The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the location, size, shape, surfaces, and relations of the urinary bladder. It also details the interior structures of the bladder including the trigone, ureteric orifices, and internal urethral meatus. The document then discusses the ligaments, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage of the bladder. Finally, it provides descriptions of the male and female urethra including their parts, sphincters, and surrounding structures.
The ureter is a narrow, thick-walled, muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle in the ureter wall propel urine downward. The ureter has three layers of smooth muscle in the lower third and two layers in the upper two-thirds. It courses down the posterior abdominal wall and enters the pelvis, where it crosses the common iliac artery. In the pelvis, it travels laterally along the sciatic notch before entering the bladder obliquely. The ureter has several sites of anatomical narrowing where stones are prone to lodge, including at the pelvic brim and ure
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the rectum and anal canal. It describes the rectum as the distal part of the large gut located between the sigmoid colon and anal canal. The rectum is curved and proceeds downward and forward, following the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx. It is around 12 cm long and ends at the anorectal junction. The anal canal is located below the pelvic diaphragm and is around 3.8 cm long, extending from the anorectal junction to the anus. It is lined by different types of epithelium in the upper, middle, and lower sections. The document also outlines the blood supply, nerve supply, and sphincter
The ureters are thin-walled muscular tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They have three parts: the pelvic, abdominal, and pelvic parts. The ureters begin in the renal pelvis in the kidneys and travel downwards and medially through the abdomen and pelvis before piercing the bladder wall and opening into the bladder trigone. Their course and relations are described.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The document discusses the anatomy and development of part of the gut, specifically the hindgut, rectum, and anal canal. It describes how these structures develop from the hindgut in the folded embryo and are formed through various embryonic processes. The document also lists and describes four common congenital anomalies that can affect this part of the anatomy, including imperforate anus, congenital megacolon, anorectal or anal agenesis, and various fistula formations between the rectum and other organs.
1. The internal iliac artery arises from the common iliac artery and ends by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions within the pelvis.
2. It gives off branches that supply structures within the pelvis such as the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
3. The internal pudendal artery is one of its anterior division branches, and it gives off the inferior rectal artery and branches that supply the genital region.
The duodenum is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine. It is C-shaped and passes behind the pancreas and liver before joining the jejunum. The duodenum has four parts that have different peritoneal relations and visceral connections. It receives blood supply from the pancreaticoduodenal arteries and innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Common clinical issues involving the duodenum include ulcers, diverticula, obstructions, and inflammation.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the location, size, shape, surfaces, and relations of the urinary bladder. It also details the interior structures of the bladder including the trigone, ureteric orifices, and internal urethral meatus. The document then discusses the ligaments, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage of the bladder. Finally, it provides descriptions of the male and female urethra including their parts, sphincters, and surrounding structures.
The ureter is a narrow, thick-walled, muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle in the ureter wall propel urine downward. The ureter has three layers of smooth muscle in the lower third and two layers in the upper two-thirds. It courses down the posterior abdominal wall and enters the pelvis, where it crosses the common iliac artery. In the pelvis, it travels laterally along the sciatic notch before entering the bladder obliquely. The ureter has several sites of anatomical narrowing where stones are prone to lodge, including at the pelvic brim and ure
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the rectum and anal canal. It describes the rectum as the distal part of the large gut located between the sigmoid colon and anal canal. The rectum is curved and proceeds downward and forward, following the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx. It is around 12 cm long and ends at the anorectal junction. The anal canal is located below the pelvic diaphragm and is around 3.8 cm long, extending from the anorectal junction to the anus. It is lined by different types of epithelium in the upper, middle, and lower sections. The document also outlines the blood supply, nerve supply, and sphincter
The ureters are thin-walled muscular tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They have three parts: the pelvic, abdominal, and pelvic parts. The ureters begin in the renal pelvis in the kidneys and travel downwards and medially through the abdomen and pelvis before piercing the bladder wall and opening into the bladder trigone. Their course and relations are described.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The document discusses the anatomy and development of part of the gut, specifically the hindgut, rectum, and anal canal. It describes how these structures develop from the hindgut in the folded embryo and are formed through various embryonic processes. The document also lists and describes four common congenital anomalies that can affect this part of the anatomy, including imperforate anus, congenital megacolon, anorectal or anal agenesis, and various fistula formations between the rectum and other organs.
1. The internal iliac artery arises from the common iliac artery and ends by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions within the pelvis.
2. It gives off branches that supply structures within the pelvis such as the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
3. The internal pudendal artery is one of its anterior division branches, and it gives off the inferior rectal artery and branches that supply the genital region.
The duodenum is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine. It is C-shaped and passes behind the pancreas and liver before joining the jejunum. The duodenum has four parts that have different peritoneal relations and visceral connections. It receives blood supply from the pancreaticoduodenal arteries and innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Common clinical issues involving the duodenum include ulcers, diverticula, obstructions, and inflammation.
This document discusses the anatomy of the rectum and anal canal. It describes the location and features of the rectum, including its flexures and relations to surrounding structures. It then describes the anal canal, anal sphincters, blood supply, and applied clinical anatomy. Key points include the rectum extending from the rectosigmoid junction to the anorectal junction, its flexures and folds, and relations anteriorly and posteriorly. The anal canal is described as extending from the rectum to the anal opening and containing internal and external anal sphincters. Blood supply and nerve supply are also summarized.
COMMON ILIAC ARTERY
slide 3
LEVEL- fourth lumbar vertebra
Size-5cm {2-in.}
Regions supplied-pelvic mus,pelvic org,external gentalias, lower limbs
Division- right and left iliac artery
Gives rise to- internal and external i.arteries
slide 7
Internal iliac artery
Primary artery of pelvis
Bifurcation-anterior to sacroiliac joint level of lumbosacral intervertebral disc
Posteriorly-desend into pelvis and divide into anterior and posteror divisions
Regions supply-medial mus of thigh, pelvic muscle wall, pelvic org, e. genetalias, buttox.
slide 9
External iliac artery
Larger than internal iliac artery
Descend along the medial border of psoas major mus following pelvic brim, pass posterior to midportion of inguinal ligaments, and femoral arteries as they pass beneath inguinal ligament and enter thigh
Regions supply-lower abdominal wall, cremaster muscles in males and round ligament of uterus in females and lower limb.
slide 10
Inferior epigastric artery deep circumflex iliac arteries
Femoral artery
-Right femoral artery
-Right deep artery of thigh(deep peroneal)
Popliteal artery
-Anterior tibial
-Posterior tibial
The urinary bladder is a triangular pyramid-shaped organ located in the pelvis. In males, its base faces backwards and is covered by peritoneum, related to the seminal vesicles and rectum. In females, the bladder has no peritoneal covering and is related to the vagina. The bladder neck is continuous with the urethra and attached anteriorly via ligaments to the pubic bone. The ureters drain urine from the kidneys into the bladder's superior angles, while the urethra drains the bladder's contents out of the body.
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers the organs within. It is derived from mesoderm. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including movement of viscera, protection, and absorption. It is innervated by both autonomic and somatic nerves. The peritoneum forms several folds and structures that suspend organs, including the mesentery, transverse mesocolon, and greater and lesser omenta. It covers both peritoneal organs, which are attached via mesentery, and some retroperitoneal organs.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
This document summarizes key details about the duodenum and pancreas. It describes the four parts of the duodenum, their locations, relations, features, and applied anatomy. It discusses the major and minor duodenal papillae and their openings. It then describes the pancreas, including its head, neck, body, and tail; their locations, borders, surfaces, and relations. It notes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of both organs. It concludes with brief descriptions of acute pancreatitis and annular pancreas.
The portal vein collects blood from the abdominal organs and transports it to the liver. It forms from the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein. It branches within the liver into left and right portal veins which supply the left and right sides of the liver through hepatic sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The male urethra is divided into three parts - prostatic, membranous, and spongy or penile. The prostatic urethra is lined with transitional epithelium and contains the urethral crest and openings of the ejaculatory ducts. The membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm and is surrounded by the sphincter urethrae muscle. The penile urethra passes through the penis and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium except for the fossa navicularis which has stratified squamous epithelium. Common conditions of the male urethra include urethritis, strictures,
The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. It has 3 parts - the pelvis of the ureter at the kidney, the abdominal part, and the pelvic part. In the abdomen it passes along the posterior abdominal wall. In the pelvis it descends laterally on the pelvic wall before entering the bladder. It has narrowings at the pelviureteric junction, pelvic brim, and bladder entry point where stones can become lodged. In females it has relationships with the uterine artery and ovary, and in males it is crossed by the vas deferens as it enters the bladder.
Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glandsdrejuchegahi
The document provides information about the kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands. It describes the anatomy and locations of these organs, including their sizes, blood supply, and relations to surrounding structures. Key details include that the kidneys measure around 12x6x3 cm and weigh 130g, the ureters are 25cm long and have points of narrowest calibre at connections to the kidneys and bladder, and the suprarenal glands lie alongside the upper parts of the kidneys (the right is pyramidal and the left is crescentic in shape).
This document describes the anatomy and functions of the male reproductive system. It discusses the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra. The testes produce sperm which travel through the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles where they mature and mix with fluids. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that joins the semen. During ejaculation, sperm and fluids pass through the urethra and exit the body.
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral buds originating in the duodenum. During development, the ventral bud rotates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal bud. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It has a head, neck, body and tail. The main pancreatic duct drains the exocrine pancreas and opens at the major duodenal papilla along with the common bile duct. Developmental anomalies include pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, agenesis/hypoplasia, and accessory pancreatic lobes.
The jejunum and ileum are the coiled parts of the small intestine located between the duodenum and colon. Together they are around 6 meters long. The jejunum is located in the middle of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine leading to the large intestine. Both sections are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery and drained by the superior mesenteric vein. They absorb nutrients and pass contents to the large intestine.
The rectum is the terminal part of the large intestine located before the anal canal. It is approximately 12 cm in length and curved in both the sagittal and coronal planes. The rectum has three lateral curvatures - the upper convexity is to the right, the middle convexity is to the left (most prominent), and the lower convexity is again to the right. It is supported by the pelvic floor muscles including the levator ani and surrounded by fascia. The rectum contains permanent transverse mucosal folds called Houston's valves that prevent the passage of feces with gas.
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
This 37 slide presentation provides an overview of the pelvis and pelvic floor anatomy. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, the true and false pelvis cavities, and the pelvic viscera in males and females. The muscles of the pelvic floor are described in detail, including the levator ani muscle and its components. Other structures covered include the pelvic fasciae, vasculature, nerves, pudendal canal, and related clinical terms. The presentation provides a comprehensive review of key anatomical structures and relationships in the pelvis region.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. The potential space between these layers, called the peritoneal cavity, contains a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including suspending organs, fixing some organs in place, storing fat, and secreting fluid to allow organ movement. It develops from lateral plate mesoderm and is innervated by thoracic and lumbar nerves. Clinical applications of the peritoneum include peritonitis, ascites, peritoneal dialysis, and internal
The ureters are muscular tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are around 25 cm long and 3 mm in diameter. Peristaltic contractions of the ureter smooth muscle walls propel the urine downward. Each ureter begins at the renal pelvis and travels downward, first passing behind the psoas major muscle in the abdomen and then crossing the pelvic brim to enter the smaller pelvic cavity, where it continues laterally along the pelvic wall before curving medially to enter the urinary bladder.
The appendix is a blind-ended tube located near the cecum in the lower right portion of the abdomen. It contains lymphoid tissue and has a small opening into the cecum. The appendix can be located in different positions such as behind the cecum or colon. It receives its blood supply from the appendicular artery and drains lymph into nodes in the mesentery and abdomen. Due to its narrow shape and blind end, the appendix is prone to obstruction and infection which can lead to perforation. Surgical removal of the appendix, or appendicectomy, is often performed through an incision in the lower right abdomen.
This document discusses the anatomy of the rectum and anal canal. It describes the location and features of the rectum, including its flexures and relations to surrounding structures. It then describes the anal canal, anal sphincters, blood supply, and applied clinical anatomy. Key points include the rectum extending from the rectosigmoid junction to the anorectal junction, its flexures and folds, and relations anteriorly and posteriorly. The anal canal is described as extending from the rectum to the anal opening and containing internal and external anal sphincters. Blood supply and nerve supply are also summarized.
COMMON ILIAC ARTERY
slide 3
LEVEL- fourth lumbar vertebra
Size-5cm {2-in.}
Regions supplied-pelvic mus,pelvic org,external gentalias, lower limbs
Division- right and left iliac artery
Gives rise to- internal and external i.arteries
slide 7
Internal iliac artery
Primary artery of pelvis
Bifurcation-anterior to sacroiliac joint level of lumbosacral intervertebral disc
Posteriorly-desend into pelvis and divide into anterior and posteror divisions
Regions supply-medial mus of thigh, pelvic muscle wall, pelvic org, e. genetalias, buttox.
slide 9
External iliac artery
Larger than internal iliac artery
Descend along the medial border of psoas major mus following pelvic brim, pass posterior to midportion of inguinal ligaments, and femoral arteries as they pass beneath inguinal ligament and enter thigh
Regions supply-lower abdominal wall, cremaster muscles in males and round ligament of uterus in females and lower limb.
slide 10
Inferior epigastric artery deep circumflex iliac arteries
Femoral artery
-Right femoral artery
-Right deep artery of thigh(deep peroneal)
Popliteal artery
-Anterior tibial
-Posterior tibial
The urinary bladder is a triangular pyramid-shaped organ located in the pelvis. In males, its base faces backwards and is covered by peritoneum, related to the seminal vesicles and rectum. In females, the bladder has no peritoneal covering and is related to the vagina. The bladder neck is continuous with the urethra and attached anteriorly via ligaments to the pubic bone. The ureters drain urine from the kidneys into the bladder's superior angles, while the urethra drains the bladder's contents out of the body.
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers the organs within. It is derived from mesoderm. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including movement of viscera, protection, and absorption. It is innervated by both autonomic and somatic nerves. The peritoneum forms several folds and structures that suspend organs, including the mesentery, transverse mesocolon, and greater and lesser omenta. It covers both peritoneal organs, which are attached via mesentery, and some retroperitoneal organs.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
This document summarizes key details about the duodenum and pancreas. It describes the four parts of the duodenum, their locations, relations, features, and applied anatomy. It discusses the major and minor duodenal papillae and their openings. It then describes the pancreas, including its head, neck, body, and tail; their locations, borders, surfaces, and relations. It notes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of both organs. It concludes with brief descriptions of acute pancreatitis and annular pancreas.
The portal vein collects blood from the abdominal organs and transports it to the liver. It forms from the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein. It branches within the liver into left and right portal veins which supply the left and right sides of the liver through hepatic sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
The male urethra is divided into three parts - prostatic, membranous, and spongy or penile. The prostatic urethra is lined with transitional epithelium and contains the urethral crest and openings of the ejaculatory ducts. The membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm and is surrounded by the sphincter urethrae muscle. The penile urethra passes through the penis and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium except for the fossa navicularis which has stratified squamous epithelium. Common conditions of the male urethra include urethritis, strictures,
The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. It has 3 parts - the pelvis of the ureter at the kidney, the abdominal part, and the pelvic part. In the abdomen it passes along the posterior abdominal wall. In the pelvis it descends laterally on the pelvic wall before entering the bladder. It has narrowings at the pelviureteric junction, pelvic brim, and bladder entry point where stones can become lodged. In females it has relationships with the uterine artery and ovary, and in males it is crossed by the vas deferens as it enters the bladder.
Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glandsdrejuchegahi
The document provides information about the kidneys, ureters, and suprarenal glands. It describes the anatomy and locations of these organs, including their sizes, blood supply, and relations to surrounding structures. Key details include that the kidneys measure around 12x6x3 cm and weigh 130g, the ureters are 25cm long and have points of narrowest calibre at connections to the kidneys and bladder, and the suprarenal glands lie alongside the upper parts of the kidneys (the right is pyramidal and the left is crescentic in shape).
This document describes the anatomy and functions of the male reproductive system. It discusses the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra. The testes produce sperm which travel through the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles where they mature and mix with fluids. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that joins the semen. During ejaculation, sperm and fluids pass through the urethra and exit the body.
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral buds originating in the duodenum. During development, the ventral bud rotates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal bud. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It has a head, neck, body and tail. The main pancreatic duct drains the exocrine pancreas and opens at the major duodenal papilla along with the common bile duct. Developmental anomalies include pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, agenesis/hypoplasia, and accessory pancreatic lobes.
The jejunum and ileum are the coiled parts of the small intestine located between the duodenum and colon. Together they are around 6 meters long. The jejunum is located in the middle of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine leading to the large intestine. Both sections are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery and drained by the superior mesenteric vein. They absorb nutrients and pass contents to the large intestine.
The rectum is the terminal part of the large intestine located before the anal canal. It is approximately 12 cm in length and curved in both the sagittal and coronal planes. The rectum has three lateral curvatures - the upper convexity is to the right, the middle convexity is to the left (most prominent), and the lower convexity is again to the right. It is supported by the pelvic floor muscles including the levator ani and surrounded by fascia. The rectum contains permanent transverse mucosal folds called Houston's valves that prevent the passage of feces with gas.
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
This 37 slide presentation provides an overview of the pelvis and pelvic floor anatomy. It discusses the bones that make up the pelvis, the true and false pelvis cavities, and the pelvic viscera in males and females. The muscles of the pelvic floor are described in detail, including the levator ani muscle and its components. Other structures covered include the pelvic fasciae, vasculature, nerves, pudendal canal, and related clinical terms. The presentation provides a comprehensive review of key anatomical structures and relationships in the pelvis region.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. The potential space between these layers, called the peritoneal cavity, contains a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including suspending organs, fixing some organs in place, storing fat, and secreting fluid to allow organ movement. It develops from lateral plate mesoderm and is innervated by thoracic and lumbar nerves. Clinical applications of the peritoneum include peritonitis, ascites, peritoneal dialysis, and internal
The ureters are muscular tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are around 25 cm long and 3 mm in diameter. Peristaltic contractions of the ureter smooth muscle walls propel the urine downward. Each ureter begins at the renal pelvis and travels downward, first passing behind the psoas major muscle in the abdomen and then crossing the pelvic brim to enter the smaller pelvic cavity, where it continues laterally along the pelvic wall before curving medially to enter the urinary bladder.
The appendix is a blind-ended tube located near the cecum in the lower right portion of the abdomen. It contains lymphoid tissue and has a small opening into the cecum. The appendix can be located in different positions such as behind the cecum or colon. It receives its blood supply from the appendicular artery and drains lymph into nodes in the mesentery and abdomen. Due to its narrow shape and blind end, the appendix is prone to obstruction and infection which can lead to perforation. Surgical removal of the appendix, or appendicectomy, is often performed through an incision in the lower right abdomen.
Rectum means straight as if ruled. This is a misnorma,for it is curved in conformity with the hollow of the sacrum.
Rectum is continuous with the sigmoid colon and there is no change of structure at the junction. The distinction is a matter of peritoneal attachment; where there is a mesocolon, the gut is called sigmoid colon and where there is no mesentery, it is called rectum . Where the muscle coats are replaced by sphincters it becomes the anal canal.
The rectum begins in the hollow of the sacrum at the level of its 3rd. Piece and it curves forwards over coccyx and ano-coccygeal raphe.
It is 15 cm long.
The 3 tinea of the sigmoid colon come together over the rectum invest it in a complete outer layer of the longitudinal muscle.
The upper and lower ends of the rectum lie in the midline but the ampulla is convex to the left.
Rectal valves of Houston,2 on the left and one on the Right are produced by circular muscles of the gut.
The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it is expelled through the urethra. The kidneys and urinary system work together to remove waste from the body and regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.
Anatomi Sistem Perkemihan atau Urinaria.pdfLuthfiHamda
This document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the anatomy and functions of each part. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. In males, the urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and plays a role in reproduction.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine and empties through the urethra when full. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are lined with transitional epithelium and have layers of smooth muscle to propel urine downstream. The urethra carries urine from the bladder to exit the body.
1. The document describes the anatomy and features of the jejunum, ileum, and large intestine.
2. Key differences between the jejunum and ileum are described, including their location in the abdomen and structural characteristics.
3. The large intestine is then described, including sections like the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and their blood supply.
Genitourinary system surgical antomy.pptxPradeep Pande
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on anatomy. It recommends:
- Freely editing and modifying the slides
- Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content
- Repeating this process of blank slides followed by content slides three times for active learning
- Using the presentation also for self-study
- Checking the notes for bibliographic references
It then provides an outline of slides on the urogenital system and its parts, with detailed slides on anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and male and female urethra.
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. It describes the major components including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it is expelled through the urethra. Key structures like the nephrons and vasculature are also summarized.
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Key structures of the urinary system were described in detail including locations, blood supply, and clinical relevance.
The male urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The kidneys develop from the nephrogenic cord in the sacral region and ascend to the lumbar region. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons which filter blood to form urine. The ureters develop from the ureteric buds and connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which develops from the urogenital sinus and stores urine.
This document provides information about prolapse of the rectum (rectal prolapse). It discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rectal prolapse. Some key points:
- Rectal prolapse is the circumferential descent of the rectum through the anus, either partially (mucosa and submucosa protrude) or completely (full thickness protrusion).
- Risk factors include straining from constipation/diarrhea, pregnancy, prior operations, and neurological/psychiatric conditions.
- Physiologically, it can cause fecal incontinence due to internal sphincter relaxation or damage. Reduction
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units of the kidney and include a glomerulus and renal tubule. Nephrons remove waste from the blood via glomerular filtration and reabsorb useful molecules like water before urine is stored in the bladder.
Large intestine/Ulcerative colitis/colorectal carcinoma/polyp/FAP/HNPCCRajeevPandit10
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, embryology, physiology and functions of the large intestine. It describes how the large intestine develops from the midgut and hindgut during embryogenesis. Key points include that the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and hosts beneficial bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and vitamins. Motility and defecation involve coordinated contractions and relaxation of the colon and anal sphincters.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding. During urination, urine is expelled through the urethra. Together these structures precisely regulate chemical levels in the body and remove waste.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
2. Introduction
• The ureter is a narrow, thick-
walled, expansile muscular
tube.
• Conveys urine from the kidney
to the urinary bladder.
• The urine is propelled from the
kidney to the urinary bladder
by the peristaltic contractions
of the smooth muscle of the
wall of the ureter. DR. VINEETA
4. COURSE IN ABDOMINAL PART
• The ureter begins as a downward
continuation of a funnel shaped renal
pelvis at the medial margin of the lower
end of the kidney.
• The ureter passes downward and slight
medially on the psoas major, which
separates it from the transverse
processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
• Enters the pelvic cavity by crossing in
front of the bifurcation of the common
iliac artery at the pelvic brim in front of
the sacroiliac joint. DR. VINEETA
5. COURSE IN PELVIS
• In the pelvis, the ureter first runs downward,
backward, and laterally along the anterior
margin of the greater sciatic notch.
• Opposite to the ischial spine, it turns
forward and medially to reach the base of
the urinary bladder.
• Where it enters the bladder wall obliquely.
• Within the bladder wall, it narrows down,
takes a sinuous course, and opens into the
cavity of the bladder at the lateral angle of its
trigone as ureteric orifice.
DR. VINEETA
6. PARTS AND RELATIONS
• The ureter is generally divided into two parts: abdominal
and pelvic.
• Each part is about the same length, i.e., 12.5 cm (5 inches).
• The abdominal part of ureter extends from the renal
pelvis to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery.
• The pelvic part of the ureter extends from the pelvic brim
(at the level of bifurcation of the common iliac artery) to
the base of the urinary bladder.
DR. VINEETA
7. RELATIONS OF ABDOMINAL PART
Medially the right ureter is related to inferior vena cava and left ureter
is related to left gonadal vein and inferior mesenteric vein.
DR. VINEETA
9. RELATIONS OF PELVIC PART
• The pelvic part of the ureter crosses in front of all the
nerves and vessels on the lateral pelvic wall except vas
deferens, which crosses in front of it.
• Near the uterine cervix, the uterine artery lies above and
in front of it, a highly important surgical relationship.
DR. VINEETA
10. SITES OF ANATOMICAL
NARROWINGS/CONSTRICTIONS
• The lumen of the ureter is not uniform throughout and presents three
constrictions at the following sites.
1. At the pelviureteric junction where the renal pelvis joins the upper
end of ureter. It is the upper most constriction, found approximately
5 cm away from the hilum of kidney.
2. At the pelvic brim where it crosses the common iliac artery.
3. At the uretero-vesical junction (i.e., where ureter enters into the
bladder).
DR. VINEETA
11. • In addition to above three
sites of constrictions, two
more sites of constrictions
are described by the
surgeons.
1. At juxtaposition of the vas
deferens/broad ligament.
2. At the ureteric orifice.
DR. VINEETA
12. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
• The ureter derives its arterial supply from
the branches of all the arteries related to
it. The important arteries supplying
ureter from above downward are:
1. Renal.
2. Testicular or ovarian.
3. Direct branches from aorta.
4. Internal iliac.
5. Vesical (superior and inferior).
6. Middle rectal.
7. Uterine.
DR. VINEETA
13. • VENOUS DRAINAGE
• The venous blood from the ureter is drained into the veins corresponding
to the arteries.
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
• The lymph from the ureter is drained into lateral aortic and iliac nodes.
• NERVE SUPPLY
1.The sympathetic supply of the ureter is derived from T12–L1 spinal
segments through renal, aortic, and hypogastric plexuses.
2.The parasympathetic supply of ureter is derived from S2–S4 spinal
segments through pelvic splanchnic nerves.
The afferent fibres travel with both sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves.
DR. VINEETA
14. Clinical correlation
• Mobilization of ureter: Branches of the arteries supplying the
ureter form an anastomosis in the fat and fascia around the ureter.
• Therefore, surgeons should bear in their mind that stripping off this
fascia, while mobilizing the ureter for transplantation, will hamper the
blood supply of the ureter and may cause its necrosis.
• Identification of ureter: Ureter is a muscular structure, and in life
waves of muscular contractions produce a worm-like rhythmic
movement (peristalsis) thus milking urine toward the bladder. The
ureter is readily identified in life by its thick muscular wall which is
seen to undergo worm-like writhing movements, especially when it is
gently stroked or Squeezed.
DR. VINEETA
15. Clinical correlation
• Ureteric calculus is likely to lodge at one of the sites of anatomical
narrowings of the ureter particularly:
(a) At the pelvic ureteric junction.
(b) Where it crosses the pelvic brim.
(c) In the intramural part—the narrowest part.
• Injury to ureters: According to Kenson and Hinman, the ureter may be
injured at one of the following four dangerous sites:
(a) Point where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels.
(b) In the ovarian fossa.
(c)Where the ureter is crossed by the uterine artery (most dangerous site) as
damage is likely at this site during hysterectomy.
(d) At the base of the bladder. DR. VINEETA