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Thana hal
Thana haal (Setaria italica) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, primarily grown in countries such as China, India, and Indonesia, yielding around 800-900 kg/ha, with potential exceeding three tons per hectare. This C4 warm-season annual plant is used for food, animal feed, and in erosion control, and has nutritional benefits including high protein and vitamin content. Its cultivation requires specific ecological conditions and practices, including proper irrigation and pest management.
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Thana hal
- 1. Thana Haal Setariaitalica (L.) Group No 08
- 2. Introduction • Oneof the oldest cultivated crop • It was used in India, China and Egypt before there were written records • Staple diet of some countries – South India • Annual plant • C4 plant • Warm season crop
- 3. Cont’d • Monocrop • Intercrop with cotton • The best integration in crop rotation is after root or leguminous crops • Yield 800-900 kg/ha • Yield potentials of over three tons per hectare • less important both economically and as a food due to poor yields and less popularity as food or feed
- 4. Cont’d • Origin-China • Countries China India Indonesia Japan • Srilanka – Dry zone
- 5. Scientific classification •Kingdom Plantae • Division Magnoliophyta • Class Magnoliopsida • Order poales • Family poaceae • Genus Setaria • Species Setaria italica(L)
- 6. Common names •Thana Haal • foxtail millet • Dwarf setaria • Giant setaria • Hungarian millet • Liberty millet • Red rala
- 7. Uses • Asa food – porridge – Bread – Cooked as rice – Rotti • making alcoholic beverages – beer in Russia
- 9. Cont’d • Asa feed – high quality hay, pasture and green fodder – Grain as a feed for poultry & birds • It can be used as a quick-growing crop in contour strips in dense populations for erosion control • Foodstuff for individuals suffering from celiac disease • Indigenous medicine, specially used in snake poisoning
- 10. Potentials • Usefulas an experimental crop to investigate many aspects – Lant architecture – Genome evolution – Physiology in the bioenergy grasses
- 11. Nutritional value ofseed • Protein 11% • Oil 4% • Crude fiber 6-7% • Higher content of essential amino acid • Vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) • Ash 1.5%
- 12. Morphology • Stem – Slim – Vertical – Leafy stems – Single stalk or a few tillers – Height of 120–200 cm • Root – deep root system
- 13. Cont’d • Leaf – blade is wide-lanceolate – long-acuminate – brightly colored midrib – leaf edges serrate • Inflorescence – Large – has main stalk with shortened branching bearing spikes and bristles – 2 Flowers per spikelet, the upper bisexual
- 14. Cont’d • Seed – Hundreds of seeds per inflorescence – Small – Diameter – around 2 mm – Has thin, papery hull which is easily removed in threshing – Color : light yellow to brown, rusty and black also
- 15. Varieties Giant Setaria • Dual-purpose • Tall-growing type producing a good body of leaf • 105 days • As a grazing crop, it should be subjected to heavy quick grazing • Higher grain yield than dwarf setaria • The plant has no hair on the lower leaf-sheath, distinguishing it from dwarf setaria
- 16. Cont’d Dwarf Setaria • Only as a grain • 80 days • Less leaf than others • Dwarf setaria bears a profusion of hairs on the lower leaf-sheath at 8-10 cm height Recommended Varity by DOA Promising Varieties -ISC 480
- 17. Ecological requirement •Up to 2000 m(MSL) • RF : 500-700 mm – cannot tolerate waterlogging • Temperature : 20-30̊C • Drought tolerance -fairly tolerant escape some droughts because of early maturity • Light – long day – short day – day neutral
- 18. Soil • sandyloams - clay loams • tolerates poor and dry soils • difficult to germinate on heavy clay soils
- 19. Propagation • Byseeds • Germination percentage : 75% • Ability to spread naturally • Spread from scattered seed
- 20. Land Preparation •fine, firm seed-bed • land development an initial ploughing
- 21. Time of planting • Maha -rainfed as well with supplementary irrigation when there are drought periods • Maha - established with Maha rains that occur in latter part of September or first week of October for successful growth • Yala -established with Yala rains that fall in later part of April • By timely cultivation pest problems can be reduced
- 22. Sawing • Usuallydrilled, but may be broadcast and harrowed • Spacing 30*30 cm • 2-3cm deep • Temperature of soil between 8 to 10 °C • Except in sandy soils, rolling after planting is desirable • Not like muddy conditions during germination • Seed requirement 5-7 kg/ha
- 23. Fertilizer recommendation Fertilizerapplication (Kg/ha) Urea Conc. SP MOP Fertilizer requirement 125 50 50
- 24. Irrigation • Normallygrown under RF • During dry periods, irrigations are required every 4-7 days depending on the severity of the drought and type of soil
- 25. Weed management •controlled by manual methods – weeding – application pre- and post emergent weed killers • Crops need to be maintained weed free at least until flowering stage
- 26. Development of plant • flowering 56-62 days • short generation time – approximately 5–8 weeks from planting to flowering – 8–15 weeks from planting to seed maturity
- 27. Pest & Diseaseproblem • Diseases – less affected by diseases – leaf and head blast – Green ear • Pest susceptible to bird attack in the field, and mice and rat invasions
- 28. Harvesting • harvestedbefore depletion of soil moisture • Seed heavy – Harvest with combines using a small seeds box • harvested manually when grain moisture is low and after physiological maturity is reached • Seed moisture is lowered by sun drying to a safer level before shelling the seeds
- 29. Postharvest and storage • Dried thoroughly before storage • Better to separate from impurities after harvest • Drying has to be done if the crop is too moist (optimum 14%) • Stored with husk but prior to its processing or consumption the husk must be removed
- 30. Group members •M.J.Watawana UWU/EAG/11/0036 • J.A.K.Dhananjaya UWU/EAG/11/0039 • P.M.Belpage UWU/EAG/11/0042
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