The appendix is a blind-ended tube located near the cecum in the lower right portion of the abdomen. It contains lymphoid tissue and has a small opening into the cecum. The appendix can be located in different positions such as behind the cecum or colon. It receives its blood supply from the appendicular artery and drains lymph into nodes in the mesentery and abdomen. Due to its narrow shape and blind end, the appendix is prone to obstruction and infection which can lead to perforation. Surgical removal of the appendix, or appendicectomy, is often performed through an incision in the lower right abdomen.
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
colon anatomy, anatomy of large intestine, anatomy of large bowel, histology of large intestine, large intestine, histology, colon, appendices epiploica, taenia coli, haustrautions, ilio caecal valve
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
colon anatomy, anatomy of large intestine, anatomy of large bowel, histology of large intestine, large intestine, histology, colon, appendices epiploica, taenia coli, haustrautions, ilio caecal valve
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Rectum means straight as if ruled. This is a misnorma,for it is curved in conformity with the hollow of the sacrum.
Rectum is continuous with the sigmoid colon and there is no change of structure at the junction. The distinction is a matter of peritoneal attachment; where there is a mesocolon, the gut is called sigmoid colon and where there is no mesentery, it is called rectum . Where the muscle coats are replaced by sphincters it becomes the anal canal.
The rectum begins in the hollow of the sacrum at the level of its 3rd. Piece and it curves forwards over coccyx and ano-coccygeal raphe.
It is 15 cm long.
The 3 tinea of the sigmoid colon come together over the rectum invest it in a complete outer layer of the longitudinal muscle.
The upper and lower ends of the rectum lie in the midline but the ampulla is convex to the left.
Rectal valves of Houston,2 on the left and one on the Right are produced by circular muscles of the gut.
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
This is a clinically oriented maternal anatomy, prepared by Dr Gebresilassie Andualem
You can get more books from our Telegram channel:
https://t.me/OBGYN_Note_Book
Anatomy and malignant diseases of esophagusDr Sajad Nazir
This presentation is for post graduate surgery residents. Anatomy with pictorial representation and management of carcinoma esophagus is being explained. Barretts esophagus, diagnosis and management is being explained. This presentation is subjected to errors and mistakes. I have consulted 2, 3 books to make this presentation.
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. • It is a blind intestinal diverticulum
• It varies in length from 3 to 5 in. (8 to 13 cm).
• It contains masses of lymphoid tissue.
• It arises from the posteromedial aspect of the
cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction.
• The appendix has a short triangular mesentery,
the mesoappendix, which derives from the
posterior side of the mesentery of the terminal
ileum.
• The mesoappendix contains the appendicular
vessels and nerves.
3.
4.
5. Location and Description
• The appendix lies in the right iliac fossa, and in
relation to the anterior abdominal wall its base
is situated one third of the way up the line
joining the right anterior superior iliac spine to
the umbilicus (McBurney's point).
• Inside the abdomen, the base of the appendix
is easily found by identifying the teniae coli of
the cecum and tracing them to the base of the
appendix, where they converge to form a
continuous longitudinal muscle coat
6. The lumen of the
appendix is small and
opens into the caecum
by an orifice lying below
and slightly posterior to
the ileocaecal opening.
7. Positions
• These are the commonest positions seen in clinical
practice.Thus it may be:
– Retrocaecal ,
– Retrocolic (behind the caecum or lower ascending colon
respectively)
– Pelvic or descending (when it hangs dependently over the
pelvic brim, in close relation to the right uterine tube and
ovary in females).
• Other positions are occasionally seen especially when
there is a long appendix mesentery allowing greater
mobility.
– These include subcaecal (below the caecum); preilial
(anterior to the terminal ileum); postileal (behind the terminal
ileum).
8.
9.
10. Appendiceal Wall
• The appendiceal wall is similar to the wall of
the colon. It is formed by
– The serosa
– A muscular layer composed of the longitudinal
and circular layers. At the appendiceal base, the
longitudinal muscle produces a thickening that is
related to all cecal taeniae
– The submucosa, which contains many lymphoid
islands
– The mucosa
11. Histology
• Though the thick appendiceal wall has the
same four layers as the colon
– Serosa or adventitia,
– Muscularis externa,
– Submucosa and
– Mucosa ,
It differs by having the following characteristics:
– Its outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle is
complete, and
– The mucosa and submucosa have multiple lymph
nodules.
12.
13. Anatomical basis of tests
• Right psoas muscle test: The forced
extension of the right thigh produces increased
pain in the RLQ of the abdomen when the
inflamed appendix and its short mesentery rest
on the peritoneum which covers the right major
psoas muscle.
• Right obturator muscle test: Flexion and
lateral rotation of the right thigh produces
increased pain in the RLQ and right pelvic area
when the inflamed appendix is closely related
to the obturator internus muscle.
14. Each position of the appendix produces
and mimics a different clinical picture
• – Retrocecal appendix:
• RLQ or right flank pain with ureteric irritation
• – Pelvic appendix:
• Pelvic pain with urinary symptoms; rule out pelvic
inflammatory disease
• – Subhepatic appendix:
• Due to cecal malrotation; presents gallbladder
symptoms
• – Upper or lower midline appendix:
• Epigastric or hypogastric pain
• – Situs inversus:
• When present, pain is located at the LLQ
15. The convergence of the taeniae coli at the
appendiceal base will help the surgeon find a
hidden appendix.
The lumen may be widely patent in early
childhood and is often partially or wholly
obliterated in the later decades of life.
The appendix usually contains numerous
patches of lymphoid tissue although these tend
to decrease in size from early adulthood.
16. Arteries
• The appendicular artery is a branch of the
posterior cecal artery.
• The appendicular artery represents the
entire vascular supply of the appendix. It
runs first in the edge of the appendicular
mesentery and then,distally, along the wall
of the appendix.
• Acute infection of the appendix may result
in thrombosis of this artery with rapid
development of gangrene and subsequent
perforation.
20. Lymphatic Drainage
• The lymph vessels drain into one or two nodes lying in
the mesoappendix and then eventually into the
superior mesenteric nodes.
• Lymphatic drainage from the ileocecal region is
through a chain of nodes on the appendicular,
ileocolic, and superior mesenteric arteries through
which the lymph passes to reach the celiac lymph
nodes and the cisterna chyli.
• A secondary drainage (which passes anterior to the
pancreas) to subpyloric nodes.
• It should be remembered that lymph nodules in the
wall of the appendix are not connected with the
lymphatic drainage of the organ. The lymphocytes
formed in the nodules pass into the lumen of the
appendix.
22. Nerve Supply
• The appendix is supplied by the
sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus)
nerves from the superior mesenteric
plexus.
• Afferent nerve fibers concerned with the
conduction of visceral pain from the
appendix accompany the sympathetic
nerves and enter the spinal cord at the
level of the 10th thoracic segment
23. Predisposition of the Appendix to Infection
• The following factors contribute to the
appendix's predilection to infection:
–It is a long, narrow, blind-ended tube, which
encourages stasis of large-bowel contents.
–It has a large amount of lymphoid tissue in its
wall.
–The lumen has a tendency to become
obstructed by hardened intestinal contents
(enteroliths), which leads to further
stagnation of its contents.
24. Predisposition of the Appendix to
Perforation
• The appendix is supplied by a long small artery that
does not anastomose with other arteries.
• The blind end of the appendix is supplied by the
terminal branches of the appendicular artery.
Inflammatory edema of the appendicular wall
compresses the blood supply to the appendix and
often leads to thrombosis of the appendicular artery.
• These conditions commonly result in necrosis or
gangrene of the appendicular wall, with perforation.
• Perforation of the appendix or transmigration of
bacteria through the inflamed appendicular wall results
in infection of the peritoneum of the greater sac.
• The greater omentum may play in arresting the
spread of the peritoneal infection,.
25. Appendicectomy
• Appendicectomy is performed most commonly through
a grid-iron muscle-splitting incision.
• The appendix is first located by tracing the taeniae coli
along the caecum—they fuse at the base of the
appendix and then delivered into the wound.
• The mesentery of the appendix is then divided and
ligated.
• The appendix is then tied at its base, excised and
removed.
• Most surgeons still opt to invaginate the appendix
stump as a precautionary measure against slippage of
the stump ligature.
26. Congenital Anomalies
• Appendiceal variations are few, and are
all rare
–Absence of the Appendix.
–Ectopic Appendix
• found an appendix in the thorax, in association with
malrotation and diaphragmatic defect,.in the lumbar area,
can be located within the posterior cecal wall, and which
did not have a serous coat.
–Left-Sided Appendix
• There are four conditions that can result in a left-sided
appendix. In order of frequency, they are:
– (1) situs inversus viscerum,
– (2) nonrotation of the intestines,
– (3) "wandering" cecum with a long mesentery, and
– (4) an excessively long appendix crossing the midline.
–Duplication of the Appendix