
missionary work and helping the
community.
• Orthodox monks live as hermits with
aesthetic lives.
67. Split with Catholics
• 5. Icons Emperor Leo (726)
bans icons (pictures of holy
people) and ordered them
removed from churches.
• The Pope of Rome totally
disagreed.
68. Split with Catholics
• 6. Priests could marry in
Orthodox Church
• Catholic priests cannot marry
must be celibate of life
69. 800
• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman
Emperor in the West, the Pope no longer relies on
the Byzantine Emperor for military protection.
70. Great Schism
• 7. In 1054, the final split over
the nature of the Trinity
• The Pope excommunicates the
Emperor and Patriarch.
• The Pope’s men put an order of
excommunication on the altar of
Hagia Sopia.
• Later, the Patriarch
excommunicates the Pope.
71. Seljuk Turks and
Normans attack the
empire
• The emperor pays off the German emperor to attack
the Normans in Italy,. He allies with Venice and the
Venetians sink the Normand's fleet. The emperor
gives the Venetians a colony in Constantinople .
72. 1071 Seljuk Turks win
at Manzikirt
• The Emperor Alexus I asks the Pope and
Europe for help, the byzantine aristocrats
deserted the Emperor on the battlefield.
74. The 1st Crusade
• The Crusaders set up Kingdoms for themselves
rather than return the land to the Byzantines.
75. • The Crusaders felt the Byzantine emperor
had not supported them.
• They did not send a byzantine army to help
the crusaders, charged them lots for food,
and would not pay the Venetians for
transporting the Crusaders.
76. • The city state of Venice benefited by
transporting crusaders and controlling trade
from Europe to Constantinople.
77. Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire
in 1265
78. • In 1187,Saladin of Fatimid Egypt destroys Crusader
armies and takes back Jerusalem.
79. • The 3rd Crusade (Kings
Crusade 1189-1192) fails
to regain Jerusalem.
80. • In 1189, Pope Innocent III
calls for the 4th Crusade
after Saladin dies.
81. In 1203, the 4th Crusade
sacked Constantinople
• The Crusaders never trusted the Byzantine Emperor ,
also the emperor had canceled Venice’s colony in
Constantinople.
83. • 4 horses taken by the 4th Crusades from
Constantinople used to stand in the Hippodome since
the time of Justinian, some attribute them to Lysippos.
(4thC BCE)
84. Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire
in 1265
85. • The language and religion barriers.
• The Byzantines did not support the Crusaders in a
way the Crusaders wanted.
• The Byzantines considered the western
Europeans barbarians and poor.
• The western Europeans considered the
Byzantines decadent, deceitful and effeminate.
86. Frankish Constantinople (1204-1261)
• The Franks or Latin controlled
the city of Constantinople,
and a few provinces.
• Most provinces stayed loyal to
the emperor.
• The Orthodox clergy disliked
the Catholic bishop in charge
of their church.
•
87.
88. 1261-1453 Paleologe
Dynasty
• The Byzantines regain the city of Constantinople,
yet the empire never recovers. Emperors supported
aristocrats over citizen soldiers.
89. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• Although politically the longest
lasting dynasty its area the
smallest, yet the arts and letters
flourished.
• An increasingly more Hellenized
state.
90. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• They translated classical works into Latin and sent
copies of Classical Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
works to new libraries in Florence and Venice.
91. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• Greek and Latin teachers from
Byzantium taught in Florence
Italy the most famous John
Argyropoulos (1415 – 26 June
1487.
92. • The Emperor John VIII 1390–1448 and Patriarch
held a Council in Florence and submitted to the
Pope, yet the Catholics sent no military aid.
93. • However, the weakened state did not have the
manpower, energy, or resources to stop the
relentless march of the Ottoman Turks
94. 1453 The Fall of Constantinople
• In 1453, Mehmet II took
Constantinople, ending the
Roman or Byzantine Empire.
• Constantine 11th died
defending the city and his
daughter Sophia married Ivan
the Great of Moscow.
95. Moscow becomes the 3rd
Rome
• The kings of Russia become Caesar or Czar.
96. Ivan the Great
Brought Russia under his control, created a new
capital city at Moscow.
The Orthodox Church moved their head quarters to
Moscow.
97. The Byzantine Empire created few (if any)
innovations or advances for civilization,
yet protected Europe from the Mongols
and Muslims.
They preserved Classical Roman and
Greek culture for Europe.
99. Influence of Byzantine Culture
on Eastern Europe and Russia
1. Trade Routes between the Black Sea
and Baltic Sea
2. Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by
Russia and much of Eastern Europe
3. Adoption of Greek alphabet to the
Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic
alphabet)
4. Church architecture and religious art
100. Ivan the Terrible
D) Ivan the Terrible was the
1st Russian czar
- Czar: Means Caesar
or absolute ruler
E) He was called terrible
because he murdered
many boyars
- boyars: Nobles in Russia
101. Ivan the Terrible Continued:-etc: Ivan believed
that the boyars
were responsible
for the death of his
wife Anastasia
102. Byzantine Emperors
• Heraclius (610-641)seized the throne from
unpopular Phocas
• He defeated the Persians, but lost at Yarmuk.
103. Byzantine Emperors
• Heraclius (610-641)seized the throne from
unpopular Phocas
• He defeated the Persians, but lost at Yarmuk.
104. • Leo III,Isaurian (717-741)
using the Greek Fire, defeats
the Arabs decisively and halts
Islamic expansion.
• He ordered icons destroyed in
all the Churches Iconoclasm,
which caused great debate
with the Pope in Rome.
Byzantine Emperors
105. Byzantine Emperors
• 1071 Alexius I asks Pope
Urban II for military aid
against the Turks.
• By 1099, the Crusaders had
taken Jerusalem and Antioch
from the Muslims.
106. Byzantine Emperors
• 1204 The 4th Crusade sacks
Constantinople setting up a
French or Latin dynasty.
107. Byzantine Emperors
• 1261: Michael VIII Palaiologos recaptures
Constantinople, defeats the Latins and
restores Byzantine form.
• The Palaiologos Empire constantly declined,
being squeezed between enemies from the
west and assaults of the Turks in the east
108. Byzantine Emperors
• 1453 Constantine XI, the last emperor died
defending the city from the Ottoman Turks.
His body never found, becoming the subject
of legends.
• His daughter flees and marries Ivan the
Great of Moscow, and Russia becomes the
3rd Rome.
113. The origins
• 292: Diocletian divides
the Roman empire into
two.
• 324: Constantine reunites
the two parts
• 330: Constantine builds
a new capital in the
location of ancient
Byzantium
• 337: The death of
Constantine results in
division between east and
west.
114. Constantinople
• Successive emperors
build strong walls,
palaces, churches,
gardens, aquaducts
and made the city the
biggest, strongest and
most enlightened city
of medieval
Christendom The Walls of Theodosius
116. The early years
• 337: Constantius II,
succeeds Constantine
• East and West divided
again, permanently.
• 361: Julian tries to revert
to paganism.
• 379-95: Theodosius I
• Christianity obligatory
• 396: Prohibition of
Olympic Games
Hippodrome
117. The Fall of Rome
• Barbarian tribes keep
pushing into a fragmented
and weakened Roman
Empire.
• The east through bribery,
diplomacy and better
military resists effectively
• 476: Rome Falls
• 491: Anastasius I: His
competent rule
reorganizes the east.
Financial strength and
administative success. The Last Legion
119. The Struggle with the Persians
• Procopius is a rich source
for the campaigns in the
east.
• Justinian and his
successors were locked
into a titanic struggle with
an old enemy and won.
• However, both Byzantines
and Persians were
exhausted and vulnerable
to the Arabs and Islam.
121. The legacy of Heraclius
• The final act for Sassanid Persia IRONICALLY took place
outside Nineveh, the old capital of Assyria, which the
Medes/Persians had defeated about a thousand years
before.
• Sassanid power was dissolved and they were easily
conquered by the Arabs
• The Byzantines were also exhausted and could barely
sustain Arab attacks.
• In Europe, which had been depleted of troops the Slavs
were fast seizing Byzantine territories.
• Under the successors of Heraclius, his hard won gains had
been lost and the empire was nearly dissolved.
122. The Religious Battles
• Arrianism was the first major heresy which threatened to
split the empire (4th-5th c.)
• In the age of Justinian Monophysitism won over the entire
orient and Egypt (6th-7th c.)
• The ambivalence of monophysitic provinces towards the
center weakened Byzantine rule in Syria, Palestine and
Egypt.
• When these provinces were lost to the Arabs in the 7th
century, Orthodoxy prevailed.
• Then the more divisive Iconoclastic movement would tear
apart the Empire for the next two centuries (8th -9th).
• The political effects of monophysitism and iconoclasm
were detrimental.
123. The Macedonian Dynasty
• Under the Phrygian
dynasty, a remarkable
recovery had started
driven from the inside.
• The early Macedonian
kings consolidate their
power, expand their
territory and create a
vigorously healthy
state.
124. Leo VI, the Wise (886-912)
• Leo received good
education by Photios.
• He was not successful in
the military field.
• However, he completed
the legislative work of his
father
• He is the author of a
number of books
• He was an intellectual
emperor for peaceful
times.
125. Constantine VII, Porphyrogennetos
(913-20, 945-59)
• Improperly
legitimized son of Leo
VI and his 4th wife
Zoe Karbonopsina
(dark-coal eyed).
• Reasonably successful
• Intellectual, author,
painter
126. Romanos I, Lekapenos (920-45)
• The ‘gentle usurper’
• His campain against the
Bulgarians indecisive, but
made peace through
dynastic marriage.
• The campaigns of the
general Kourkouas against
the Arabs in the east more
effective.
127. Nikephoros Phocas (963-9)
• Romanos II (959-63), a
fun loving emperor died
young. Theophano
became regent.
• The warrior general
Nikephoros Phocas seized
the throne and married
Theophano.
• He recaptured Crete and
much of the eastern
provinnces from the Arabs
128. John Tzimiskes (969-975)
• Unpopular emperor
Phocas was murdered by a
conspiracy of his wife
Theophano and nephew
John Tzimiskes (short
man).
• Tzimiskes then renounced
Theophano and was
forgiven.
• Tzimiskes led successful
campaigns against
Sviatoslav of Kief and the
Arabs in Northern
Mesopotamia.
Lebedev: Sviatoslav I meets
John I Tzimiskes
130. The Golden Years of Byzantium
• The 50 years following
Basil’s death were years
of prosperity and growth.
• Constantine VIII (1025-
28) was never interested in
ruling.
• At his death his daughter
Zoe became empress.
• Her accession was the
greatest calamity for
Basil’s empire
Empress Zoe
131. Zoe’s Husbands
• Romanos III Argyros
• (1028-34). Reversed
Basil’s financial
arrengements and suffered
a defeat in the east which
cost him popularity.
Probably murdered by Zoe
• Michael IV Paphlagonian
(1034-41), a reasonably
successful emperor.
• Constantine IX
Monomachos (1042-1055)
• A military disaster Constantine IX
132. The steep decline to Manzikert
• Isaac I Comnenos (1057-
9) tried to reorganize the
finances of the empire
• The Doukid emperors
Constantine X and
Michael VII Parapinakes:
dangerously weakened the
army
• Romanos IV Diogenes
was defeated at Manzikert,
and then brutally blinded
and deposed.
Battle of Manzikert
133. The Comnenian Restoration
• Alexios I Comnenos
(1081-1118) seized the
throne from Nikephoros
III Botaniates.
• Alexios stabilized the
empire by fighting off the
Normans in the West, and
with the help of the
Crucaders the Seljuk
Turks in the east.
• He supported links with
the Aristocratic families
and initiated a century of
prosperity and recovery
136. John II Comnenos, the Good
• After fending off a
challenge by his sister
historian Anna
Comnene, John
proved to be perhaps
the last great emperor
of Byzantium.
• He was known for his
piety, mild rule,
charity and humanity.
137. John’s achievements
• Through diplomacy and cautious warfare
with small objectives at the time, he secured
the west, recovered large parts of Asia
Minor from the Seljuks and put them on the
defensive.
• In a move designed to boost morale he
marched into the Holy Lands, but his
Crucader allies betrayed him.
138. Manuel I, Comnenos (1143-1180)
• The ruler and protector of
Christendom, Manuel was
seen in east and west as
the head of the most
powerful and rich
Christian state.
• Surprise defeat at
Myriokephalon
• Although he added to the
empire, his ambitious
goals were never reached
to the full.
Manuel I Comnenos
139. The Angeli
• The cruel public murder of
the last Comnenian
emperor, the able
Andronikos I (1185)
signalled the beginning of
the end for Byzantium.
• The incompetent rule of
Isaac Angelos and his
successors resulted in the
loss of Constantiniple to
the Crucasders in 1204
140. The Fall of Constantinople to the Crucaders , 1204
142. Frankish Constantinople (1204-1261)
• The sack of
Constantinople: a great
cultural calamity.
• Byzantine states in
provinces (Nicaea,
Trebizond, Epirus)
• The Latin empire of
Constantinople was
doomed, cut off from the
West, with a determined
Byzantine kingdom next
to it, and a clergy very
hostile to the Catholic
primate.
143. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• Although politically the reign of Byzantium’s last
and longest lasting dynasty was bleak, the arts and
letters flourished.
• An increasingly more Hellenized state
• Some of the Palaiologean Emperors were able
(e.g. Michael VIII, Manuel II)
• However, the weakened state did not have the
manpower, energy, or resources to stop the the
relentless march of the Ottoman Turks.
• The old empire fell after a long struggle.
144. The Literature of Byzantium
• 4th-5th century:
• Still within the
boundaries of
Classical Literature.
• Basil
• Gregory Nazianzenos
• Gregory of Nyssa
• John Chrysostom
• Athanasius
145. The Era of Justinian
• Procopius
• Theophylactos
• John Malalas
• Hesychios
• Choiroboskos
• Poetry:
• Romanos the Melodist
• The Acathist Hymn
Justinian and his legal team
146. The 8th and 9th centuries
• Kassiane
• The Canon
• Andrew of Crete
• Kosmas the Melodist
• John Damascene
• Theophanes the
Confessor
• Photios
147. The Humanism of the
Macedonian and Comnenian Era
• Michael Psellos
• Constantine
Porphyrogennetos
• Michael Attaliates
• Anna Comnene
• The Acritic Epic
• Byzantine Romance
• Ptochoprodromos
• Suda
• John Tzetzes
Hippocratic Oath
148. Byzantine Empire
(330-1453)
• Byzantine: this term is a modern invention.
The Byzantines called themselves either
‘Romans’ or ‘Greeks’. Invented by the
classical scholar Hieronymus Wolf and
popularized by Montesquieu
• It was used for the medieval Greek-speaking,
Christian empire that dominated the eastern
Mediterranean.
• The ancient Greek city of Byzantium was
founded in 667 BC by king Byzas.
• In antiquity, because of its strategic location,
it was an important center for the transport of
corn to Attica.
150. The origins
• 292: Diocletian divides
the Roman empire into
two.
• 324: Constantine reunites
the two parts
• 330: Constantine builds
a new capital in the
location of ancient
Byzantium
• 337: The death of
Constantine results in
division between east and
west.
151. Constantinople
• Successive emperors
build strong walls,
palaces, churches,
gardens, aquaducts
and made the city the
biggest, strongest and
most enlightened city
of medieval
Christendom The Walls of Theodosius
153. The early years
• 337: Constantius II,
succeeds Constantine
• East and West divided
again, permanently.
• 361: Julian tries to revert
to paganism.
• 379-95: Theodosius I
• Christianity obligatory
• 396: Prohibition of
Olympic Games
Hippodrome
154. The Fall of Rome
• Barbarian tribes keep
pushing into a fragmented
and weakened Roman
Empire.
• The east through bribery,
diplomacy and better
military resists effectively
• 476: Rome Falls
• 491: Anastasius I: His
competent rule
reorganizes the east.
Financial strength and
administative success. The Last Legion
155. The Age of Justinian (527-75)
• Procopius, Histories
• 532 The Nica revolt
• 536: Reconquest of Rome
and much of Italy took
many years.
• North Africa and the
Spanish coast were easily
conquered.
• Victories over Sassanid
Persia in the east
consolidate the borders
157. Justinian’s legacy
• Hagia Sophia remained the seat of Eastern
Christianity until the Fall of Constantinople.
• 552: Byzantine monks sneak silkworms and
mulbery out of China.
• Justinian orders the codification of Roman law
(Corpus Iuris Civilis).
• He was heavy-handed towards heresies
• In 529 he closed the philosophical school of
Athens, thus destroying the last stronghold of
paganism.
159. The Struggle with the Persians
• Procopius is a rich source
for the campaigns in the
east.
• Justinian and his
successors were locked
into a titanic struggle with
an old enemy and won.
• 627: Heraclios crushes the
Persians at Nineveh.
• However, both Byzantines
and Persians were
exhausted and vulnerable
to the Arabs and Islam.
160. Heraclius 610-641
• Heraclius seized the
throne from
unpopopular Phocas
• He defeated Chosroes
and the Persians
• Recovered many
Byzantine territories
• Hellenized the empire
• Took the title basileus
162. The legacy of Heraclius
• The final act for Sassanid Persia IRONICALLY took place
outside Nineveh, the old capital of Assyria, which the
Medes/Persians had defeated about a thousand years
before.
• Sassanid power was dissolved and they were easily
conquered by the Arabs
• The Byzantines were also exhausted and could barely
sustain Arab attacks.
• In Europe, which had been depleted of troops the Slavs
were fast seizing Byzantine territories.
• Under the successors of Heraclius, his hard won gains had
been lost and the empire was nearly dissolved.
163. The Religious Battles
• Arrianism was the first major heresy which threatened to
split the empire (4th-5th c.)
• In the age of Justinian Monophysitism won over the entire
orient and Egypt (6th-7th c.)
• The ambivalence of monophysitic provinces towards the
center weakened Byzantine rule in Syria, Palestine and
Egypt.
• When these provinces were lost to the Arabs in the 7th
century, Orthodoxy prevailed.
• Then the more divisive Iconoclastic movement would tear
apart the Empire for the next two centuries (8th -9th).
• The political effects of monophysitism and iconoclasm
were detrimental.
165. Leo III Isaurian (717-741)
• Leo III, using the Greek
Fire, defeats the Arabs
decisively and halts
Islamic expansion.
• Constantine V the Dung-
named continued his
father’s successes against
the the Muslims and also
against the Bulgars
• The Isaurians, against the
odds, halted the
dissolution of Byzantium,
and preserved Christianity
in Europe.
166. Iconoclasm
• The Isaurians, followed by
the Phrygian dynasty tried
to abolish icons.
• This divided the empire.
• Icons were restored as
objects of veneration but
not worship by two
ecumenical councils under
the leadership of two
powerful women, Empress
Irene the Athenian, and
Theodora, Empress
consort to Theophilos.
167. The Macedonian Dynasty
• Under the Phrygian
dynasty, a remarkable
recovery had started
driven from the inside.
• The early Macedonian
kings consolidate their
power, expand their
territory and create a
vigorously healthy
state.
168. Basil I (867-886)
• Founder of the most
glorious dynasty of
Byzantium.
• Seized power by
assasinating Michael III.
• Legislative Work
• Success in Adriatic/Sicily
against Arabs
• Byzantine navy dominates
eastern Mediterranean.
169. Leo VI, the Wise (886-912)
• Leo received good
education by Photios.
• He was not successful in
the military field.
• However, he completed
the legislative work of his
father
• He is the author of a
number of books
• He was an intellectual
emperor for peaceful
times.
170. Constantine VII, Porphyrogennetos
(913-20, 945-59)
• Improperly
legitimized son of Leo
VI and his 4th wife
Zoe Karbonopsina
(dark-coal eyed).
• Reasonably successful
• Intellectual, author,
painter
171. Romanos I, Lekapenos (920-45)
• The ‘gentle usurper’
• His campain against the
Bulgarians indecisive, but
made peace through
dynastic marriage.
• The campaigns of the
general Kourkouas against
the Arabs in the east more
effective.
172. Nikephoros Phocas (963-9)
• Romanos II (959-63), a
fun loving emperor died
young. Theophano
became regent.
• The warrior general
Nikephoros Phocas seized
the throne and married
Theophano.
• He recaptured Crete and
much of the eastern
provinnces from the Arabs
173. John Tzimiskes (969-975)
• Unpopular emperor
Phocas was murdered by a
conspiracy of his wife
Theophano and nephew
John Tzimiskes (short
man).
• Tzimiskes then renounced
Theophano and was
forgiven.
• Tzimiskes led successful
campaigns against
Sviatoslav of Kief and the
Arabs in Northern
Mesopotamia.
Lebedev: Sviatoslav I meets
John I Tzimiskes
174. BASIL II (976-1025)
• The legendary, most
glorious emperor of
Byzantium.
• Suppressed revolt of
Vardas Skeleros after an
alliance with Vladimir I of
Kiev.
• With notorious
ruthlessness he suppressed
the power of the great
landowners and protected
the middle classes.
175. The achivements of Basil II
• He recovered much of Syria. Many of the lands in the east
had not been Byzantine since the time of Heraclius.
• After a long campaign the Bulgarians and Serbs submitted
to Basil, and the frontier of the empire for the first time in
centuries reached the Danube, again.
• He captured the southern Crimea from the Khazars
• He also recaptured much of Southern Italy.
• The ‘Father of the Army’ surprisingly left a full treasury at
his death.
177. The Golden Years of Byzantium
• The 50 years following
Basil’s death were years
of prosperity and growth.
• Constantine VIII (1025-
28) was never interested in
ruling.
• At his death his daughter
Zoe became empress.
• Her accession was the
greatest calamity for
Basil’s empire
Empress Zoe
178. Zoe’s Husbands
• Romanos III Argyros
• (1028-34). Reversed
Basil’s financial
arrengements and suffered
a defeat in the east which
cost him popularity.
Probably murdered by Zoe
• Michael IV Paphlagonian
(1034-41), a reasonably
successful emperor.
• Constantine IX
Monomachos (1042-1055)
• A military disaster Constantine IX
179. The steep decline to Manzikert
• Isaac I Comnenos (1057-
9) tried to reorganize the
finances of the empire
• The Doukid emperors
Constantine X and
Michael VII Parapinakes:
dangerously weakened the
army
• Romanos IV Diogenes
was defeated at Manzikert,
and then brutally blinded
and deposed.
Battle of Manzikert
180. The Comnenian Restoration
• Alexios I Comnenos
(1081-1118) seized the
throne from Nikephoros
III Botaniates.
• Alexios stabilized the
empire by fighting off the
Normans in the West, and
with the help of the
Crucaders the Seljuk
Turks in the east.
• He supported links with
the Aristocratic families
and initiated a century of
prosperity and recovery
183. John II Comnenos, the Good
• After fending off a
challenge by his sister
historian Anna
Comnene, John
proved to be perhaps
the last great emperor
of Byzantium.
• He was known for his
piety, mild rule,
charity and humanity.
184. John’s achievements
• Through diplomacy and cautious warfare
with small objectives at the time, he secured
the west, recovered large parts of Asia
Minor from the Seljuks and put them on the
defensive.
• In a move designed to boost morale he
marched into the Holy Lands, but his
Crucader allies betrayed him.
185. Manuel I, Comnenos (1143-1180)
• The ruler and protector of
Christendom, Manuel was
seen in east and west as
the head of the most
powerful and rich
Christian state.
• Surprise defeat at
Myriokephalon
• Although he added to the
empire, his ambitious
goals were never reached
to the full.
Manuel I Comnenos
186. The Angeli
• The cruel public murder of
the last Comnenian
emperor, the able
Andronikos I (1185)
signalled the beginning of
the end for Byzantium.
• The incompetent rule of
Isaac Angelos and his
successors resulted in the
loss of Constantiniple to
the Crucasders in 1204
187. The Fall of Constantinople to the Crucaders , 1204
189. Frankish Constantinople (1204-1261)
• The sack of
Constantinople: a great
cultural calamity.
• Byzantine states in
provinces (Nicaea,
Trebizond, Epirus)
• The Latin empire of
Constantinople was
doomed, cut off from the
West, with a determined
Byzantine kingdom next
to it, and a clergy very
hostile to the Catholic
primate.
191. The Palaiologean Period
• 1261: Michael VIII
Palaiologos recaptures
Constantinople, defeats
the Latins and restores
Byzantine form.
• The Empire he
reconstituted would be
squeezed between enemies
from the west and the
relentless assaults of the
Turks in the east
192. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• Although politically the reign of Byzantium’s last
and longest lasting dynasty was bleak, the arts and
letters flourished.
• An increasingly more Hellenized state
• Some of the Palaiologean Emperors were able
(e.g. Michael VIII, Manuel II)
• However, the weakened state did not have the
manpower, energy, or resources to stop the the
relentless march of the Ottoman Turks.
• The old empire fell after a long struggle.
193. The Fall of Constantinople
• The world turned its eyes
on a depopulated
Constantinople in the
spring of 1453.
• A shadow of its former
glory the imperial city fell
after months of siege.
• Constantine XI, the last
emperor became the
subject of legends.
194. The religious art of Byzantium
• Intellectual, idealistic,
schematic, with
restrained colors and
reserved form.
• Realism is rare and
undesirable
• The objective is the
spiritual elevation of
the believer
195. The Literature of Byzantium
• 4th-5th century:
• Still within the
boundaries of
Classical Literature.
• Basil
• Gregory Nazianzenos
• Gregory of Nyssa
• John Chrysostom
• Athanasius
196. The Era of Justinian
• Procopius
• Theophylactos
• John Malalas
• Hesychios
• Choiroboskos
• Poetry:
• Romanos the Melodist
• The Acathist Hymn
Justinian and his legal team
197. The 8th and 9th centuries
• Kassiane
• The Canon
• Andrew of Crete
• Kosmas the Melodist
• John Damascene
• Theophanes the
Confessor
• Photios
198. The Humanism of the
Macedonian and Comnenian Era
• Michael Psellos
• Constantine
Porphyrogennetos
• Michael Attaliates
• Anna Comnene
• The Acritic Epic
• Byzantine Romance
• Ptochoprodromos
• Suda
• John Tzetzes
Hippocratic Oath
199. The Palaeologean Period
• Choniates
• Phrantzes
• Chalkokondyles
• Zonaras
• Scholiasts
• Theology, especially pro
and anti-Hesychastic
Literature
• Lexicography
• Law