The frontal bone forms the forehead and has four parts - the squamous, orbital, nasal, and zygomatic processes. The squamous part forms the main region of the forehead. The orbital part forms the superior margin of the orbits. The nasal part projects downwards between the supraorbital margins to support the nose. The zygomatic process projects laterally to articulate with the zygomatic bone. The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bones posteriorly and the zygomatic and nasal bones laterally.
The frontal bone forms the forehead and has several parts including the vertical, orbital, and nasal parts. It has both external and internal surfaces. The external surface is smooth and convex while the internal surface is deeply concave to house the frontal lobe of the brain. Several features are present on both surfaces including the supraorbital margin, notch, foramen, tuberosity, and glabella. The frontal bone articulates with several other bones at the coronal and frontonasal sutures, ethmoid notch, and orbital plates.
1. The document discusses the dural venous sinuses, their characteristics, classification, and the cavernous sinus in detail.
2. The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain and cranial cavity, absorb CSF, and receive valveless emissary veins. They are classified into unpaired and paired sinuses.
3. The cavernous sinus is a paired dural venous sinus located near the sphenoid bone. It contains the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves III and IV. Thrombosis or rupture of the cavernous sinus or internal carotid artery can cause symptoms like exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia.
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
The document summarizes the bones and structures that make up the base of the skull, known as the norma basalis. It describes the bones that form the base - the hard palate, vomer, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones. It details the foramina and canals located in each bone, such as the foramen ovale, spinosum, and rotundum in the sphenoid bone and the structures that pass through them. Key anatomical landmarks of the base like the foramen magnum and jugular foramen are also outlined along with the structures transmitted through them.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
The document summarizes the anatomy of the skull. It discusses the 8 cranial bones that form the neurocranium and house and protect the brain. It then describes each individual cranial bone - the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones - and highlights their key features and structures.
anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. the boundaries and contents of anterior and posterior triangle. divisions of anterior triangle as carotid triangle, muscular triangle, submental triangle, digastric triangle. division of posterior triangle as occipital triangle, subclavian triangle
The document provides information about the bones that make up the human skull. It discusses 28 individual bones and where they are located. Some of the key bones mentioned include the frontal bone, which forms the forehead; the parietal bones, which make up much of the skull vault; the occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull; and the sphenoid bone, which contributes to parts of the middle cranial fossa, orbits, nasal cavity, and infratemporal fossa. Sutures and joints between the skull bones are also described. The document provides detailed information on features and articulation points of each bone.
The frontal bone forms the forehead and has several parts including the vertical, orbital, and nasal parts. It has both external and internal surfaces. The external surface is smooth and convex while the internal surface is deeply concave to house the frontal lobe of the brain. Several features are present on both surfaces including the supraorbital margin, notch, foramen, tuberosity, and glabella. The frontal bone articulates with several other bones at the coronal and frontonasal sutures, ethmoid notch, and orbital plates.
1. The document discusses the dural venous sinuses, their characteristics, classification, and the cavernous sinus in detail.
2. The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain and cranial cavity, absorb CSF, and receive valveless emissary veins. They are classified into unpaired and paired sinuses.
3. The cavernous sinus is a paired dural venous sinus located near the sphenoid bone. It contains the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves III and IV. Thrombosis or rupture of the cavernous sinus or internal carotid artery can cause symptoms like exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia.
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
The document summarizes the bones and structures that make up the base of the skull, known as the norma basalis. It describes the bones that form the base - the hard palate, vomer, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones. It details the foramina and canals located in each bone, such as the foramen ovale, spinosum, and rotundum in the sphenoid bone and the structures that pass through them. Key anatomical landmarks of the base like the foramen magnum and jugular foramen are also outlined along with the structures transmitted through them.
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
The document summarizes the anatomy of the skull. It discusses the 8 cranial bones that form the neurocranium and house and protect the brain. It then describes each individual cranial bone - the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones - and highlights their key features and structures.
anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. the boundaries and contents of anterior and posterior triangle. divisions of anterior triangle as carotid triangle, muscular triangle, submental triangle, digastric triangle. division of posterior triangle as occipital triangle, subclavian triangle
The document provides information about the bones that make up the human skull. It discusses 28 individual bones and where they are located. Some of the key bones mentioned include the frontal bone, which forms the forehead; the parietal bones, which make up much of the skull vault; the occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull; and the sphenoid bone, which contributes to parts of the middle cranial fossa, orbits, nasal cavity, and infratemporal fossa. Sutures and joints between the skull bones are also described. The document provides detailed information on features and articulation points of each bone.
The document discusses the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It begins by outlining the boundaries and contents of the anterior triangle. It then describes how the triangle is divided into four smaller triangles - the submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles - by the digastric and omohyoid muscles. Each smaller triangle's boundaries, floor, contents, and structures are defined in detail. Key structures discussed include the thyroid gland, carotid sheath, carotid sinus, and carotid body. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland are also summarized.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
The neck contains many important structures such as the larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid gland, blood vessels and nerves. The skin of the neck is supplied by cutaneous branches of cervical nerves. The neck contains superficial and deep fascia, with the deep fascia condensing to form sheets like the investing layer, pretracheal layer and carotid sheath. Important muscles in the neck include the sternocleidomastoid which divides the neck into triangles, and the infrahyoid muscles like the omohyoid and sternohyoid that depress the hyoid bone.
The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
This document discusses the skeletal structure of the head and neck for dental students. It identifies the bones that make up the skull, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. It also notes key bony features such as the pterion and zygomatic arch. Finally, it lists muscles that are attached to the bones, like the lateral pterygoid, buccinator, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
This document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp. It discusses the 5 layers of the scalp from skin to pericranium. It details the nerve supply originating from 10 nerves on each side. The blood supply is outlined as arising from 5 sets of arteries on each side, along with the venous drainage and emissary veins. Key areas of applied anatomy discussed are the dangerous area of scalp, black eye formation, and the role of emissary veins. Lymphatic drainage is described as draining to preauricular, postauricular and occipital lymph nodes.
The face receives blood supply from the facial artery and its branches, as well as smaller arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves. The facial vein drains venous blood from the face. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation while the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. Lymphatic drainage occurs to preauricular, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes depending on the region of the face.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has 4 chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is divided by septa into these chambers. The heart has surfaces including the sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface. It receives blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and associated veins which drain into the right atrium.
This document provides an overview of the mandible, including its development, anatomy, age-related changes, and clinical applications. It discusses how the mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch and ossifies through both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. The anatomy of the mandible is described in detail, including its various parts and structures. Age-related changes to the mandible from birth through adulthood and old age are also reviewed. Finally, the document discusses some applied clinical aspects of the mandible relating to dislocations, fractures, and considerations for surgery.
The scalp consists of 5 layers - skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. The skin is thick and contains numerous hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The connective tissue below is dense and fibrous, containing a rich blood supply where vessels are adherent. Below this is the aponeurosis layer, containing two muscle bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The loose areolar tissue below forms a potential space containing emissary veins that can allow spread of infection to intracranial sinuses. The outermost pericranium layer is loosely attached to skull bones and firmly
The document summarizes the nerve supply of the face, which is innervated by the facial and trigeminal nerves. The facial nerve provides motor innervation and is divided into branches that innervate the muscles of facial expression. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation and is divided into three divisions that supply different regions of the face. Examples of clinical conditions that involve these nerves include Bell's palsy affecting the facial nerve and trigeminal neuralgia affecting the trigeminal nerve.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
1. The document describes the parts and structures of the norma basalis of the human skull. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
2. The anterior part contains the alveolar arch, hard palate, incisive fossa, and palatine foramina. The middle part contains the median area with the vomer bone and lateral areas with the sphenoid and temporal bones.
3. The posterior part contains the foramen magnum and occipital bone laterally. Various structures like nerves and vessels pass through skull foramina.
The fourth ventricle is located in the posterior cranial fossa between the pons and cerebellum. It has an triangular outline in sagittal section and rhomboidal shape in horizontal section. It contains five recesses and has superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Its boundaries include the inferior cerebellar peduncle laterally and superior cerebellar peduncle superiorly. It has a roof formed by the convergence of superior cerebellar peduncles and floor formed by the posterior surfaces of the pons and medulla, featuring a median sulcus and medial eminence.
The document provides an overview of the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes the key features and landmarks of 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also outlines the characteristics of the 7 cervical vertebrae, identifying the atlas, axis and 7th cervical vertebrae as atypical and describing the common features of typical cervical vertebrae.
The skull consists of several bones joined by sutures. It is composed of an outer and inner table of compact bone separated by diploe. The skull bones are divided into those of the cranium (vault and base) and face. The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. The face contains zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer and palatine bones. The dura mater of the brain has an endosteal layer attached to the inner skull surface and a meningeal layer which is the dura mater proper covering the brain.
The document provides an overview of basic skull anatomy, including:
- The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium and face.
- It describes the various views of the skull and identifies the bones that make up the different regions.
- The interior of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae that house different parts of the brain.
- Key anatomical structures like foramina, canals, and sinuses that transmit nerves and vessels are outlined.
The document discusses the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It begins by outlining the boundaries and contents of the anterior triangle. It then describes how the triangle is divided into four smaller triangles - the submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles - by the digastric and omohyoid muscles. Each smaller triangle's boundaries, floor, contents, and structures are defined in detail. Key structures discussed include the thyroid gland, carotid sheath, carotid sinus, and carotid body. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland are also summarized.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
The neck contains many important structures such as the larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid gland, blood vessels and nerves. The skin of the neck is supplied by cutaneous branches of cervical nerves. The neck contains superficial and deep fascia, with the deep fascia condensing to form sheets like the investing layer, pretracheal layer and carotid sheath. Important muscles in the neck include the sternocleidomastoid which divides the neck into triangles, and the infrahyoid muscles like the omohyoid and sternohyoid that depress the hyoid bone.
The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
This document discusses the skeletal structure of the head and neck for dental students. It identifies the bones that make up the skull, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. It also notes key bony features such as the pterion and zygomatic arch. Finally, it lists muscles that are attached to the bones, like the lateral pterygoid, buccinator, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
This document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp. It discusses the 5 layers of the scalp from skin to pericranium. It details the nerve supply originating from 10 nerves on each side. The blood supply is outlined as arising from 5 sets of arteries on each side, along with the venous drainage and emissary veins. Key areas of applied anatomy discussed are the dangerous area of scalp, black eye formation, and the role of emissary veins. Lymphatic drainage is described as draining to preauricular, postauricular and occipital lymph nodes.
The face receives blood supply from the facial artery and its branches, as well as smaller arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves. The facial vein drains venous blood from the face. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation while the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. Lymphatic drainage occurs to preauricular, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes depending on the region of the face.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has 4 chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is divided by septa into these chambers. The heart has surfaces including the sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface. It receives blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and associated veins which drain into the right atrium.
This document provides an overview of the mandible, including its development, anatomy, age-related changes, and clinical applications. It discusses how the mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch and ossifies through both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. The anatomy of the mandible is described in detail, including its various parts and structures. Age-related changes to the mandible from birth through adulthood and old age are also reviewed. Finally, the document discusses some applied clinical aspects of the mandible relating to dislocations, fractures, and considerations for surgery.
The scalp consists of 5 layers - skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium. The skin is thick and contains numerous hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The connective tissue below is dense and fibrous, containing a rich blood supply where vessels are adherent. Below this is the aponeurosis layer, containing two muscle bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The loose areolar tissue below forms a potential space containing emissary veins that can allow spread of infection to intracranial sinuses. The outermost pericranium layer is loosely attached to skull bones and firmly
The document summarizes the nerve supply of the face, which is innervated by the facial and trigeminal nerves. The facial nerve provides motor innervation and is divided into branches that innervate the muscles of facial expression. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation and is divided into three divisions that supply different regions of the face. Examples of clinical conditions that involve these nerves include Bell's palsy affecting the facial nerve and trigeminal neuralgia affecting the trigeminal nerve.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
1. The document describes the parts and structures of the norma basalis of the human skull. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
2. The anterior part contains the alveolar arch, hard palate, incisive fossa, and palatine foramina. The middle part contains the median area with the vomer bone and lateral areas with the sphenoid and temporal bones.
3. The posterior part contains the foramen magnum and occipital bone laterally. Various structures like nerves and vessels pass through skull foramina.
The fourth ventricle is located in the posterior cranial fossa between the pons and cerebellum. It has an triangular outline in sagittal section and rhomboidal shape in horizontal section. It contains five recesses and has superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Its boundaries include the inferior cerebellar peduncle laterally and superior cerebellar peduncle superiorly. It has a roof formed by the convergence of superior cerebellar peduncles and floor formed by the posterior surfaces of the pons and medulla, featuring a median sulcus and medial eminence.
The document provides an overview of the bones that make up the human skull and cervical vertebrae. It describes the key features and landmarks of 14 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, palatine, lacrimal, vomer and mandible. It also outlines the characteristics of the 7 cervical vertebrae, identifying the atlas, axis and 7th cervical vertebrae as atypical and describing the common features of typical cervical vertebrae.
The skull consists of several bones joined by sutures. It is composed of an outer and inner table of compact bone separated by diploe. The skull bones are divided into those of the cranium (vault and base) and face. The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. The face contains zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer and palatine bones. The dura mater of the brain has an endosteal layer attached to the inner skull surface and a meningeal layer which is the dura mater proper covering the brain.
The document provides an overview of basic skull anatomy, including:
- The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium and face.
- It describes the various views of the skull and identifies the bones that make up the different regions.
- The interior of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae that house different parts of the brain.
- Key anatomical structures like foramina, canals, and sinuses that transmit nerves and vessels are outlined.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that make up the cranium and face. The 8 bones of the cranium are the frontal, two parietal, occipital, two temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. Each of these bones has characteristic structures and parts that were formed through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. The 14 bones of the face are the two zygomatic, two maxillae, two nasal, two lacrimal, vomer, two palatine, two inferior conchae, and single mandible. Together, these bones protect the brain and form cavities for sensory structures.
Anatomy of temporal bone By Dr.Vijay kumar , AMUvijaymgims
The temporal bone is divided into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The squamous part forms the lateral skull base. The tympanic part forms much of the external acoustic meatus. The temporal bone articulates with other bones of the skull base and contains multiple important structures and passages.
Temporal bones are located in the skull and contain several parts - squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic and styloid. The petrous part contains the inner ear structures like the cochlea and semicircular canals. The mastoid part is pneumatized with air cells. The tympanic cavity contains the auditory tube, fenestrae and facial canal prominence. The temporal bone articulates with surrounding bones and contains important structures of the middle and inner ear.
The temporal bone contributes to the base and lateral wall of the skull. It is divisible into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The squamous part forms the upper lateral portion and articulates with other bones. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like carotid artery and cranial nerves. The tympanic part forms parts of the ear canal and middle ear. The temporal bone articulates with other skull bones and contains multiple structures and openings for nerves, vessels and canals.
head old lecture assignment presentation 123AmanuelIbrahim
The document discusses the osteology of the head and neck, specifically focusing on the bones that make up the skull. It describes the two main parts of the skull - the neurocranium which forms the brain case, and the viscerocranium which forms the facial bones. It provides details on the individual bones, their anatomical features, and articulations that comprise these two regions.
Lateral skull base anatomy and applied science by Dr, bomkar bamBomkar Bam
the lateral skull base is complex anatomy that is usually students finds difficult to understand. here concise literature is made to understand the skull base more easily.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the skull. It describes the various bones that make up the skull, including those of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid) and face (zygomatic, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, conchae, mandible). It discusses the external and internal views of the skull, describing the features seen from the anterior, posterior, superior, lateral and inferior views. It also summarizes the composition of the cranial cavity and fossae, including the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
The document describes the anatomy of the skull. It begins by explaining the five layers of the scalp and then discusses the functions of the skull, which include protecting the brain and delicate structures of the ear and eye. It lists the bones of the cranium and facial skeleton. It proceeds to describe features of the frontal, lateral, superior, external and internal surfaces of the cranium in 3 sentences or less for each area.
This document provides information about different views of the skull:
- The norma frontalis view shows features of the frontal bone and maxillary bones including the frontal process, zygomatic process, and alveolar process.
- The norma lateralis view outlines the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa, separated by the zygomatic arch, and their contents like muscles and nerves.
- The pterygo-palatine fossa is also described as a small space medial to the infratemporal fossa containing blood vessels and nerves.
The document describes the structures within the cranial cavity, including the brain and surrounding meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses. It details the three cranial fossae - anterior, middle, and posterior - that divide the interior of the skull base. Each fossa contains important neurological and vascular structures and has distinctive boundaries formed by cranial bones. Key features like foramina, fissures, and sinuses that transmit nerves and vessels between the fossae are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and ear. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses which include the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses. It then discusses the external, middle, and inner ear. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles and tympanic membrane, while the inner ear houses the organs of hearing and balance within the bony labyrinth.
The skull base forms the floor of the cranial cavity and separates the brain from facial structures. It is a complex region made up of 5 bones - ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and paired temporal and frontal bones. It has three areas - anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior area contains openings for vessels and nerves like the cribriform plate and optic canal. The middle area contains the cavernous sinus and openings like the superior orbital fissure. The posterior area borders the occipital bone and contains structures like the jugular foramen. A thorough understanding of the anatomy in this region is important for surgical planning and understanding pathologies.
The temporal bone contributes to the base and lateral wall of the skull. It is divisible into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The squamous part forms the temporal fossa and articulates with other bones. The mastoid part projects backward and houses air cells. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The tympanic part forms parts of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic cavity. The temporal bone articulates with surrounding bones and contains numerous structures important for hearing and cranial nerve transmission.
Embryology and anatomy of external and middle earAyesha Ather
The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the external, middle, and mastoid parts of the ear. Regarding embryology, it describes how the external ear, auditory canal, middle ear spaces/folds, and ossicles develop from the branchial arches and pouches during fetal life. For anatomy, it outlines the structures of the external ear including the pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. It also details the walls, spaces, blood supply and contents of the middle ear, as well as the anatomy of the eustachian tube, mastoid air cells and their relationships.
This document provides a detailed description and labeling of the key anatomical structures visible on the different views of the internal surface of the base of the skull (norma basalis), including the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. It identifies the bones that form each region, describes important features such as foramina and sulci, and labels these structures on accompanying diagrams. The summary focuses on the overall organization and content covered in the document.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cranial bones. It describes that the skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. It then provides details on the individual cranial bones, including the frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, and their features. It notes clinical applications such as fontanelles in infants and infections in the mastoid process.
1. The thorax contains important structures like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and nerves. Common clinical issues involving the thorax include cervical ribs pressing on nerves or arteries, rib fractures from blunt trauma, and flail chest from multiple rib fractures.
2. Surgical procedures on the thorax often require incisions between the ribs or removal of portions of ribs to access the organs within. The sternum and costal cartilages are also clinically relevant for biopsies, fractures, and dividing (median sternotomy) during heart surgery.
3. Thoracic outlet syndromes can occur when nerves or blood vessels passing from the thorax into the upper limbs become compressed, such as between the clavicle
Witch's milk in newborns is caused by maternal and placental hormones crossing the placenta and causing breast tissue proliferation before birth. This results in swelling and occasional milky discharge from nipples in both sexes during the first week, which resolves on its own as hormone levels fall.
Breast examination involves inspecting for symmetry, swelling, nipple retraction, and dimpling of skin during maneuvers that compress or lift the breast tissue. This helps identify tumors, cysts, abscesses, or signs of carcinoma.
Supernumerary or retracted nipples are congenital anomalies, while a retracted nipple in older individuals usually indicates an underlying carcinoma pulling on ducts
This document discusses several topics related to the lower limb:
1. It describes the blood supply to the femoral head and how fractures of the femoral neck can disrupt this blood flow, leading to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
2. It explains that fractures of the femoral neck are common in older individuals, especially women with osteoporosis. These fractures often disrupt the main blood vessel supplying the femoral head.
3. It notes that the gluteus maximus muscle is well-suited for intramuscular injections due to its thickness, but the injection should be given in the upper outer quadrant to avoid the underlying sciatic nerve.
The psoas major is a thick, fusiform muscle that lies along the lumbar vertebrae. It has four parts - thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and femoral. The abdominal part has upper, intermediate, and lower regions. The psoas fascia covers the muscle and connects it to surrounding structures. It can allow the spread of tuberculosis from the spine. Testing contraction of the iliopsoas muscle, called the iliopsoas test, can indicate pain from conditions affecting related organs and nerves.
The document discusses the tibiofibular joints, which include the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints between the tibia and fibula bones of the leg. The proximal tibiofibular joint is a synovial plane joint that allows gliding, while the distal tibiofibular joint is a fibrous joint connected by ligaments. Both joints play important roles in stability and weight bearing, though they allow little movement. The document describes the anatomy and clinical relevance of injuries to these joints.
The lymphatic system drains tissue fluid, plasma proteins, and cellular debris from the lower limb into lymph vessels. The lymph is then filtered by lymph nodes and directed into the venous system. There are superficial and deep lymphatic vessels in the lower limb. The superficial vessels follow the great and small saphenous veins, while the deep vessels accompany the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries and drain into the popliteal lymph nodes. Lymphadenopathy is abnormal swelling of lymph nodes, usually due to infection, malignancy, or autoimmune conditions. Enlarged inguinal lymph nodes could indicate issues with the lower limb or genital region.
The veins of the lower limb can be divided into three groups: superficial, deep, and perforating. The superficial veins include the great and small saphenous veins. The great saphenous vein runs along the medial leg and thigh and joins the femoral vein. The small saphenous vein runs along the back of the leg and joins the popliteal vein. The deep veins include the venae comitantes of the leg arteries and the popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins. Valves in the veins ensure blood flow moves upwards from the feet. Varicose veins can develop when valves are incompetent.
The brachial plexus is formed by the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and divides into trunks, divisions, cords, and branches that supply the upper limb. It has supraclavicular, retroclavicular, and infraclavicular parts. The cords are named based on their relation to the axillary artery and give rise to major nerves of the upper limb. The document discusses the formation, parts, relations and branches of the brachial plexus in detail.
Flexor & extensor retinaculum of the handIdris Siddiqui
The document summarizes the anatomy of the flexor and extensor retinaculum of the hand. It describes the structures that pass through the carpal tunnel, including 9 tendons and the median nerve surrounded by synovial sheaths. It also details the 6 compartments of the extensor retinaculum and the structures contained in each, including the tendons of the extensor muscles on the back of the forearm.
The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a complex synovial joint that involves the distal end of the radius, articular disc, and three carpal bones. It allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements and is supplied by branches of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. Common injuries to the wrist joint include fractures of the scaphoid bone and Colles' fracture of the radius.
The umbilicus, or navel, is located at the junction of the L3 and L4 vertebrae in healthy adults. It is the site where the umbilical cord attached during fetal development. The umbilicus contains remnants of fetal structures including blood vessels and ligaments. Infections of the umbilical cord are common in newborns and can spread, requiring treatment with antibiotics or other measures. Rare anomalies associated with fetal development can also involve the umbilicus, such as persistent ducts or fistulas.
The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall that allows structures like the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females to pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. It extends from the deep inguinal ring superiorly to the superficial inguinal ring inferiorly. The walls of the canal are formed by layers of abdominal muscles and fascia, with the anterior wall weaker near the superficial ring and posterior wall weaker at the deep ring, creating risks for the development of inguinal hernias.
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is bounded by the pelvic floor muscles superiorly and the thighs laterally. The perineum can be divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the genital structures, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. Each triangle contains superficial and deep pouches separated by fascial layers. The pouches contain muscles, nerves, and vessels related to the genital and anal structures. The perineal body is an important structure that provides support to the pelvic floor.
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and above the urethra. It has an inverted cone shape with a base above and apex below. The prostate surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that comprises part of semen. It has four lobes - anterior, median, and two lateral lobes. The prostate contains the prostatic urethra, two ejaculatory ducts, and prostatic utricle. Blood supply comes from the inferior vesical artery and drains into the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.
The caecum is a blind pouch located in the right lower abdomen that connects the ileum to the ascending colon. It stores semi-liquid digestive material and helps absorb fluids and electrolytes. The appendix attaches to its back surface. Blood supply comes from the ileocolic artery. Lymph drains to the ileocolic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the caecum include volvulus, intussusception, and diverticulitis.
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give it a sacculated appearance between the bands known as haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The colon is susceptible to conditions like diverticulitis, volvulus, intussusception, and appendicitis.
The liver is the largest abdominal organ and glandular organ of the GI system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and has two main surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface which faces the diaphragm and is convex, and the visceral surface which faces inferiorly and to the left. The visceral surface has an H-shaped pattern of fissures and fossae formed by the porta hepatis and ligaments. The liver is divided functionally into left and right lobes and anatomically into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
The plantar aponeurosis is a thick central part of the deep fascia of the foot that divides into bands to attach to the toes. It helps maintain the longitudinal arch and protects the plantar vessels and nerves. The muscles of the foot can be divided into intrinsic muscles within the foot and extrinsic muscles originating from the leg. The intrinsic muscles are described in four layers - the superficial layer acts to flex the toes, the second layer includes flexor muscle accessories, the third layer acts on the big and little toes, and the deepest fourth layer contains the interossei muscles.
The meninges are the three membranes - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater - that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost and toughest layer. It forms folds such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater is the subdural space, while between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The pia mater is the innermost layer and closely adheres to the brain surface. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid which circulates and
The document provides instructions for marking the locations of major arteries, nerves, and veins on the surface of the upper and lower limbs as well as the thorax. Key structures marked include the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries in the arm; the femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, and anterior tibial arteries in the leg; and the axillary, brachial, median, radial, and ulnar nerves in the arm. Major thoracic structures marked are the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. Frontal bone is made up of four parts.
1. The squamous part ,
2. The orbital part and
3. The nasal part.
4. The zygomatic process
The main part of the frontal bone forms the wall of
the cranial cavity in the region of the forehead.
3. The Frontal Bone
•The squamous part:
It marks the flat and also the biggest part, and the
main region of the forehead.
•The orbital part:
Either side of the nasal part the lower edge of the
bone forms the superior margin of the corresponding
orbit. The right and left orbital plates constitute the
orbital part of the frontal bone.
Immediately anterior to the notch there are the openings into the right
and left frontal air sinuses. Lateral to the notch, the inferior aspect of
the orbital plate shows two or three depressions: these are the upper
parts of ethmoidal air cells.
4. •The nasal part:
The nasal part of the frontal bone projects
downwards between the right and left supraorbital
margins.
The lower part of the projection lies behind the nasal
bones and the frontal process of the maxillae, and
helps to support the bridge of the nose. The nasal
part bears a median projection, the nasal spine, which
contributes to the nasal septum.
•The zygomatic process:
Lateral to the orbital margin there is a
projection called the zygomatic process.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. The Main Part
The main part of the frontal bone has external
and internal surfaces.
The greater part of the external surface
corresponds to the forehead.
This part is bounded on each side by a
prominent ridge that is continuous anteriorly
with the upper border of the zygomatic process,
and posteriorly with the temporal lines.
11.
12. The internal surface is marked, by a
median sulcus for the superior sagittal
sinus.
Traced downwards the lips of this
sulcus fuse to form a median ridge
called the frontal crest.
At the lower end of the crest there is
the foramen caecum.
15. Features of the orbit
in relation to frontal bone
1. The anterolateral part of the roof shows a
shallow depression, the lacrimal fossa, for
the lacrimal gland.
2. The anteromedial part of the roof bears a
small depression, the trochlear fossa.
3. The superior surface of orbital plate of the
frontal bone forms the greater part of the
floor of the anterior cranial fossa.
16. Metopic suture
•A persistent frontal suture,
sometimes discernible a
short distance above sutur-
afrontonasalis.
17. Articulations of frontal bone
• The frontal bone articulates posteriorly with the right
and left parietal bones (at the coronal suture); and with
the greater wing of the sphenoid.
• Through its zygomatic process it articulates with the
zygomatic bone.
• The nasal part articulates with the nasal bones, and
with the frontal processes of the maxillae. The nasal
spine meets the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
bone.
• The orbital parts articulate with the greater and lesser
wings of the sphenoid, with the orbital plate of the
ethmoid bone, and with the lacrimal bone of the
corresponding side.
18. The Parietal Bone
The right and left parietal bones form the
greater part of the roof and side walls of the
cranial cavity .
• Each bone has an external surface and an
internal surface.
The features to be seen on the external surface
1. The parietal tuber (or eminence),
2. The superior and inferior temporal lines,
3. The parietal foramen.
19. The internal surface of the parietal
bone
• The internal surface bears grooves for
a) The frontal and parietal branches of the
middle meningeal vessels.
b) The posteroinferior angle bears a groove
for part of the sigmoid sinus.
c) There is a groove for the superior sagittal
sinus along the upper (sagittal) border.
20.
21.
22. Articulations of the parietal bone
• The right and left parietal bones articulate with
each other at the sagittal suture.
• Anteriorly, each parietal bone articulates with the
frontal bone at the coronal suture.
• The anteroinferior angle articulates with the greater
wing of the sphenoid.
• The inferior border articulates with the temporal
bone (squamous and mastoid), and the posterior
border with the occipital bone (at the lambdoid
suture).
23. The Temporal Bone
Each temporal bone (right or left) is
made up of
1. Squamous ,
2. Petrous ,
3. Mastoid ,
4. Tympanic , and
5. Styloid parts.
Its lateral aspect is marked by a prominent zygomatic
process and by the external acoustic meatus.
24. The Squamous Part
The squamous part contributes to the lateral
wall of the skull. It also forms part of the base of
the skull, and part of the floor of the middle cranial fossa.
It has external (or temporal) and internal (or
cerebral) surfaces.
•Arising from its external aspect there is the
zygomatic process that joins the temporal process of
the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch (or
zygoma).
•Inferiorly, the squamous part bears the mandibular
fossa for articulation with the head of the mandible.
25.
26.
27.
28. The other features of the external surface of
squamous part of temporal bone include:
1. The temporal lines,
2. The supramastoid crest,
3. The anterior and posterior roots of the
zygomatic process,
4. The tubercle of the root of the zygoma,
5. The postglenoid tubercle and the suprameatal
triangle.
When we examine the inferior aspect of the squamous
temporal bone we see
•The infratemporal surface,
•The mandibular fossa and
•The articular tubercle.
29.
30. The cerebral surface of the
squamous part
• The cerebral surface of the
squamous part forms the lateral
portion of the floor, and the lateral
wall, of the middle cranial fossa.
• This surface shows vascular
grooves.
31. The area below supramastoid crest
& behind posterior wall of external
auditory meatus is called
suprameatal triangle.
A hole drilled in suprameatal
triangle enters mastoid antrum.
Suprameatal triangle
34. The Mastoid Part
The mastoid part of the temporal bone lies behind the
external acoustic meatus. It shows a large downward
projection called the mastoid process .
•Medial to the mastoid process there is a deep
mastoid notch.
•Near the anterior end of the notch we see the
stylomastoid foramen.
•Medial to the mastoid notch there is a groove for
the occipital artery.
Posteriorly, the mastoid part of the temporal bone meets the occipital
bone at the occipitomastoid suture. A mastoid foramen is present on or
near this suture.
35. The Mastoid Part
(internal surface)
• The internal surface of the mastoid temporal is seen
in the lateral part of the floor of the posterior
cranial fossa . It is marked by the groove for the
sigmoid sinus, and by the internal opening of the
mastoid foramen. Within its substance the mastoid
temporal bone contains several air filled spaces
called the mastoid air cells.
• The largest of these is the mastoid antrum, which
is closely related to the middle ear.
36. The Petrous Part
The petrous part of the temporal bone lies in
the base of the skull in between the sphenoid
bone, anteriorly, and the occipital bone,
posteriorly.
It has:
1. Anterior ,
2. Posterior , and
3. Inferior surfaces, and
4. An apex which points forwards and
medially.
37. The petrous part
The anterior and posterior surfaces are separated by a
sharp superior border. This border separates the
middle and posterior cranial fossae. The border is
grooved by the superior petrosal sinus.
•The inferior surface of the petrous temporal bone
presents the lower opening of the carotid canal.
•The canal passes medially through the substance of
the petrous temporal bone to open into the posterior
wall of the foramen lacerum.
38. The petrous part
The anterior surface
The anterior surface forms the sloping posterior part of the
floor of the middle cranial fossa.
The features include:
•The trigeminal impression,
•The hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve,
•The hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve,
•The arcuate eminence and
•The tegmen tympani.
39. The posterior surface of the petrous
part of temporal bone
• The posterior surface of the petrous temporal
forms the lateral part of the sloping anterior
wall of the posterior cranial fossa. This surface
presents the opening of the internal acoustic
meatus.
• Posterolateral to this opening a slit in the
bone leads into a canal called the aqueduct
of the vestibule.
40. The petrous part
• Behind the opening of the carotid canal the petrous
temporal forms the anterior wall of the jugular
fossa, and of the jugular foramen.
• On the ridge between the opening of the carotid
canal and the jugular fossa we see a small opening
that leads into the canaliculus for the tympanic
nerve.
• On the lateral wall of the jugular fossa there is the
opening of the mastoid canaliculus.
• The middle ear, and the internal ear, lie within the substance of the petrous
part of the temporal bone
41. The Petrous Part
The Apex
• The apex lies in the angle between the basilar
part of the occipital bone (posteromedially)
and the greater wing of the sphenoid
(anterolaterally).
• It forms the posterior margin of the foramen
lacerum. This foramen separates the apex
from the body of the sphenoid bone, and
from the basilar part of the occipital bone.
42.
43.
44. The Tympanic Part
The tympanic part of the temporal bone is in the form
of a plate of bone called the tympanic plate .
This plate lies between the mandibular fossa and the
external acoustic meatus.
It forms the anterior wall, the inferior wall, and the
lower part of the posterior wall of the external
acoustic meatus.
The plate has a rough lateral margin which gives
attachment to the cartilaginous part of the meatus.
Posteriorly, the tympanic plate forms a sheath for the
base of the styloid process.
45. The Styloid Process
The styloid process is attached to the inferior aspect
of the temporal bone.
It is thin and pointed, and variable in length (usually
about 2.5cm) .
It is directed downwards and forwards.
Its base is ensheathed by the tympanic plate.
The stylomastoid foramen lies just behind the base of
the styloid process.
46. The Sphenoid Bone
The sphenoid bone is unpaired. It forms the
middle part of the base of the skull.
Parts of it extend into the lateral wall of the
vault, and into the orbit
The sphenoid consists of :
1. A median part,
2. The body,
3. Right and left greater wings,
4. Right and left lesser wings, and
5. Right and left pterygoid processes.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52. The Body of sphenoid
The body of the sphenoid bone has
•Superior ,
•Inferior ,
•Anterior ,
•Posterior , and
•Right and left lateral surfaces.
53. The superior surface of the body
• The superior surface of the body forms the median
part of the floor of the (posterior part of the)
anterior cranial fossa, and of the median part of the
middle cranial fossa.
• The features to be seen include:
– The jugum sphenoidale,
– The sulcus chiasmaticus,
– The tuberculum sellae,
– The hypophyseal fossa,
– The dorsum sellae ,
– The posterior clinoid processes.
54. The inferior surface of the body
• The inferior surface of the body lies in
the roof of the posterior part of the
nasal cavity and in the roof of the
nasopharynx.
• Projecting downwards from the body
there is a median ridge called the
rostrum (which fits into the gap
between the alae of the vomer .
55. The lateral surfaces of the body
•The lateral surfaces of the
body of the sphenoid are also
seen in the floor of the middle
cranial fossa.
•Each lateral surface is marked
by the carotid groove.
56. The anterior surface of
the body of the sphenoid
The anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid takes part
in forming the roof of the nasal cavity. This surface can be
seen only in the disarticulated bone . It bears a median
sphenoidal crest on either side of which there is the opening
of the corresponding sphenoidal air sinus. The lower margin
of each opening is formed by a thin plate of bone called the
sphenoidal concha.
The sphenoidal air sinuses lie within the body of the sphenoid.
57. The posterior surface
of body of the sphenoid
• Posteroinferiorly, the body of the
sphenoid is continuous with the
basilar part of the occipital bone.
• Along with the latter it forms the
median part of the sloping anterior
wall (clivus) of the posterior cranial
fossa.
58.
59. The Greater Wings
The greater wings of the sphenoid extend laterally
and upwards from each side of the body.
Each greater wing has:
1. Cerebral ,
2. Lateral and
3. Orbital surfaces.
60. The cerebral surface
• The cerebral surface is concave. It forms part of the
floor of the middle cranial fossa .
• Anteriorly and medially this surface has a sharp edge
which is separated from the lesser wing by the superior
orbital fissure. Just below the medial end of the fissure
we see the foramen rotundum.
• Posteromedially, the greater wing is separated from
the apex of the petrous temporal bone by the foramen
lacerum. Near the posterior margin of the cerebral
surface of the greater wing we see three or four
foramina. These are the foramen ovale, the foramen
spinosum,the emissary sphenoidal foramen, and
sometimes the canaliculus innominatus.
61. The lateral surface
• The lateral surface of the greater wing is convex. It
is divisible into an upper part, the temporal
surface; and a lower part, the infratemporal
surface by the infratemporal crest.
• The features to be seen on the infratemporal
surface include the foramen ovale, the foramen
spinosum, the emissary sphenoid foramen, the
canaliculus innominatus, the spine of the sphenoid,
and the groove for the auditory tube.
62. The orbital surface
• When viewed from the front the greater wing
presents an orbital surface.
• We have seen that this surface forms the
posterior part of the lateral wall of the orbit.
• Medially, it has a free edge that forms the
infero-lateral margin of the superior orbital
fissure. Inferiorly, it forms the upper boundary
of the inferior orbital fissure.
63. The lesser wing of sphenoid
• The lesser wing has superior and inferior
surfaces. The superior surface forms part
of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
(including its sharp posterior edge).
• The inferior surface forms the posterior
part of the roof of the orbit . It forms the
upper boundary of the superior orbital
fissure.
64. The Lesser Wings
The lesser wings of the sphenoid pass
laterally from the anterior and upper part
of the body. Each wing is attached to the
body of the sphenoid by two roots
(anterior and posterior). The optic canal
lies between these roots and the body of
the sphenoid. The medial part of the
lesser wing bears a backward projection
called the anterior clinoid process.
65. The Pterygoid Processes
Each pterygoid process projects
downwards from the junction of the body
and greater wing of the sphenoid. The
process consists of medial and lateral
pterygoid Plates.
Note that the upper part of the pterygoid process has
an anterior surface which forms the posterior wall of
the pterygopalatine fossa.
• On this surface we see the anterior opening of the
pterygoid canal.
• The posterior opening of the pterygoid canal is located just above the
scaphoid fossa.
66.
67. Articulations of the Sphenoid Bone
• The body of the sphenoid is continuous
posteroinferiorly with the basilar part of the occipital
bone.
• Anteriorly, it articulates with the ethmoid bone. The
sphenoidal crest articulates with the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid and forms a small part of the nasal
septum.
• Each greater wing articulates, posteriorly, with the
petrous temporal; posterolaterally, with the squamous
temporal; anteromedially with the frontal bone;
anteriorly and laterally with the zygomatic bone; and
superiorly with the anteroinferior angle of the parietal
bone.
• The lesser wing articulates anteriorly with the orbital
plate of the frontal bone.
68. Articulations of the Sphenoid Bone
• The lower part of the pterygoid process articulates,
anteriorly, with the maxilla.
• The anterior margin of the medial pterygoid plate
articulates with the perpendicular plate of the
palatine bone.
• The pyramidal process of the palatine bone fits into
the interval between the lower ends of the medial
and lateral pterygoid plates.
• The vaginal plate (arising from the medial side of
the pterygoid process) articulates anteriorly with
the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone, and
medially with the ala of the vomer
69. The Occipital Bone
The occipital bone is unpaired. It lies in the
posterior part of the skull .The bone is
pierced by the foramen magnum.
1. The part behind the foramen magnum
is the squamous part;
2. The part anterior to the foramen
magnum is the basilar part; and
3. The parts on either side of the foramen
are the lateral or condylar parts.
70.
71.
72.
73. Squamous Part
The squamous part contributes to the posterior wall of the
vault of the skull. It has external and internal surfaces.
These are the external occipital protuberance; the external
occipital crest, and the highest, superior and inferior nuchal
lines.
The internal surface of the squamous part is marked by four
deep fossae. The area where the fossae meet is raised to
form the internal occipital protuberance.
Above the protuberance there a wide median groove for the
superior sagittal sinus; and on either side of the protuberance
there is an equally wide groove for the transverse sinus.
These grooves have prominent lips.
Inferior to the protuberance the internal surface bears a
median ridge called the internal occipital crest.
74.
75.
76. The Basilar Part
The basilar part of the occipital bone lies in
front of the foramen magnum.
In the adult it is directly continuous with the
body of the sphenoid, but in the young the two
are separated by a plate of cartilage.
The inferior surface of the basilar part bears a
small prominence called the pharyngeal
tubercle .
The superior surface of the basilar part forms
the sloping median portion of the anterior wall
of the posterior cranial fossa (clivus).
77. The Lateral Part
The lateral parts of the occipital bone have superior
and inferior surfaces.
They include the occipital condyles, the hypoglossal
canal, the condylar fossa, the condylar canal, the
jugular process, the jugular fossa and the jugular
foramen.
The superior surface of the lateral part of the occipital
bone forms part of the floor of the posterior cranial
fossa . It bears an elevation, the jugular tubercle.
The superior aspect of the jugular process bears a
deep groove for the lower part of the sigmoid sinus.
The groove is continuous with the jugular foramen.
78.
79. Articulations of occipital bone
• The squamous part articulates (on each side) with
the corresponding parietal bone at the
lambdoid suture; and with the corresponding
mastoid temporal bone at the occipitomastoid
suture.
• The anterior margin of the lateral part of the bone
meets the petrous temporal, the two being partially
separated by the jugular fossa.
• Anteriorly, the basilar part is separated from the
apex of the petrous temporal bone by the foramen
lacerum.
80. The Palatine Bones
Each palatine bone is made up mainly of two
plates, one perpendicular and the other
horizontal. The horizontal plate forms the
posterior part of the bony palate. Its lateral
margin joins the lower end of the perpendicular
plate. The perpendicular plate lies in the
posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal
cavity.
In addition to these two plates the palatine bone has three processes :
—pyramidal, orbital and sphenoidal.
85. The Horizontal Plate
The horizontal plate has superior and inferior surfaces. Each
horizontal plate meets the plate of the opposite side at the
interpalatine suture.
Anteriorly, it meets the palatine process of the maxilla. The
posterior edge of the plate is free: it provides attachment to
the soft palate. In the midline the posterior edges of the right
and left horizontal plates project backwards to form the
posterior nasal spine.
A little in front of the posterior margin the inferior surface of the
horizontal plate shows a raised palatine crest.
The superior surface of the horizontal plate forms the floor of
the posterior part of the nasal cavity. In the midline (where
the two horizontal plates meet) there is an elevation called
the nasal crest, with the vomer contributes to the nasal septum.
86. The Perpendicular Plate
The perpendicular plate of the palatine bone lies in
the lateral wall of the nasal cavity . Anteriorly, it
articulates with the maxilla and posteriorly with the
medial pterygoid plate.
The perpendicular plate has medial and lateral
surfaces. The lateral surface articulates with the
maxilla converting the greater palatine groove on the
latter into the greater palatine canal.
The perpendicular plate overlaps the posterior part of
the maxillary hiatus. Superiorly, it forms the medial
wall of the pterygopalatine fossa.
87. The Perpendicular Plate
• The medial surface of the perpendicular plate forms
part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Inferiorly,
this surface has a conchal crest that gives
attachment to the inferior nasal concha; and
superiorly it has an ethmoidal crest to which the
middle nasal concha is attached .
• The upper border of the perpendicular plate has a
notch which forms the lower part of the
sphenopalatine foramen. (The foramen is bounded
above by the body of the sphenoid)
88. The Pyramidal Process
The pyramidal process of the palatine bone
passes backwards and laterally from the
posterolateral angle of the horizontal plate. It is
wedged between the maxillary tuberosity
(anteriorly) and the pterygoid process
(posteriorly) and occupies the interval between
the lower ends of the medial and lateral
pterygoid plates.
The lesser palatine foramina are seen on the
inferior aspect of the pyramidal process.
89. The Orbital Process
The orbital process of the palatine bone arises
from the anterosuperior angle of the
perpendicular plate. It forms a small part of the
floor of the orbit.
The Sphenoidal Process
The sphenoidal process arises from the
posterosuperior angle of the perpendicular
plate. It meets the vaginal plate of the sphenoid
bone and helps to form the palatovaginal canal.
90. The Ethmoid Bone
It consists of :
1. A median vertical plate, and
2. Right and left labyrinths.
The median plate can be subdivided into:
•A small part the crista galli which is seen in the floor
of the anterior cranial fossa , and
•The perpendicular plate which forms a considerable
part of the nasal septum .
The labyrinth consists of a number of ethmoidal air sinuses
that are enclosed in thin plates of bone.
Laterally, the labyrinth is bounded by the orbital plate which
forms a considerable part of the medial wall of the orbit.
Medially it is bounded by the medial plate which lies in the
lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
91. Each labyrinth is connected to the median plate by a
narrow horizontal plate that passes laterally from the
junction of the crista galli with the perpendicular
plate.
This horizontal plate has numerous perforations and
is, therefore, called the cribriform (= sieve like) plate.
The cribriform plate forms part of the floor of the
anterior cranial fossa and part of the roof of the
nasal cavity .
The walls of many ethmoidal air cells are incomplete.
In the intact skull they are completed by parts of the
maxilla and of the frontal, lacrimal, sphenoid and
palatine bones.
92. Chonchae
• Passing medially into the nasal
cavity from the medial plate
there are curved plates of
bone that form the superior
and middle nasal conchae .
93.
94. Some small bones
The Lacrimal Bones
Each lacrimal bone is a small thin plate placed in relation to
the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit . It has a
lateral surface, seen in the orbit; and a medial surface that
helps to form the lateral wall of the nose.
The lateral surface is marked by a vertical lacrimal crest in
front of which there is a vertical groove. This groove meets a
similar groove on the frontal process of the maxilla to form
the groove for the lacrimal sac.Inferiorly, the lacrimal groove
is continuous with the nasolacrimal canal. A descending
process from the lacrimal bone helps to complete the medial
wall of the canal (along with the lacrimal process of the
inferior nasal concha). A curved spicule of bone called the
lacrimal hamulus lies in the lateral wall of the upper end of
95. The Nasal Bones
The right and left nasal bones form the bridge of the nose .
Each bone articulates medially with the bone of the opposite
side, laterally with the frontal process of the maxilla, and
superiorly (and by its posterior surface) with the nasal part
of the frontal bone. The inferior margin of the bone gives
attachment to the lateral nasal cartilage.
The posterior surface of the bone is grooved and takes part in
forming the anterior part of the roof of the nasal cavity. The
medial margins of the two nasal bones are thickened (on this
aspect) and project into the nasal cavity as a crest which
contributes to the nasal septum.
96. The Vomer
The vomer is a flat plate of bone that forms the
postero-inferior part of the nasal septum . It
articulates antero-superiorly with the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid. Postero-superiorly the vomer
articulates with the body of the sphenoid. Here the
vomer has two alae: the rostrum of the sphenoid fits
into the interval between the alae. Inferiorly, the
vomer is attached to the palatine processes of the
maxillae, and to the horizontal plates of the palatine
bones. Anteriorly, the vomer gives attachment to the
septal cartilage of the nasal septum.
97. The Inferior Nasal Concha
This is a thin curved plate of bone lying in
relation to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity .
The plate is free inferiorly. Its superior margin is
attached to the maxilla (conchal crest)
anteriorly, and to the conchal crest on the
perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
posteriorly. In between these it is attached to
the lacrimal bone (through a lacrimal process),
and along with the latter it forms the medial
boundary of the nasolacrimal groove.