Byzantine Empire Notes
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The Byzantine Empire grew to become a powerful and influential empire with its capital of Constantinople, which was well protected and situated on a natural harbor. Constantinople became a thriving cultural and economic center as a crossroads of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent as he recodified Roman law and had the general Belisarius expand the empire's territories, though this also led to a schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Byzantine culture preserved Greek and Roman learning and influenced neighboring Slavic peoples. The empire eventually declined as it faced numerous invasions, falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
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The Roman Heritage
The document summarizes the Roman heritage from 509 BC to 476 AD. It discusses the Greco-Roman civilization and the influence of Greek culture on Rome. It also examines the rise of Christianity and how it spread throughout the Roman Empire. The document then outlines the breakdown of unity in the empire due to political, economic and social problems, as well as invasions by Germanic tribes. Finally, it describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD after the fall of Rome to the Germanic chief Odoacer.
Byzantium Becomes The New Rome Ch 11.1
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
Constantine & Religion
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
Middle ages ppt
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
Medieval Europe and the Judeo-Christian Tradition
This document provides an overview of Judaism and Christianity in medieval Europe. It discusses the origins and beliefs of Judaism, including key figures like Abraham and Moses. It then covers the emergence and spread of Christianity, including persecution of Jews. The rise of feudalism and divisions in the Catholic Church are also summarized. Major events like the Crusades, invasions by Vikings and others, and the growth of towns and trade are briefly outlined.
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Renaissance Notes
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century as a result of changes brought about by events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years' War. Wealthy Italian city-states like Florence financed the Renaissance and patrons like the Medici family in Florence supported artists and scholars. Key intellectual movements included humanism, with its focus on human potential and secularism. Renaissance art flourished in Italy and the Northern Renaissance, with artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Durer producing famous works. The Renaissance spread north and its ideas were a precursor to the Protestant Reformation.
Late Middle Ages SOL Notes
During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
- Nation-states began forming as monarchies consolidated power across countries with common languages and cultures. Significant events included the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
- Conflicts included the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses civil war in England from 1455-1485.
- The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and holy sites from 1095-1291.
Meso-American Notes
The Olmec were the first civilization in Mesoamerica, located along the Gulf of Mexico coast. They built large cities and were centers of religion, carving colossal stone heads to represent rulers or gods. Mesoamerica was home to three major pre-Columbian civilizations - the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas. The Maya flourished from 300-900 CE in modern Guatemala and Honduras, building immense city-states centered around pyramids topped with shrines. They had advanced achievements in astronomy, mathematics, and a complex writing system. The Aztecs rose to power in central Mexico from 1400-1520 CE, establishing the island city of Tenochtitlan,
India Vocab Slideshow
1. Ancient India was influenced by monsoon winds that brought seasonal rains critical for agriculture. Powerful citadels held grain in central fortresses. The Harappan people left undeciphered pictographs as their language.
2. Indo-Aryan peoples migrated from Europe through the Khyber Pass and settled in India, bringing their Sanskrit language which was used to record sacred texts like the Vedas. Epics like the Ramayana and Bhagavad Gita were long poems that explained religious concepts.
3. Hindu society developed a strict caste system dividing people into social classes. Priests known as Brahmins held religious knowledge and rulers called Rajas governed states and enforced
Hebrews Notes
The document summarizes the origins and history of the Hebrews. It details that the Hebrews descended from Abraham and settled in Canaan, then were enslaved in Egypt for 400 years before escaping under Moses. Moses led the Hebrews to Mount Sinai where God revealed the Ten Commandments, establishing a covenant between God and the Hebrews. The Hebrews later united as the Kingdom of Israel but were eventually conquered by other empires. The document also notes that the Hebrews believed in one God, Yahweh, and followed the laws and teachings set forth in the Torah.
Renaissance Notes
Wealthy merchant families in Italian city-states like Florence and Milan grew very rich through trade and banking during the Renaissance, and became important patrons of the arts. Figures like Cosimo de' Medici in Florence and the Sforza family in Milan both grew wealthy and ruled their cities while supporting many artistic and scholarly projects. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman ideals of humanism, secularism, and intellectual thought that influenced literature, art, architecture and more across Italy and eventually northern Europe as well.
LMA Notes & Pictures
The document summarizes key events in England, France, Spain, and Russia during the Late Middle Ages:
In England, this period was marked by the Norman Conquest in 1066, disputes over land with France, the signing of the Magna Carta, and the War of the Roses civil war. In France, the Capetian dynasty strengthened royal power around Paris while contending with England over territories. Spain saw the completion of the Reconquista by 1492 and the expulsion of religious minorities. In Russia, the Mongols invaded and ruled until the 1480s, while the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually expanded its power.
Late Middle Ages Vocab
The document summarizes important events, people, and developments in Europe during the Late Middle Ages, including:
1) William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 and became King of England, establishing Norman rule. King Henry II established common law and strengthened the English nation by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine.
2) King John faced rebellion over high taxes and was forced to agree to the Magna Carta, which limited royal power. The Pope placed England under interdict during this time.
3) The Crusades were launched by the Pope in the 11th-century to reconquer the Holy Land from Muslim rule. They had both military and religious significance. The Black
MesoAmerican Civilizations Notes
The document summarizes three major pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations: the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. The Olmec were the first civilization in Mesoamerica, located along the Gulf of Mexico coast. They constructed large cities and carved colossal stone heads. The Maya flourished from 300-900 AD in present-day Mexico and Guatemala, with accomplishments including hieroglyphic writing, an accurate calendar, and the city of Tikal. The Aztecs ruled an empire from their capital of Tenochtitlan from 1400-1520 AD until conquered by the Spanish. The Inca Empire spanned South America with the capital at Cuzco until
Early Middle Ages Vocab
This document provides definitions and brief explanations of important terms and people from the Early and High Middle Ages in Europe. Key points include:
- The Middle Ages lasted from around 500-1500 AD, also sometimes called the Dark Ages.
- Monasteries were communities where monks lived separated from society under the leadership of an Abbot to dedicate their lives to God.
- Feudalism developed as a system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants or serfs were bound to work the lands.
- The rise of kingdoms like the Franks and Carolingian Empire expanded Christianity and laid the foundations of government in the post-Roman world. Important figures
Islam Vocab
This document defines key terms related to Islam, including important people, places, events, and concepts. It explains that Muhammad was the last prophet who received revelations from God and recited the Quran. The five pillars of Islam are the core beliefs and practices of the Muslim faith. The document also outlines the origins and divisions between the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam, as well as influential Islamic achievements in science, literature, and exploration.
Rome Vocab Slideshow
1) The document provides vocabulary related to the founding and history of ancient Rome, including important people, governments systems, and events. It defines terms like republic, empire, patricians, plebians, and the Punic Wars.
2) The vocabulary then shifts to defining important figures and developments during the Roman Republic and civil war era, such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and Augustus. It also introduces the concept of the Pax Romana period of peace and prosperity.
3) The final section defines religious and cultural terms like bishops, Jesus, and Constantine, as well as groups that invaded the Western Roman Empire like the Goths, Vandals, and Huns.
Greece Vocab Slideshow
The document provides an overview of key people, places, and terms related to ancient Greek history and culture. It discusses the Minoans as the first Greeks on Crete with a trade economy and Linear B writing system, as well as King Minos ruling from his palace at Knossos. It then covers the Mycenaeans on the Greek mainland, city-states, forms of government including democracy in Athens, Greek mythology, and important figures like Homer, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The document also summarizes major events in Greek history such as the Persian Wars and Peloponnesian War.
Expansionpwrpint
The document provides an overview of the expansion of Greece through the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how the Greeks rebelled against Persian rule in Asia Minor, leading to invasions by Darius and later Xerxes of mainland Greece, though they were defeated at battles like Marathon and Thermopylae. Athens rebuilt stronger and formed an alliance that grew into an empire under Pericles' rule. However, tensions between Athens and Sparta grew into the Peloponnesian War, which lasted 27 years and ended in an Athenian surrender after a blockade cut off their food supply.
China Vocab and Pictures
This document provides brief summaries of important concepts and events in early Chinese history, including:
- Loess soil deposited by the Huang He river which was good for agriculture. Yu the Great improved flood control and agriculture.
- Oracle bones used for divination by writing questions and interpreting cracks formed when heated.
- Confucius founded Confucianism by writing the Analects, emphasizing relationships and respect. Laozi founded Daoism by writing the Dao de Jing about withdrawing from the world.
- Qin Shi Huangdi unified China under the Qin Dynasty and built the Great Wall and Terracotta Army. He followed the philosophy of Legalism emphasizing strict laws.
Mesopotamian Groups Chart with Pictures
This document provides an overview of several early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia between 3000 BC and 100 BC, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians, Phoenicians, Lydians, and Hebrews/Jews. It describes their origins, locations, cultures, religions, innovations, and important leaders. Key developments discussed include the Sumerians inventing cuneiform writing and innovations like the plow, wheel, and ziggurat temples. The document also outlines the Babylonian code of Hammurabi, Assyrian and Persian empires, Phoenician trade routes, and foundations of Judaism under Moses and the Torah
Mesopotamia chart
1) The Sumerians established city-states in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC, inventing systems like cuneiform writing, wheeled vehicles, and irrigation.
2) The Babylonians later conquered the Sumerians and adopted much of their culture, most notably the Code of Hammurabi.
3) The Assyrians rose to power around 2000 BC, becoming a formidable military empire that controlled much of the Near East through force and deporting conquered peoples.
Renaissance Notes pwrpt
The document summarizes some of the key economic, political, artistic, and intellectual developments of the Renaissance period in Europe. It notes that the Crusades stimulated trade between Europe and the Middle East, encouraging banking practices and the use of credit. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Genoa emerged as centers of trade. The document also discusses influential figures like Machiavelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Petrarch, Erasmus, and More, as well as themes of humanism, secularization, and the spread of ideas through printing.
Africa Notes
1) Several major empires rose and fell in pre-colonial Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa known for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt.
2) In East Africa, the Aksum and Zimbabwe empires grew wealthy through trade of ivory and gold along Indian Ocean trade routes.
3) Trade brought economic growth as well as spread of Islam and Christianity throughout Africa, with Timbuktu becoming a center of learning under Mali rule.
Japan Notes
The document summarizes aspects of early Japanese history, geography, and culture. It discusses how the Yamato clan dominated Japan for 1000 years and claimed descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu. It also outlines Japan's island geography and notes it is prone to earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis due to its location along the Ring of Fire. The document then summarizes the introduction of Buddhism and Chinese culture to Japan between the 600s-800s AD, the development of the Japanese writing system kana, and the rise of the samurai warrior class and bushido code between the 800s-1200s.
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Byzantine Empire Notes
- 1. #? The Byzantine Empire Textbook pages 298-313
- 2. Growth of the Byzantine Empire • Constantinople: – Protection of eastern frontier – Easily fortified (defendable), on natural harbor. Overlooked the Bosporus Strait. – Away from Germanic invasions – Seat of power until Ottoman Conquest in 1453
- 5. • Crossroads of Trade: - Goods coming from Europe, Asia, Africa - Silk and paper industry thriving. - Taxes on trade and industry provide money for gov’t, army, and buildings -Cultural melting pot: (Roman law, Greek culture, and Orthodox Christianity) • Greek + Roman = Greco-Roman
- 6. Age of Justinian • Emperor Justinian (ruled 527-565AD) hoped to revive the glory and power of the Roman Empire. • The Justinian Code: Codification of Roman Law (4 parts) – Code: useful Roman laws – Digest: summarized Roman legal opinions – Institutes: guide for law students – Novellae: contained laws passed after 534AD * Significant influence on European law codes
- 7. • Empress Theodora: - Justinian’s wife - Urges him to change Byzantine law to give more rights to women. -women could own property equal to the value of their dowry. • Nika Revolt: - Rebellion that threatened to overthrow Justinian. He wanted to flee, Theodora encouraged him to fight. -Belisarius led the troops that crushed the revolt. Justinian makes him general of the army.
- 8. • Constantinople was a rich city with a strong navy. “Greek Fire” was thrown at ships and set them on fire. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH • The West and East had different ideas about church practices. This led to a division (schism) in The Church. 1054AD
- 9. Major Disagreements between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Roman Catholic- WEST Eastern Orthodox – EAST • No Married priests • Married priests allowed allowed • Icons rejected – later • Icons accepted accepted • Pope was supreme • Pope not supreme – authority local leaders supreme • Accepted the view that • Believed in supremacy the Holy Spirit combines both Father of the Father in the and Son (Council of Trinity Nicea)
- 10. Byzantine Culture • Passed on to future generations the learning of ancient Greece, Rome, and the East. • Cyril and Methodius went to teach the Slavs the Bible. They gave them an alphabet which is known as Cyrillic. • Mosaics and architecture. - Hagia Sophia- Church, one of the world’s biggest buildings DECLINE – Many different groups invade the Byzantine Empire. 1453AD the Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople. End of Byzantine Empire