The document provides information on the production technologies of several aromatic and medicinal plants, including: - Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) - soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, etc. - Commiphora spp (Guggal) - propagation, land preparation, transplanting, intercropping, fertilizer application, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and yield. - Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) - climate and soil requirements, propagation, nursery preparation, transplanting, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and yield.

1. ASSIGNMENT
ON
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS
SUBJECT: ADVANCE IN MEDICINAL & AROMATIC CROP
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY(PSMA-603)
SUMITTED TO
Dr.L.HEMANTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICYLTURE
SASARD,NAGALAND UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED BY
ABDUL RAHMAN.M
ROLL NO:PhD-340/21
PhD FIRST YEAR
FLORICULTURE&LANDSCAPING

2. Andrographis paniculata - Kalmegh
Family: Acanthaceae
Part used: Whole plant
Distribution
Uttar Pradesh to Assam, Madhya Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Soil & Climate
• It can be cultivated on wide range of soils
from loam to lateritic soils with moderate
fertility.
• The climatic requirement of the plant is hot
and humid conditions with ample sunshine
Nursery raising and planting
• Its propagation is through shattered seeds in
nature. Vegetative propagation is also
possible in certain special cases through
layering as each node is capable of
producing enough roots

3.  For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10mx2m size should be tilled,
pulverized and leveled during the month of May.
 Seeds should be covered by very thin layer of soil and compost mixture. Beds
should be covered properly by suitable mulch .Immediately after germination,
mulch is removed to avoid elongation of the seedlings.
Transplanting
 Transplanting of seedling is done in second fortnight of June at a row and
plant spacing of 45 to 60 cm and 30 to 45 cm respectively.
Irrigation
 Fairly distributed rainfall during monsoon is sufficient to raise annual crop in
Northern states.
 But prior to rain 2-3 irrigations are required.

4. Weeding
 To begin with one or two weeding/hoeing are essential to get the crop
established.
Manures, &Pesticides
 Organic manures like, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermi-Compost, Green
Manure etc.
 To prevent diseases, bio-pesticides could be prepared from Neem (kernel,
seeds & leaves), Dhatura, Cow's urine etc.
Harvesting
 Maximum herb biomass can be obtained in 90-100 days beyond which
leaves start shedding.
Yield
 A well-maintained crop grown during monsoon season yields 3.5 to 4.0
tons of dried herb per hectare

5. Commiphora spp -Guggal
 Family: Burseraceae
Climate and Soil
• The plant grows well in arid, sandy, and
rocky tracts of tropical India.
• Sandy or sandy loam soils are best for
its cultivation.
Varieties
• Marusudha- good oleo-gum-resin-
yielding by CIMAP.
Propagation
• Black coloured seeds- Only 40%germination
• leafless stem cuttings,
• Air layering ( 5–8-year-old mother plants in July–August.)
• Seeds germinate within 7–10 days after sowing in the rainy season.
• Leafless stem cuttings are planted in the nursery in May.
• Air layering can be done during rainy season in July–August; roots
develop in 15–20 days after setting.

6.  Seed rate-100 g of black seeds are required for raising plantation in 1
hectare of land at a spacing of 2 m × 2 m.
Land preparation
 Pits of size 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm are dug at requisite spacing of 2 m × 2
m and refilled after mixing the sand, soil, and FYM in the ratio of 1:1:1.
Transplanting
 A crop stand of 2500 plants per hectare is obtained with a spacing of 2 m ×
2 m.
Intercropping system :
 Guggal can be intercropped with crops like pearl millet and cluster bean.
 Experiments indicate a synergistic relationship between the intercropped
species and guggal, resulting in better yield of pearl millet and cluster bean,
while the quality and yield of guggal plantation remain unaffected.
Ferilizer applications
 NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) @ 75:130:30 g/plant after every
three months up to a period of one year

7. Irrigation practices :
 Irrigation with 8 litres of water per plant at an interval of 15 days results in
best growth of plant.
Disease and pest control :
 Collar rot-Sclerotium rolfsii
Contol- Diathane M-45 fungicide @ 2 g/litre of water on the crop
 Termite
Control- drenching the soil with chloropyrophos @ 4 ml/litre of
water
Harvesting :
 The oleo-gum resin is tapped during winter, from November–February,
by making a 7–10-cm long incision in the main stem near the base

8. Ipecac: Cephaelis ipecacuanha
 Family: Rubiaceae
 Climate and soil
 Annual rainfall of about 1000–1500 mm is ideal for Ipecac plant. It prefers
partial shade conditions of the forests and soil rich in humus.For its
cultivation, loamy soil rich in organic matter is preferable.
Propagation
Seeds (more than 90%)
stem coppices or ground layering
Nursery preparation
About 250 g of seeds are required to raise a
nursery for planting in 1 hectare of land. These
seeds are sufficient to be sown in six beds of
size 10 m × 1 m to raise about 20000 seedlings.
Transplanting-Three-month-old plantlets are
ready for transplanting

9. Spacing
 75 cm × 75 cm,
 About 17500 propagules per hectare
Fertilizer application
 FYM (20 tonnes per hectare), phosphorus (50 kg per hectare), potash (40
kg per hectare), and half of nitrogen (45 kg per hectare) are applied as basal
dose at the time of field preparation.
 Rest of the nitrogen (45 kg per hectare) should be applied in two equal split
doses, one in March and the other after six months.
Irrigation practices
 It requires 15–18 irrigations per year at an interval of 20 days, depending
upon the moisture availability and water holding capacity of soil.
Weed control
 At least two to three manual weeding are required in the crop at an interval
of one month

10. Harvesting
 The flowering appears in the second year of growth. The leaves
should be harvested once a year when the plant attains a height of
1.5–2.5 m.
 The crop is cut 10–15 cm above-ground level with the help of
sickle. October is the best time for harvesting.
Yield
About 3.25–3.75 tonnes/hectare.

11. Digitalis(Digitalis lanata)
Family: Scrophulariaceae
• Varieties
Strain E.C. 115996 (higher foliage yield
with high glycoside content )
Soil and climate
• A well drained sandy soil rich in organic
matter and slightly acidic (pH 5.5 – 6.5)
• It requires a cool and mild climate (20 –
30°C)
Planting season
• May – June for direct sowing and
• February for nursery sowing.

12.  Propagation
It can be propagated by seeds.
 Seed rate
The optimum seed rate is 8 kg/ha for direct sowing and 2 kg/ha for
transplanting.
 Manuring
Apply FYM 10t/ha and NPK 20:30:30 kg/ha respectively as basal dose.
Again N 150 kg/ha is applied as top dressing in 4 equal splits at 3 months
interval.
 After cultivation
Give 1 - 2 weedings in the initial stages.
 Plant protection
Leaf spot and leaf blight
It can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb 2g/l.

13.  Harvest
Harvesting extends up to 2 years. 8 - 10 cm long leaves (excluding
petiole) are collected between July and August from the first year
crop and second harvest taken one and half months later
 Yield
About 2000 - 3000 kg of dried leaves/ha can be obtained

14. Phyllanthus amarus
Family – Euphorbiaceae
Economic part – Whole plant
Major constituents – Phyllanthin (0.4-
0.5%) and Hypophyllanthin
Uses- Hepatitis B and Jaundice
Varieties
Navyakrit (CIMAP) - High herbage and
active constituents.
Soil and climate
Well drained Sandy loamy/black soil pH of 6.5 to 7.5 is preferred. It grows
well as tropical and sub tropical rainfed crop.
Sowing:
About 1 kg of seeds is required for raising seedlings to plant in one ha.
Soaking the seeds in fresh water for 20-30 minutes before sowing would
help in increased germination.

15. Spacing and Transplantation
 3 to 4 week old plantlets can be transplanted
 spacing of 10cmx15 cm, accommodating 8 lakhs seedlings/ha
Manuring
To encourage good vegetative growth, apply 10-20 tonnes of FYM, 50 kg N,
25 kg each of P2O5 and K2O are applied per hectare. Half the dose of N,
entire dose of P and K is applied as basal and the remaining N is applied in two
split doses, the first at 30th day and the second at 60th day.
Harvest
September harvesting is ideal for high Phyllanthin. From the date of the
planting, in 80 to 100 days the plants grow to the maximum.
Yield
An average yield of 17.5 tonnes of fresh herbage or 1750 kg/ha of dry herb
is obtained.

16. Henbane- Hyocyamus niger
Family: Solanaceae
Soil
 Black Henbane tends to grow in moist, nutrient-rich, sandy or loamy soils
 Tolerates pH ranges from 3.8-8.7.
 Henbane is predominantly a temperate species and thrives in zones with hot
summer.
Propagation
 Mainly through seeds
Harvrsting
 Harvesting at 50% flowering recorded the
highest herbage yields and alkaloid content.
Yield
 Herbagr yield- 1750-1880Kg per ha
(Alkaloid content: 0.12-0.14%)

17. Rosemary – Rosmarinus officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Soil& Climate
• Rosemary requires a well drained sandy
to clay loam soil with a pH range of 5.5
to 8.0.
• It does not grow well in waterlogged or
high clay soils.
• For Rosemary grows well in areas that
has an average temperature ranges from
20 to 25oC
Propagation
• seeds and layering
• The best way of propagation is through the use of nursery raised
cuttings.
• The branches used for cutting preparation should be at least 9 months
old, but not one year old. Cuttings should be obtained from young
actively growing branches.

18. Transplanting
 Transplanting can be done three to four months after cuttings are planted
in the nursery.
 During transplanting prepare a hole that is about 15 cm deep and 15cm
wide by keeping 60cm spacing
Watering
 Irrigation at time of transplanting is essential until the plants are well
established.
 Once the plant is well established on the field, it can grown with dry
conditions.
Hoeing and weeding
 From 15 days to one month after transplanting one hoeing and weeding is
important, continue the hoeing and weeding practice till three months after
transplanting.

19. Fertilizer application
 Rosemary doesn’t require much fertilizer application
 100kg nitrogen per year promote rapid growth of rosemary.
Harvesting times
 The harvesting time of rosemary can vary depending on the soil fertility,
geographical area and weather conditions.
 Fresh herb harvesting at young stage when it becomes six months old
after transplanting, Where as for essential oil production harvesting starting
from nine months after transplanting can give good results

20. Artemisia(Artemisia annua Linn.)
 Family: Asteraceae
Plant part used: Whole herb at full bloom
stage.
Soil
• sandy loam to loamy soil which are free
from water logging.
• However, a well drained light loam soil
rich in organic matter is best for its
cultivation.
• It pH range of 4.5 to 8.5.
Climate
• I t is a short-day, temperate plant,
which requires cold winter and
moderate summer.
Propagation
• usually propagated by seeds

21. Nursery raising of seedlings:
 Nursery beds of convenient size are prepared and well decomposed
FYM/compost at the rate of 10 kg per bed is applied.
 Further, 250- 500 g seeds are mixed with sand, spread uniformly over the
nursery beds and covered with a thin layer of soil or sand
 Seeds germinate in about 5-8 days.
Planting time
 The crop can be grown in two different seasons under Indian conditions,
the first crop during late rainy season and the second during summer
Transplanting
 The seedlings which are 6-8 weeks old, healthy and uniform should be
transplanted
Spacing
 45 cm × 45 cm

22. Crop nutrition
 Well decomposed farm yard manure / compost should be to be applied at 10
t/ha before planting. A fertilizer dose of 60-80 kg N; 40-60 kg P2O5 and 60
kg K2O/ha
 Full dose of P2O5 and K2O and two third dose of N are incorporated into
the soil at the time of land preparation.
 The remaining one third dose of N is applied in two equal split doses at 30
and 60 days after transplanting.
Irrigation
 The field is to be irrigated frequently from transplanting to establishment of
the crop. After establishment only 3-4 irrigations will be required up to
harvest period.
Intercultural operation
 sensitive to water logging and it causes root rotting. In the rainy season, the
channels and furrows should be cleared regularly.
 The crop requires 2-3 weeding and hoeing during the growth period

23.  Plant protection
Insect pests
 Aphids: Aphids suck sap from young leaves and shoots and can be seen on
lower side of leaves.
Management: Spraying Azadirachtin 10,000 ppm @ 5 ml/l is effective to
control the pest.
 Ants: Ants attack plants mostly during seedling stage which lead to
withering and complete death of the plant.
Management: Its menace can be minimized by mixing 10 kg of 1.5%
chlorpyriphos per hectare into the soil at the time of land preparation.
Diseases
 Leaf blight: brown lesions on the leaf tip
Management: The disease can be controlled by spraying of Bordeaux
mixture 1%.
 Damping off: The disease usually occurs in young seedlings
Management: Disease can be overcome by adjusting the planting time,
to get bright weather during the early stages of establishment of crop

24. Harvesting
 The crop is ready for harvesting in 4.5 - 5 months after transplanting
 The crop is to be harvested at full bloom stage, as harvesting at this
stage recorded the maximum herb yield, essential oil and artemisinin
content .
yield
 fresh herbage yield of about 10-15 t/ha which in turn gives 30-40 kg of
essential oil per hectare

25. Thyme-Thymus vulgaris
 Family: Lamiaceae
Soil
 The plant prefers a light but fertile
and calcareous soil for good
growth and oil content.
Climate
 A warm climate is best suited for this crop
 . It can be grown both in the hills and the plains
Propagation
 Thyme can be propagated by seeds and vegetatively by division of old
plants or by cuttings or by layering of side shoots in March or April.

26. Sowing/planting
 When the seeds are sown directly, they can be sown in rows 90 cm apart
and later when the seeds germinate the seedlings may be thinned out to 30-
45 cm within the row. While, planting the seedlings or rooted cuttings or
layers e.tc. they are planted 30-45 cm apart in rows, 60cm apart
Manures and fertilizers
 farmyard manure @ 50 t/ha
 Application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha
 Application of Neem cake @ 1.25 t/ha
Intercultural operations
 Intercultural operations and weeding are done at regular intervals to
encourage good growth of plants.
 In the hills in order to avoid frost injury to plants during winter mulching
is done

27. Harvesting
 The leaves and flowers which are used for culinary and
medicinal purposes are harvested five months after
sowing/planting.
yield
 dry herb is around 1,100 - 2200 kg per hectare

28. REFERENCES
 Smitha Gingade, Thania Sara Varghese, Thania Sara Varghese, Cultivation of
Artemisia (Artemisia annua Linn.), ICAR – DIRECTORATE OF MEDICINAL
AND AROMATIC PLANTS RESEARCH,BORIAVI, ANAND – 387 310,
GUJARAT.
 A.K.A. Stinking Nightshade, Black Henbane Hyoscyamus niger, Sea to Sky
Invasive Species Council ,March 2020.
 https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/
 Tigist German,Beemnet Mengesha,Muluken Philiphos,Mihiret
Mekonnen,Rosemary production and utilization,Ethiopian Institute of
Agricultural Research.
 A.sing,Harvest and nutrient management in black henbane(Hyocyamus
niger)on sodic soil by 2005.
 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Production Technologies a step towards
farmwomen prosperity Naresh Babu ,S.K. Srivastawa ,M. Prusty ,Tapaswini
Sahoo ,ICAR- Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, 751