The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther protested corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Over the next 40 years, Protestantism was established in Europe. The Reformation was influenced by religious, cultural, political, and economic factors. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing indulgences in 1517, and was later excommunicated in 1521 for heresy. The Reformation led to the establishment of Protestantism and a split from the Catholic Church.

1. REFORMATIREFORMATI
ONON

2. Reformation
• A religious movement of the 1500’s that led to
Protestantism
• The movement began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a
German monk, protested against certain practices of
the Roman Catholic Church
• About 40 years later, Protestantism was established
in Europe

3. CAUSES of
REFORMATIONoReligious causes
-Corrupt financial practices by the popes and higher clergy
-The sacraments were often celebrated meaninglessly
oCultural causes
-The study of Hebrew and Greek enabled scholars to read the
Holy Scriptures in the languages in which the original had
been written

4. oPolitical causes
-The kings were increasing their power over their own people and
against the pope and the emperor
-When the Reformation began, some monarchs broke completely
away from the pope
oEconomic causes
-As the cities grew wealthy and independent, they threw off the
control of local lords and prince-bishops

5. DEVELOPMENT of the
REFORMATION
• The Reformation began within the Catholic Church itself.The Reformation began within the Catholic Church itself.
• On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a monk and professor of theology,On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a monk and professor of theology,
posted his 95 theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany.posted his 95 theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany.
• These theses were a series of statements that attacked the sale ofThese theses were a series of statements that attacked the sale of
indulgences.indulgences.
• Luther later criticizes what he considered other abuses in the church.Luther later criticizes what he considered other abuses in the church.
• Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and declared himPope Leo X excommunicated Luther and declared him heretic.heretic.
• In May 1521, the emperor signed the Edict of Worms, a document that
declared Luther to be an outlaw.

6. • Protestant
-The one who protests
-The quarrel between Huldreich and Luther led to the first major split of
Protestantism
• John Calvin
-A French protestant, helped establish Protestantism in Geneva,
Switzerland
- Removed images and ornaments from churches
-His plan of church is called Presbyterian (a presbytery is a council of
ministries and laymen)

7. • Philipp Melanchthon
-A German humanist and scholar
-“Teacher of Germany”
-His survey became the basis of the Saxony Plan.
-Establishment of the secondary schools in every town under
the support and control of the state.

8. AIMS of EDUCATIONAIMS of EDUCATION
• Religious MoralismReligious Moralism
-To live a worthy life on earth will guarantee a glorious here after-To live a worthy life on earth will guarantee a glorious here after
• Protestant EthicProtestant Ethic
-Thrifty living and careful management of material things-Thrifty living and careful management of material things
• Literacy PromotionLiteracy Promotion
-Education must provide adequate training in the duties of the home,-Education must provide adequate training in the duties of the home,
occupation, church and state.occupation, church and state.

9. 3 TYPES of PROTESTANT
SCHOOL SYSTEM
• The Vernacular Primary School
• The Classical Secondary School
• The University

10. METHODS of
INSTRUCTION
• Ciceronianism
• Memorization
• Excessive Formalism
• Religious Indoctrination

11. AGENCIES of EDUCATION andAGENCIES of EDUCATION and
contents studiedcontents studied
• Home
• Civil Authorities
• The church
• 3 Types of Protestant School system

12. OUTSTANDING
CONTRIBUTIONS to
EDUCATION
• Saxony plan
-The development of the state school system.
• The Class-a-Year Plan
• The Vernacular Elementary School