This document summarizes the testing and performance of diesel and petrol engines. It describes the key components and operating principles of diesel and petrol engines. It then discusses various performance characteristics of internal combustion engines that are used to evaluate engine performance, such as brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, air fuel ratio, and mean effective pressure. The performance of engines is tested by measuring fuel consumption, brake power, and specific power output using various types of dynamometers.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Definition of Supercharging ,
Effect of Supercharging ,
Need of Supercharging ,
Types of Supercharging
1) Centrifugal Supercharger
2) Rootes Supercharger
3) Vane Supercharger ,
Advantages & Disadvantages of Supercharging
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Actual cycles for internal combustion engines differ from air-standard cycles in many respects.
Time loss factor.
Heat loss factor.
Exhaust blow down factor.
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
Definition of Supercharging ,
Effect of Supercharging ,
Need of Supercharging ,
Types of Supercharging
1) Centrifugal Supercharger
2) Rootes Supercharger
3) Vane Supercharger ,
Advantages & Disadvantages of Supercharging
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Actual cycles for internal combustion engines differ from air-standard cycles in many respects.
Time loss factor.
Heat loss factor.
Exhaust blow down factor.
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
4 stroke petrol engine and 4 stroke diesel engine Komal Kotak
This presentation is all about four stroke petrol engine and four stroke diesel engine from the subject elements of mechanical engineering in mechanical engineering in first year of mech. engineering.
this is the ppt on 2 stroke and 4 stroke petrol engine. . i made this ppt with the help of dhrumil patel .who is in the L.D. college of engineering in chemical department. . i am very thankful to him for being my great partner. . .thanx dhrumil..
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
IC ENGINE TESTING
At a design and development stage an engineer would design an engine with certain aims in his mind. The aims may include the variables like indicated power, brake power,
brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, cooling of engine, maintenance free operation etc. The other task of the development engineer is to reduce the cost and
improve power output and reliability of an engine. In trying to achieve these goals he has
to try various design concepts. After the design the parts of the engine are manufactured for the dimensions and surface finish and may be with certain tolerances. In order verify the designed and developed engine one has to go for testing and performance evaluation of the engines.
Thus, in general, a development engineer will have to conduct a wide variety of engine
tests starting from simple fuel and air-flow measurements to taking of complicated
injector needle lift diagrams, swirl patterns and photographs of the burning process in
the combustion chamber. The nature and the type of the tests to be conducted depend
upon various factors, some of which are: the degree of development of the particular
design, the accuracy required, the funds available, the nature of the manufacturing
company, and its design strategy. In this chapter, only certain basic tests and
measurements will be considered.
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• understand the performance parameters in evaluation of IC engine
performance,
• calculate the speed of IC engine, fuel consumption, air consumption, etc.,
• evaluate the exhaust smoke and exhaust emission, and
• differentiate between the performance of SI engine and CI engines.
Turbocharger and supercharger boosted power by reusing exhaust air to get power. It mainly discuss about turbocharger working and supercharger working. In this presentation includes turbocharger diagram and supercharger diagram for more understanding. Turbocharger moto is to deliver high torque from used gases.Turbocharger and supercharger really biggest revolution in automobile industry.Turbocharger and supercharger on same engine can enhance power but it may increases weight and tension on engine and gear.it may disturbs gear cycle in engine.
Variable compression ratio and heat balance sheetdishantpati
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads.
Similar to Testing and performance of IC engine (20)
It is very simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Just edit it and present it.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Testing and Performance of
Diesel and Petrol Engine
Group Members:
1. Muhammad Fahad
2. Adeel Ashraf
3. Muhammad Irfan
4. Huma
5. Mustafa Naqvi
2. Diesel Engine
• an internal-combustion engine in which heat
produced by the compression of air in the
cylinder is used to ignite the fuel.
3. Petrol Engine:
• A petrol engine (known
as a gasoline engine in
American English) is an
internal
combustion engine with
spark-ignition, designed
to run
on petrol (gasoline) and
similar volatile fuels.
7. Characteristics of IC Engines
1. Brake Thermal Efficiency
2. Indicated Thermal Efficiency
3. Specific Fuel Consumption
4. Mechanical Efficiency
5. Volumetric Efficiency
6. Air Fuel Ratio
7. Mean Effective Pressure
8. Brake thermal efficiency
Brake thermal
efficiency is defined as break power of a heat
engine as a function of the thermal input from
the fuel. It is used to evaluate how well an
engine converts the heat from a fuel to
mechanical energy
9. Indicated thermal efficiency
The thermal efficiency is a dimensionless
performance measure of a device that
uses thermal energy, for example engine, a
steam turbine, a steam engine, a boiler, a
furnace, etc, . Thermal efficiency indicates the
extent to which the energy added by work is
converted to net heat output.
10. Mechanical efficiency
Mechanical efficiency is the measure of
effectiveness of a machine's energy and
power that is input into the device into an
output that makes force and
movement. Mechanical advantage by
comparing the input and output force you can
find the advantage of a machine
11. Specific fuel consumption
Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) or
sometimes simply specific fuel consumption,
SFC, is an engineering term that is used to
describe the fuel efficiency of an engine
design with respect to thrust output.
12. Volumetic Efficiency
• Volumetric efficiency in internal combustion
engineengineering is defined as the ratio of
the mass density of the air-fuel mixture drawn
into the cylinder at atmospheric pressure
(during the intake stroke) to the mass density
of the same volume of air in the intake
manifold.
13. Air Fuel Ratio
• Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the
mass ratio of air to fuel present in a
combustion process such as in an internal
combustion engine
14. Mean Effective Pressure
• Mean effective pressure is a quantity relating
to the operation of a reciprocating engine and
is a valuable measure of an engine's capacity
to do work that is independent
of engine displacement.
15. Performance characteristic at variable
Speed
• Load and Speed One common way to present
the operating characteristics of an internal
combustion engine over its full load and speed
range is to plot brake specific fuel
consumption contours on a graph of brake
mean effective pressure versus engine speed.
16.
17. • Operation of the engine coupled to a
dynamometer on a test stand, over its load and
speed range, generates the torque and fuel flow-
rate data from which such a performance map is
derived. The upper envelope of the map is the
wide-open-throttle performance curve. Points
below this curve define the part-load operating
characteristics, While details differ from one
engine to another, the overall shapes of these
maps for spark-ignition engines are remarkably
similar.
18.
19. • When mean piston speed Sp is used instead of
crankshaft speed for the abscissa, the
quantitative similarity of such maps over a wide
range of engine sizes is more apparent. Maximum
bmep occurs in the mid-speed range; the
minimum bsfc island is located at a slightly lower
speed and at part load. These map characteristics
can be understood in terms of variations in
volumetric efficiency, gross indicated fuel
conversion efficiency and mechanical efficiency.
22. Performance characteristic at variable
load
• Increasing load at constant speed from the
minimum bsfc point increases bsfc due to the
mixture enrichment required to increase
torque as the engine becomes increasingly air-
flow limited, Decreasing load at constant
speed increases bsfc due to the increased
magnitude of friction (due to increased
pumping work), the increased relative
importance of friction, and increasing
importance of heat transfer.
23. • The effect of speed and load variation on NO
and HC emission are can be elaborated as
follows. NO concentration increase
moderately with increasing speed at constant
load. At lower loads, the proportional increase
in NO is greater than at higher loads. The
residual gas fraction decreases as speed
increases, this effect being greater at lower
inlet manifold pressures (lighter loads).
24. • Also, the relative importance of heat transfer
per cycle is less as speed increases , which
would also be expected to increase NO
concentration. With increasing load (at
constant speed), NO concentrations also
increase. Again, as inlet manifold pressure and
load increase, the residual gas fraction
decreases also, the relative importance of
heat transfer per cycle decreases with
increasing load.
25.
26.
27. The performance of an engine is
evaluated on the basis of the
following;
• (a) Specific Fuel Consumption.
• (b) Measurement of brake Power
• (c) Specific Power Output.
28. Fuel consumption measurement
• Fuel consumption is measured in two ways:
• The fuel consumption of an engine is measured
by determining the volume flow in a given time
interval and multiplying it by the specific gravity
of the fuel which should be measured
occasionally to get an accurate value.
• Another method is to measure the time required
for consumption of a given mass of fuel
29. Measurement of brake power
• The brake power measurement involves the
determination of the torque and the angular
speed of the engine output shaft. The torque
measuring device is called a dynamometer.
• Dynamometers can be broadly classified into
two main types, power absorption
dynamometers and transmission
dynamometer.
30. Types Of Dynamometers
• Absorption Dynamometers
• These dynamometers measure and absorb the
power output of the engine to which they are
coupled. The power absorbed is usually
dissipated as heat by some means. Example of
such dynamometers is prony brake, rope
brake, hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
31. • Transmission Dynamometers: In transmission
dynamometers, the power is transmitted to
the load coupled to the engine after it is
indicated on some type of scale. These are
also called torque-meters.
32. Measurement of friction power
• The difference between indicated power and the brake
power output of an engine is the friction power.
• Almost invariably, the difference between a good
engine and a bad engine is due to difference between
their frictional losses.
• The frictional losses are ultimately dissipated to the
cooling system (and exhaust) as they appear in the
form of frictional heat and this influences the cooling
capacity required. Moreover, lower friction means
availability of more brake power; hence brake specific
fuel consumption is lower.