venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
By: Paul M. McNeill, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
By: Paul M. McNeill, M.D.
Visit VeinGlobal at http://www.veinglobal.com/ for more presentations and videos on this topic, or for more information on venous disease news, education and research.
The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur.
It is a power point presentation by Dr Zobayer Mahmud Khan while he was taking a lecture class of this topic in Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka. Here the venous drainage and the lymphatic drainage are stated clearly with many of the clinical events. Hope you can learn from here. Photographs used here are collected from The "Essential of human Anatomy (inferior extremity) by A.K. Datta".
Presentation on the topic - Great sephanous vein
in this presentaion all the topis like course , tributaries ,clinical aspects etc. of vein are covered.
content source - MBBS BOOKS OF 1ST YEAR
Blood vessel, Innervation and lymph system of lower limbEneutron
1. Blood supply of the lower limb.
2. The veins of the lower limb
3. The long branches of the lumbar plexus
4. The long branches of the sacral plexus
5. The lymph nodes and vessels of the lower limb
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
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In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
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3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. THE VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMB
• The veins of the lower limb can
be divided into three groups:
1. Superficial
2. Deep
3. Perforating .
3.
4.
5. The superficial veins
The superficial veins consist of the
great and small saphenous veins and
their tributaries, which are situated
beneath the skin in the superficial
fascia.
– Having relatively thicker muscular
walls.
• The constant position of the great saphenous vein in front of the medial malleolus
should be remembered for patients requiring emergency blood transfusion.
6. The Superficial Veins
• The most important superficial veins are the great and
small saphenous veins, which originate from the medial
and lateral sides, respectively, from a dorsal venous
arch in the foot.
• The great saphenous vein passes up the medial side of
the leg, knee, and thigh to pass through saphenous
opening in deep fascia covering the femoral triangle
and join with the femoral vein.
• The small saphenous vein passes behind the distal end
of the fibula (lateral malleolus) and up the back of the
leg to penetrate deep fascia and join the popliteal vein
posterior to the knee.
7.
8. The deep veins
The deep veins are
• The venae comitantes to the anterior and
posterior tibial arteries,
• The peroneal veins,
• The popliteal vein, and
• The femoral veins and their tributaries.
– Lie (deep to deep fascia) amongst & supported by
powerful muscles.
– Deep veins generally follow the arteries.
• The major deep vein draining the limb is the femoral vein. It
becomes the external iliac vein when it passes under the
inguinal ligament to enter the abdomen.
9. Deep veins of leg
• Perforating veins penetrate the deep fascia, forming
and continually supplying an anterior tibial vein in the
anterior leg.
• Medial and lateral plantar veins from the plantar aspect
of the foot form the posterior tibial and fibular veins.
• All three deep veins from the leg flow into the
popliteal vein posterior to the knee, which becomes the
femoral vein in the thigh.
• Veins accompanying the perforating arteries of the
deep artery of the thigh drain blood from the thigh
muscles and terminate in the deep vein of the thigh
(vena profunda femoris), which joins the terminal
portion of the femoral vein.
10.
11. The perforating veins
• The perforating veins are communicating vessels
that run between the superficial and deep veins.
• Many of these veins are found particularly in the
region of the ankle and the medial side of the
lower part of the leg.
• They possess valves that are arranged to prevent
the flow of blood from the deep to the superficial
veins.
• It enables musculovenous pump to propel blood
toward the heart against the pull of gravity.
12.
13.
14. Flow of veous blood in lower limb
• The direction of flow of venous
blood is dictated by valves so that
blood flow is from superficial to
deep and from below upward.
•But in foot between superficial &
deep.
15.
16. LOCATION OF PERFORATORS
• A) An adductor canal perforator:
• It attaches the great saphenous vein together with the femoral
vein in the lower part of the adductor canal.
• B) A knee perforator (Boyd’s perforator):
• It attaches the great saphenous vein together with the posterior
tibial vein just below the knee and close to the medial border
of tibia.
• C) A lateral ankle perforator:
• It interacts the short saphenous vein together with the peroneal
vein. It is situated in the junction of middle and lower third of the
leg.
• D) Three medial ankle perforators (of Cockett):
• All these are situated near the medial border of the lower third
of tibia between the medial malleolus and mid-calf and attach the
great saphenous vein together with the posterior tibial veins.
17.
18.
19.
20. Femoral vein
The vein enters the lower angle of the femoral triangle,
where it lies posterior to the artery. It ascends through
the femoral triangle and comes to lie on the medial
side of the artery.
• It receives the profunda femoris vein posteriorly and
just below the femoral sheath the great saphenous vein
joins it anteriorly. Within the sheath it passes under
the inguinal ligament and run along the brim of the
pelvis as the external iliac vein.
• It has four or five valves, the most constant ones being
just above the junctions with the profunda and great
saphenous veins. Absence of these valves could
contribute to varicosity of the great saphenous vein.
21. Location of femoral vein
• In the living body the position of the
femoral vein below the inguinal ligament
is found by feeling the pulsations of the
femoral artery, which is immediately
lateral to the vein.
• In thin people the femoral vein may be
surprisingly near the surface even
though it is within the femoral sheath.
22. The popliteal vein
The popliteal vein lies, at all levels, between the
artery and the tibial nerve.
It is formed by the union of the venae comitantes of
the anterior and posterior tibial arteries; as it
acends through the aperture in the adductor
magnus it becomes the femoral vein.
It receives tributaries that accompany the branches of
the popliteal artery and the small saphenous vein.
The popliteal vein may take the form of venae
comitantes on either side of the artery.
23. The great (long) saphenous vein
The great (long) saphenous vein, the longest vein in the
body, begins as the upward continuation of the medial
marginal vein of the foot, drains the medial end of the
dorsal venous arch of the foot and passes upward
directly in front of the medial malleolus.
It ascends in company with the saphenous nerve in the
superficial fascia over the medial side of the leg. The
vein passes behind the knee and curves forward around
the medial side of the thigh.
It passes through the lower part of the saphenous
opening in the deep fascia and joins the femoral vein
about 1.5 in. (4 cm) below and lateral to the pubic
tubercle.
Cont.
24. The great (long) saphenous vein
• The great saphenous vein possesses
numerous valves and is connected to the
small saphenous vein by one or two
branches that pass behind the knee.
• Several perforating veins connect the
great saphenous vein with the deep
veins along the medial side of the calf.
Cont.
26. The great (long) saphenous vein
• At the saphenous opening in the deep fascia,
the great saphenous vein usually receives
three tributaries variable in size and
arrangement :
1. The superficial circumflex iliac vein,
2. The superficial epigastric vein, and
3. The superficial external pudendal vein.
– These veins correspond with the three branches of the
femoral artery found in this region.
27. VALVES IN THE GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
• There are around 10 to 20 valves in the great
saphenous vein, outside of which the location of 2
are important:
• (a) one, which is located just before it pierces the
cribriform fascia
• (b) the other, which is located at its junction together
with the femoral vein (saphenofemoral valve).
• The saphenofemoral valve is of great functional
importance. It is located about 3.5 to 4 cm
inferolateral to the pubic tubercle.
• In about 80% people, the external iliac vein possesses a valve,
which shields the saphenofemoral valve against high venous
pressure.
28. SURFACE MARK OF THE GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
• At ankle, it is located 2.5 cm anterior to the medial
malleolus.
• In leg, it ascends by crossing the medial surface and
medial border of the tibia.
• At knee, it is located about a hand’s width posterior
to the medial margin of the patella.
• In thigh, it ascends obliquely on the medial aspect
of the thigh to reach a stage 3.5-4 cm inferolateral
to the pubic tubercle (saphenofemoral junction).
29. The small (short) saphenous vein
• The small (short) saphenous vein, draining the lateral side of the
dorsal venous arch and the lateral margin of the foot, lies with the
sural nerve behind the lateral malleolus.
• It passes upwards in the subcutaneous fat to the midline of the calf
and pierces the deep fascia anywhere from midcalf to the roof of
the popliteal fossa.
• It usually runs within and then beneath the deep fascia for some
distance before it enters the popliteal vein.
• It communicates by several perforators with the great saphenous
vein.
– The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve accompanies the upper
part of the vein, while going from deep to superficial.
– The small saphenous vein includes 7-13 valves.
30. The small (short) saphenous vein
• Tributaries:
– Numerous small veins from the back of the leg
– Communicating veins with the deep veins of the foot
– Important anastomotic branches that run upward and
medially and join the great saphenous vein.
• The mode of termination of the small saphenous
vein is subject to variation:
– It may join the popliteal vein;
– It may join the great saphenous vein; or
– It may split in two, one division joining the popliteal and
the other joining the great saphenous vein.
31.
32. Venous Pump of the Lower Limb
• Within the closed fascial compartments of the lower limb,
the thin-walled, valved venae comitantes are subjected to
intermittent pressure at rest and during exercise.
• The pulsations of the adjacent arteries help move the blood
up the limb. However, the contractions of the large muscles
within the compartments during exercise compress these
deeply placed veins and force the blood up the limb.
33. Varicose Veins
• A varicosed vein is one that has a larger diameter
than normal and is elongated and tortuous.
• Varicosed veins have many causes:
–Hereditary weakness of the vein walls and
incompetent valves;
–Elevated intra-abdominal pressure as a result of
multiple pregnancies or abdominal tumors;
–Thrombophlebitis of the deep veins, which
results in the superficial veins becoming the main
venous pathway for the lower limb.
34. Varicose veins
There are typical points where incompetent valves occur
between the superficial and the deep veins. In these regions
the varicosities tend to become marked.
1. At the saphena varix-the saphenofemoral junction where
the femoral vein is joined by the great saphenous vein.
2. In the mid-thigh perforating vein between the great
saphenous vein and the femoral vein.
3. In the calf the three sites where perforators occur, 5, 10,
and 15 cm above the medial malleolus between the great
saphenous vein and the deep veins of the calf.
4. At the junction of the small saphenous vein and the
popliteal vein.
– A saphena varix, or a saphenous varix is a dilation of the saphenous vein at
its junction with the femoral vein in the groin.
35. Great Saphenous Vein Cutdown
• Exposure of the great saphenous vein through a
skin incision (a cutdown•) is usually performed at
the ankle . This site has the disadvantage that
phlebitis (inflammation of the vein wall) is a
potential complication.