The document provides an overview of the Byzantine Empire from its origins in 330 AD to its fall in 1453 AD. It summarizes key events, rulers, and developments over this period. Some of the major points covered include the founding of Constantinople as the new capital by Constantine I in 330 AD, the expansion of the empire under Justinian in the 6th century, the losses to the Arabs in the 7th century, the recovery and golden age under the Macedonian dynasty in the 9th-10th centuries, and the slow decline leading to the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 AD. The document also briefly touches on religious, artistic, literary, and other cultural developments within
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian empire, Assyrian empire, Persian empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and innovations of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society.
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and administration of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society. Major rulers and their accomplishments are also highlighted for the different empires during the First Age of Empires.
The Byzantine Empire originated from the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople. It dominated the Mediterranean region from 330-1453 CE and had a major influence on religion, culture, and law. The Byzantines considered themselves the true heirs of Rome and the Orthodox Christian faith was the official religion. Notable achievements included Justinian's codification of Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and the preservation of Greek and Roman culture during the Middle Ages. However, the empire gradually declined due to military pressures and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 which will cover three non-western civilizations: the Byzantine Empire from 500-1200 AD, the Muslim caliphates, and Kievan Rus (ancient Russia). It focuses on the Byzantine Empire, detailing its origins as the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople, its cultural and economic heights under the rule of Justinian in the 6th century, and its gradual military and territorial declines beginning in the 7th century from invasions and competition from neighboring powers like the Lombards, Arabs, Bulgars, and Seljuk Turks.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and had its capital at Constantinople. It preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries and influenced the development of Orthodox Christianity and Slavic states like Kievan Rus and eventually Russia. It lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD, with its capital in Constantinople. It preserved classical Greek knowledge and spread Orthodox Christianity. Politically, the emperor was head of both church and state. Justinian reconquered much of the former Western Roman Empire in the 6th century but this left the empire financially weakened. The empire gradually declined due to invasions and loss of territory to the Arabs and Seljuk Turks. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1203, weakening the empire further until the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian empire, Assyrian empire, Persian empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and innovations of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society.
This document provides an overview of the First Age of Empires from 1570 BC to 200 BC. It describes the major empires that arose during this period, including the Egyptian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, and the unification of China. Key developments are outlined for each empire, such as the military conquests of the Assyrians, the expansive rule and administration of the Persians, and the philosophies of Confucius and other thinkers that influenced Chinese society. Major rulers and their accomplishments are also highlighted for the different empires during the First Age of Empires.
The Byzantine Empire originated from the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople. It dominated the Mediterranean region from 330-1453 CE and had a major influence on religion, culture, and law. The Byzantines considered themselves the true heirs of Rome and the Orthodox Christian faith was the official religion. Notable achievements included Justinian's codification of Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and the preservation of Greek and Roman culture during the Middle Ages. However, the empire gradually declined due to military pressures and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 which will cover three non-western civilizations: the Byzantine Empire from 500-1200 AD, the Muslim caliphates, and Kievan Rus (ancient Russia). It focuses on the Byzantine Empire, detailing its origins as the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople, its cultural and economic heights under the rule of Justinian in the 6th century, and its gradual military and territorial declines beginning in the 7th century from invasions and competition from neighboring powers like the Lombards, Arabs, Bulgars, and Seljuk Turks.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and had its capital at Constantinople. It preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries and influenced the development of Orthodox Christianity and Slavic states like Kievan Rus and eventually Russia. It lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD, with its capital in Constantinople. It preserved classical Greek knowledge and spread Orthodox Christianity. Politically, the emperor was head of both church and state. Justinian reconquered much of the former Western Roman Empire in the 6th century but this left the empire financially weakened. The empire gradually declined due to invasions and loss of territory to the Arabs and Seljuk Turks. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1203, weakening the empire further until the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
Early Christian architecture lasted from around 300 to 600 AD. During this period, Early Christians continued Roman architectural traditions by using salvaged materials from Roman buildings in their new churches. They modeled their churches after Roman basilicas but used simpler construction methods. The characteristic structures were basilican-style churches with longitudinal or central plans, timber roofs, and semicircular arches. Decorations included mosaics, frescoes, and carvings inspired by Roman styles. Examples of significant Early Christian buildings include the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, which he did with success through his general Belisarius. Justinian also commissioned the construction of the iconic Hagia Sophia church and established the Justinian Code, which formed the basis of legal systems in Europe. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost most of its lands to invading forces like the Muslims and its capital Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire grew to become a powerful and influential empire with its capital of Constantinople, which was well protected and situated on a natural harbor. Constantinople became a thriving cultural and economic center as a crossroads of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent as he recodified Roman law and had the general Belisarius expand the empire's territories, though this also led to a schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Byzantine culture preserved Greek and Roman learning and influenced neighboring Slavic peoples. The empire eventually declined as it faced numerous invasions, falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the First Crusade from 1095 to 1099. It explores the religious, political, and territorial factors that motivated Pope Urban II's call for crusade in 1095, including the desire to aid the Byzantine Empire against Muslim advances and allow Christian pilgrimages. It then outlines the major battles and sieges the crusaders fought as they made their way from Europe to capture Jerusalem in 1099, establishing the first Crusader states in the Holy Land. In doing so, the crusaders united Western Europe under the banner of retaking Christian holy sites and established a religious schism between Christianity and Islam.
The document provides an overview of life in Medieval Europe from 500-1500 AD, known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period. It summarizes that the period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire and was characterized by the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, such as the Crusades. Key developments included the establishment of monarchies and nation-states, the spread of Christianity, and the founding of universities that helped revive learning.
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe from 500 to 1500 AD. It describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the manorial system. Key events included the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, the development of languages and kingdoms in Europe, and the Crusades between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The period ended with the devastation of the Black Death pandemic in the late Middle Ages.
The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire, including:
1) It was established in 324 AD when Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium for strategic reasons as the Western Empire fell.
2) Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire expanded again through conquest but was unable to maintain control over new territories in the long run.
3) Religious disagreements over the use of icons in worship contributed to the Great Schism between the Orthodox Eastern Church and Catholic Western Church in 1054.
The Byzantine Empire, Russia and Eastern EuropeChapter 9Wenny Wang Wu
The document summarizes information about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes how the Byzantine Empire flourished under Justinian but later lost territory. It then discusses the rise of Russia and how Kiev became the center of power before being weakened by the Mongol invasion. Finally, it outlines how migration contributed to diversity in Eastern Europe and discusses the spread of religions and powers like Poland, Hungary, and Serbia in the region.
The document provides an overview of the Early Middle Ages in Europe, focusing on the Byzantine Empire and Germanic Kingdoms. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in 476 AD. It survived for over 1000 years with its capital in Constantinople, becoming a center of culture and learning.
2) Various Germanic tribes invaded the western Roman Empire between the 3rd-5th centuries, establishing kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire in the 8th century.
3) The Slavs also migrated during
The document discusses the Crusades, which were military expeditions initiated by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recovering the Holy Lands from Muslim rule. The Crusades occurred across several centuries and involved complex religious, economic, and political motivations. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, but the subsequent Crusades failed to achieve long-term territorial gains and largely drained resources while increasing antagonism between Western Christians and Muslims in the East. The Fourth Crusade notably resulted in the sacking of Constantinople by Western crusaders in 1204, weakening the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
Section 1 Byzantine Empire--World History 1Dougnebel
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from its founding by Constantine I in 330 CE until its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. It discusses how Constantinople became the new capital and prospered as a center of trade and culture. The empire reached its greatest extent under Justinian in the 6th century but later declined due to invasions and internal conflicts. Religious differences grew between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, culminating in the Great Schism of 1054. The empire continued weakening and Constantinople was finally captured by Ottoman forces in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 AD. He rebuilt the city of Constantinople, making it a grand new capital, and reconquered lost Roman territories in Western Europe. Justinian also had the Justinian Code compiled, establishing a revised set of laws for the Byzantine Empire. However, a plague devastated the empire in the mid-6th century, weakening it and leaving it vulnerable to invasions by enemies from all sides in the coming centuries.
1. Justinian accomplished rebuilding Constantinople after the Nika Revolt, constructing the famous Hagia Sophia church. He also reformed Roman law.
2. The split between the eastern and western churches was caused by theological differences and disputes over icons and the authority of the Pope.
3. The Byzantine Empire declined due to invasions by Muslim forces and Seljuk Turks, as well as internal weaknesses like the divide between the military and government. The empire was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The document provides an overview of the interactions between the Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish empires from 500 to 1500 AD. It discusses the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople, the emergence of Russian culture from a blending of Slavic and Byzantine influences, and the establishment of Turkish empires in Anatolia after the decline of the Abbasids. Key events covered include the rule of Justinian and the codification of Byzantine law, the conversion of Kievan Rus to Orthodox Christianity, the Mongol invasions of Russia, and the Seljuks' conquests from the Byzantines and conflicts with the Crusaders and Mongols.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire grew strong under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD through his legal reforms, military conquests, and construction projects. However, the Empire declined after Justinian's death due to invasions and loss of territory to neighboring powers like the Lombards and Persians. The Christian church also split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches due to disagreements over icons and the supremacy of the Roman Pope.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Early Christian architecture lasted from around 300 to 600 AD. During this period, Early Christians continued Roman architectural traditions by using salvaged materials from Roman buildings in their new churches. They modeled their churches after Roman basilicas but used simpler construction methods. The characteristic structures were basilican-style churches with longitudinal or central plans, timber roofs, and semicircular arches. Decorations included mosaics, frescoes, and carvings inspired by Roman styles. Examples of significant Early Christian buildings include the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, which he did with success through his general Belisarius. Justinian also commissioned the construction of the iconic Hagia Sophia church and established the Justinian Code, which formed the basis of legal systems in Europe. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost most of its lands to invading forces like the Muslims and its capital Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire grew to become a powerful and influential empire with its capital of Constantinople, which was well protected and situated on a natural harbor. Constantinople became a thriving cultural and economic center as a crossroads of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent as he recodified Roman law and had the general Belisarius expand the empire's territories, though this also led to a schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Byzantine culture preserved Greek and Roman learning and influenced neighboring Slavic peoples. The empire eventually declined as it faced numerous invasions, falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the First Crusade from 1095 to 1099. It explores the religious, political, and territorial factors that motivated Pope Urban II's call for crusade in 1095, including the desire to aid the Byzantine Empire against Muslim advances and allow Christian pilgrimages. It then outlines the major battles and sieges the crusaders fought as they made their way from Europe to capture Jerusalem in 1099, establishing the first Crusader states in the Holy Land. In doing so, the crusaders united Western Europe under the banner of retaking Christian holy sites and established a religious schism between Christianity and Islam.
The document provides an overview of life in Medieval Europe from 500-1500 AD, known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period. It summarizes that the period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire and was characterized by the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, such as the Crusades. Key developments included the establishment of monarchies and nation-states, the spread of Christianity, and the founding of universities that helped revive learning.
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe from 500 to 1500 AD. It describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the manorial system. Key events included the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, the development of languages and kingdoms in Europe, and the Crusades between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The period ended with the devastation of the Black Death pandemic in the late Middle Ages.
The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire, including:
1) It was established in 324 AD when Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium for strategic reasons as the Western Empire fell.
2) Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire expanded again through conquest but was unable to maintain control over new territories in the long run.
3) Religious disagreements over the use of icons in worship contributed to the Great Schism between the Orthodox Eastern Church and Catholic Western Church in 1054.
The Byzantine Empire, Russia and Eastern EuropeChapter 9Wenny Wang Wu
The document summarizes information about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes how the Byzantine Empire flourished under Justinian but later lost territory. It then discusses the rise of Russia and how Kiev became the center of power before being weakened by the Mongol invasion. Finally, it outlines how migration contributed to diversity in Eastern Europe and discusses the spread of religions and powers like Poland, Hungary, and Serbia in the region.
The document provides an overview of the Early Middle Ages in Europe, focusing on the Byzantine Empire and Germanic Kingdoms. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in 476 AD. It survived for over 1000 years with its capital in Constantinople, becoming a center of culture and learning.
2) Various Germanic tribes invaded the western Roman Empire between the 3rd-5th centuries, establishing kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire in the 8th century.
3) The Slavs also migrated during
The document discusses the Crusades, which were military expeditions initiated by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recovering the Holy Lands from Muslim rule. The Crusades occurred across several centuries and involved complex religious, economic, and political motivations. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, but the subsequent Crusades failed to achieve long-term territorial gains and largely drained resources while increasing antagonism between Western Christians and Muslims in the East. The Fourth Crusade notably resulted in the sacking of Constantinople by Western crusaders in 1204, weakening the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
Section 1 Byzantine Empire--World History 1Dougnebel
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from its founding by Constantine I in 330 CE until its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. It discusses how Constantinople became the new capital and prospered as a center of trade and culture. The empire reached its greatest extent under Justinian in the 6th century but later declined due to invasions and internal conflicts. Religious differences grew between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, culminating in the Great Schism of 1054. The empire continued weakening and Constantinople was finally captured by Ottoman forces in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 AD. He rebuilt the city of Constantinople, making it a grand new capital, and reconquered lost Roman territories in Western Europe. Justinian also had the Justinian Code compiled, establishing a revised set of laws for the Byzantine Empire. However, a plague devastated the empire in the mid-6th century, weakening it and leaving it vulnerable to invasions by enemies from all sides in the coming centuries.
1. Justinian accomplished rebuilding Constantinople after the Nika Revolt, constructing the famous Hagia Sophia church. He also reformed Roman law.
2. The split between the eastern and western churches was caused by theological differences and disputes over icons and the authority of the Pope.
3. The Byzantine Empire declined due to invasions by Muslim forces and Seljuk Turks, as well as internal weaknesses like the divide between the military and government. The empire was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The document provides an overview of the interactions between the Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish empires from 500 to 1500 AD. It discusses the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople, the emergence of Russian culture from a blending of Slavic and Byzantine influences, and the establishment of Turkish empires in Anatolia after the decline of the Abbasids. Key events covered include the rule of Justinian and the codification of Byzantine law, the conversion of Kievan Rus to Orthodox Christianity, the Mongol invasions of Russia, and the Seljuks' conquests from the Byzantines and conflicts with the Crusaders and Mongols.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire grew strong under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD through his legal reforms, military conquests, and construction projects. However, the Empire declined after Justinian's death due to invasions and loss of territory to neighboring powers like the Lombards and Persians. The Christian church also split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches due to disagreements over icons and the supremacy of the Roman Pope.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. Definition
• Byzantine: this term is a modern invention. The Byzantines
called themselves either ‘Romans’ or ‘Greeks’. Invented
by the classical scholar Hieronymus Wolf and popularized
by Montesquieu
• It was used for the medieval Greek-speaking, Christian
empire that dominated the eastern Mediterranean.
• The ancient Greek city of Byzantium was founded in 667
BC by king Byzas.
• In antiquity, because of its strategic location, it was an
important center for the transport of corn to Attica.
4. The origins
• 292: Diocletian divides
the Roman empire into
two.
• 324: Constantine reunites
the two parts
• 330: Constantine builds
a new capital in the
location of ancient
Byzantium
• 337: The death of
Constantine results in
division between east and
west.
5. Constantinople
• Successive emperors
build strong walls,
palaces, churches,
gardens, aquaducts
and made the city the
biggest, strongest and
most enlightened city
of medieval
Christendom The Walls of Theodosius
7. The early years
• 337: Constantius II,
succeeds Constantine
• East and West divided
again, permanently.
• 361: Julian tries to revert
to paganism.
• 379-95: Theodosius I
• Christianity obligatory
• 396: Prohibition of
Olympic Games
Hippodrome
8. The Fall of Rome
• Barbarian tribes keep
pushing into a fragmented
and weakened Roman
Empire.
• The east through bribery,
diplomacy and better
military resists effectively
• 476: Rome Falls
• 491: Anastasius I: His
competent rule
reorganizes the east.
Financial strength and
administative success. The Last Legion
9. The Age of Justinian (527-75)
• Procopius, Histories
• 532 The Nica revolt
• 536: Reconquest of Rome
and much of Italy took
many years.
• North Africa and the
Spanish coast were easily
conquered.
• Victories over Sassanid
Persia in the east
consolidate the borders
11. Justinian’s legacy
• Hagia Sophia remained the seat of Eastern
Christianity until the Fall of Constantinople.
• 552: Byzantine monks sneak silkworms and
mulbery out of China.
• Justinian orders the codification of Roman law
(Corpus Iuris Civilis).
• He was heavy-handed towards heresies
• In 529 he closed the philosophical school of
Athens, thus destroying the last stronghold of
paganism.
13. The Struggle with the Persians
• Procopius is a rich source
for the campaigns in the
east.
• Justinian and his
successors were locked
into a titanic struggle with
an old enemy and won.
• 627: Heraclios crushes the
Persians at Nineveh.
• However, both Byzantines
and Persians were
exhausted and vulnerable
to the Arabs and Islam.
14. Heraclius 610-641
• Heraclius seized the
throne from
unpopopular Phocas
• He defeated Chosroes
and the Persians
• Recovered many
Byzantine territories
• Hellenized the empire
• Took the title basileus
16. The legacy of Heraclius
• The final act for Sassanid Persia IRONICALLY took place
outside Nineveh, the old capital of Assyria, which the
Medes/Persians had defeated about a thousand years
before.
• Sassanid power was dissolved and they were easily
conquered by the Arabs
• The Byzantines were also exhausted and could barely
sustain Arab attacks.
• In Europe, which had been depleted of troops the Slavs
were fast seizing Byzantine territories.
• Under the successors of Heraclius, his hard won gains had
been lost and the empire was nearly dissolved.
17. The Religious Battles
• Arrianism was the first major heresy which threatened to
split the empire (4th-5th c.)
• In the age of Justinian Monophysitism won over the entire
orient and Egypt (6th-7th c.)
• The ambivalence of monophysitic provinces towards the
center weakened Byzantine rule in Syria, Palestine and
Egypt.
• When these provinces were lost to the Arabs in the 7th
century, Orthodoxy prevailed.
• Then the more divisive Iconoclastic movement would tear
apart the Empire for the next two centuries (8th -9th).
• The political effects of monophysitism and iconoclasm
were detrimental.
19. Leo III Isaurian (717-741)
• Leo III, using the Greek
Fire, defeats the Arabs
decisively and halts
Islamic expansion.
• Constantine V the Dung-
named continued his
father’s successes against
the the Muslims and also
against the Bulgars
• The Isaurians, against the
odds, halted the
dissolution of Byzantium,
and preserved Christianity
in Europe.
20. Iconoclasm
• The Isaurians, followed by
the Phrygian dynasty tried
to abolish icons.
• This divided the empire.
• Icons were restored as
objects of veneration but
not worship by two
ecumenical councils under
the leadership of two
powerful women, Empress
Irene the Athenian, and
Theodora, Empress
consort to Theophilos.
21. The Macedonian Dynasty
• Under the Phrygian
dynasty, a remarkable
recovery had started
driven from the inside.
• The early Macedonian
kings consolidate their
power, expand their
territory and create a
vigorously healthy
state.
22. Basil I (867-886)
• Founder of the most
glorious dynasty of
Byzantium.
• Seized power by
assasinating Michael III.
• Legislative Work
• Success in Adriatic/Sicily
against Arabs
• Byzantine navy dominates
eastern Mediterranean.
23. Leo VI, the Wise (886-912)
• Leo received good
education by Photios.
• He was not successful in
the military field.
• However, he completed
the legislative work of his
father
• He is the author of a
number of books
• He was an intellectual
emperor for peaceful
times.
24. Constantine VII, Porphyrogennetos
(913-20, 945-59)
• Improperly
legitimized son of Leo
VI and his 4th wife
Zoe Karbonopsina
(dark-coal eyed).
• Reasonably successful
• Intellectual, author,
painter
25. Romanos I, Lekapenos (920-45)
• The ‘gentle usurper’
• His campain against the
Bulgarians indecisive, but
made peace through
dynastic marriage.
• The campaigns of the
general Kourkouas against
the Arabs in the east more
effective.
26. Nikephoros Phocas (963-9)
• Romanos II (959-63), a
fun loving emperor died
young. Theophano
became regent.
• The warrior general
Nikephoros Phocas seized
the throne and married
Theophano.
• He recaptured Crete and
much of the eastern
provinnces from the Arabs
27. John Tzimiskes (969-975)
• Unpopular emperor
Phocas was murdered by a
conspiracy of his wife
Theophano and nephew
John Tzimiskes (short
man).
• Tzimiskes then renounced
Theophano and was
forgiven.
• Tzimiskes led successful
campaigns against
Sviatoslav of Kief and the
Arabs in Northern
Mesopotamia.
Lebedev: Sviatoslav I meets
John I Tzimiskes
28. BASIL II (976-1025)
• The legendary, most
glorious emperor of
Byzantium.
• Suppressed revolt of
Vardas Skeleros after an
alliance with Vladimir I of
Kiev.
• With notorious
ruthlessness he suppressed
the power of the great
landowners and protected
the middle classes.
29. The achivements of Basil II
• He recovered much of Syria. Many of the lands in the east
had not been Byzantine since the time of Heraclius.
• After a long campaign the Bulgarians and Serbs submitted
to Basil, and the frontier of the empire for the first time in
centuries reached the Danube, again.
• He captured the southern Crimea from the Khazars
• He also recaptured much of Southern Italy.
• The ‘Father of the Army’ surprisingly left a full treasury at
his death.
31. The Golden Years of Byzantium
• The 50 years following
Basil’s death were years
of prosperity and growth.
• Constantine VIII (1025-
28) was never interested in
ruling.
• At his death his daughter
Zoe became empress.
• Her accession was the
greatest calamity for
Basil’s empire
Empress Zoe
32. Zoe’s Husbands
• Romanos III Argyros
• (1028-34). Reversed
Basil’s financial
arrengements and suffered
a defeat in the east which
cost him popularity.
Probably murdered by Zoe
• Michael IV Paphlagonian
(1034-41), a reasonably
successful emperor.
• Constantine IX
Monomachos (1042-1055)
• A military disaster Constantine IX
33. The steep decline to Manzikert
• Isaac I Comnenos (1057-
9) tried to reorganize the
finances of the empire
• The Doukid emperors
Constantine X and
Michael VII Parapinakes:
dangerously weakened the
army
• Romanos IV Diogenes
was defeated at Manzikert,
and then brutally blinded
and deposed.
Battle of Manzikert
34. The Comnenian Restoration
• Alexios I Comnenos
(1081-1118) seized the
throne from Nikephoros
III Botaniates.
• Alexios stabilized the
empire by fighting off the
Normans in the West, and
with the help of the
Crucaders the Seljuk
Turks in the east.
• He supported links with
the Aristocratic families
and initiated a century of
prosperity and recovery
37. John II Comnenos, the Good
• After fending off a
challenge by his sister
historian Anna
Comnene, John
proved to be perhaps
the last great emperor
of Byzantium.
• He was known for his
piety, mild rule,
charity and humanity.
38. John’s achievements
• Through diplomacy and cautious warfare
with small objectives at the time, he secured
the west, recovered large parts of Asia
Minor from the Seljuks and put them on the
defensive.
• In a move designed to boost morale he
marched into the Holy Lands, but his
Crucader allies betrayed him.
39. Manuel I, Comnenos (1143-1180)
• The ruler and protector of
Christendom, Manuel was
seen in east and west as
the head of the most
powerful and rich
Christian state.
• Surprise defeat at
Myriokephalon
• Although he added to the
empire, his ambitious
goals were never reached
to the full.
Manuel I Comnenos
40. The Angeli
• The cruel public murder of
the last Comnenian
emperor, the able
Andronikos I (1185)
signalled the beginning of
the end for Byzantium.
• The incompetent rule of
Isaac Angelos and his
successors resulted in the
loss of Constantiniple to
the Crucasders in 1204
41. The Fall of Constantinople to the Crucaders , 1204
43. Frankish Constantinople (1204-1261)
• The sack of
Constantinople: a great
cultural calamity.
• Byzantine states in
provinces (Nicaea,
Trebizond, Epirus)
• The Latin empire of
Constantinople was
doomed, cut off from the
West, with a determined
Byzantine kingdom next
to it, and a clergy very
hostile to the Catholic
primate.
45. The Palaiologean Period
• 1261: Michael VIII
Palaiologos recaptures
Constantinople, defeats
the Latins and restores
Byzantine form.
• The Empire he
reconstituted would be
squeezed between enemies
from the west and the
relentless assaults of the
Turks in the east
46. The Palaiologean Renaissance
• Although politically the reign of Byzantium’s last
and longest lasting dynasty was bleak, the arts and
letters flourished.
• An increasingly more Hellenized state
• Some of the Palaiologean Emperors were able
(e.g. Michael VIII, Manuel II)
• However, the weakened state did not have the
manpower, energy, or resources to stop the the
relentless march of the Ottoman Turks.
• The old empire fell after a long struggle.
47. The Fall of Constantinople
• The world turned its eyes
on a depopulated
Constantinople in the
spring of 1453.
• A shadow of its former
glory the imperial city fell
after months of siege.
• Constantine XI, the last
emperor became the
subject of legends.
48. The religious art of Byzantium
• Intellectual, idealistic,
schematic, with
restrained colors and
reserved form.
• Realism is rare and
undesirable
• The objective is the
spiritual elevation of
the believer
49. The Literature of Byzantium
• 4th-5th century:
• Still within the
boundaries of
Classical Literature.
• Basil
• Gregory Nazianzenos
• Gregory of Nyssa
• John Chrysostom
• Athanasius
50. The Era of Justinian
• Procopius
• Theophylactos
• John Malalas
• Hesychios
• Choiroboskos
• Poetry:
• Romanos the Melodist
• The Acathist Hymn
Justinian and his legal team
51. The 8th and 9th centuries
• Kassiane
• The Canon
• Andrew of Crete
• Kosmas the Melodist
• John Damascene
• Theophanes the
Confessor
• Photios
52. The Humanism of the
Macedonian and Comnenian Era
• Michael Psellos
• Constantine
Porphyrogennetos
• Michael Attaliates
• Anna Comnene
• The Acritic Epic
• Byzantine Romance
• Ptochoprodromos
• Suda
• John Tzetzes
Hippocratic Oath
53. The Palaeologean Period
• Choniates
• Phrantzes
• Chalkokondyles
• Zonaras
• Scholiasts
• Theology, especially pro
and anti-Hesychastic
Literature
• Lexicography
• Law