This document discusses internal combustion engines. It covers classification of IC engines, components, basic nomenclature, applications, engine cycles, valves/ports, fuels, ignition, combustion chambers, load control, and cooling. Reciprocating and rotary engines are classified. The four stroke and two stroke cycles are described. Common engine components are listed. Key engine terms like bore, stroke, swept volume, clearance volume, and compression ratio are defined.

1. Submitted by:-
Sagar Kathiriya
Chirag Dhameliya
Nikunj Adroja
Mustafa Lokhandwala
Ankit Umretiya

2.  Classification
of I.C Engines
 Components of I.C Engines
 Basic nomenclature of I.C Engines

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Application
Basic Engine Design
Operating Cycle
Working Cycle
Valve/Port Design and Location
Fuel
Mixture Preparation
Ignition
Stratification of Charge
Combustion Chamber Design
Method of Load Control
Cooling

4. 
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Automotive :- Car, bus, truck, off highway
Locomotive
Light Aircraft
Marine :- Outboard, Inboard, Ship
Power Generation :- Portable, Fixed
Agricultural :- Tractors, Pump sets
Earth Moving :- Dumpers, Tippers, Mining
Home :- Lawn movers, Snow blowers, Tools

7. 1. Reciprocating :- (a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder (I)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
2. Rotary :-
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
In-line
V Engine
Radial
Opposed
Cylinder
(v) Opposed
Piston

12. 
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Otto
(For Conventional SI Engine)
Atkinson
(For Complete Expansion SI Engine)
Miller
(For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI
Engine)
Diesel
(For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
Dual
(For the Actual Diesel Engine)

13. 1.
Four Stroke Cycle:- (a) Naturally Aspirated
(b)Supercharged/Turbocharged
2.
Two Stroke Cycle:- (a) Crankcase Scavenged
(b) Uniflow Scavenged
(i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port
(ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve
(iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve
May be Naturally Aspirated
Turbocharged

15. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Poppet Valve
Rotary Valve
Reed Valve
Piston Controlled Porting
1.
2.
3.
4.
The
The
The
The
Based on the Valve Location
T-head
L-head
F-head
I-head (i) Over head Valve (OHV)
(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)

18. 1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived: (i) Petrol
(ii) Diesel
(b) Other sources:
(i) Coal
(ii) Wood (includes bio-mass)
(iii)Tar Sands
(iv)Shale
2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG
(ii) LPG
3. Blending
(b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl)
(ii) Vegetable oils
(iii) Producer gas and biogas
(iv) Hydrogen
4. Dual fueling

19. 1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection
(i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline
(a) Manifold
(b) Port
(c) Cylinder

20. 1. Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i) Battery
(ii)Magneto
(b) Other methods
2. Compression Ignition

21. 1. Homogeneous Charge:
(Also Pre-mixed charge)
Admission of air-fuel mixture at near
atmospheric pressure
2. Stratified Charge: (i) With carburetion
(ii) With fuel injection
Admission of mixture at pressure above
atmospheric

22. 1.
Open Chamber: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Disc type
Wedge
Hemispherical
Bowl-in-piston
Other design
2.
Divided Chamber: (For CI): (i) Swirl chamber
(ii) Pre-chamber
(For SI): (i) CVCC
(ii) Other designs

24. 1. Throttling:
(To keep mixture strength constant)
Also called Charge Control
Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine
2. Fuel Control:
(To vary the mixture strength according to
load)
Used in the C.I. Engine
3. Combination
Used in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.

25. 1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

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Cylinder
Cylinder head
Piston &piston
rings and
piston pin
Connecting rod
Combustion
Chamber
Crank and
crankshaft
Crank case
Inlet & Exhaust
Valves
Valve spring

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Inlet manifold
and exhaust
manifold
Cam shaft
Cam and cam
follower
Water jacket
Flywheel
Governor
Carburettor
Spark Plug
Fuel pump
Fuel nozzle

29. Cylinder Bore (d)
 Piston area (A)
 Stroke (L)
 Stroke to Bore ratio (L/d)
 Dead Centre
Top Dead Centre(TDC)
Bottom Dead Centre(BDC)
 Displacement of Swept
Volume (Vs)
 Cubic Capacity or Engine
Capacity
 Clearance Volume (Vc)
 Compression Ratio (r)
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30. 
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Top Dead Center (TDC):
Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest
point away from the crankshaft.
Top because this position is at the top of the engines
(not always), and dead because the piston stops as
this point. Because in some engines TDC is not at the
top of the engines(e.g: horizontally opposed
engines, radial engines,etc,.) Some sources call this
position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).
Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).
When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the cylinder
is a minimum called the clearance volume.

31. 
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Bottom Dead Center (BDC):
Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to
the crankshaft.
Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the engine.Some
source call this point Bottom Center (BC).
Stroke :
Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position
to the other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
Bore :
It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter;
piston face diameter is same as cylinder diameter( minus
small clearance).
Swept volume/Displacement volume :
Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through one
stroke.
Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.
Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire
engine (one cylinder times number of cylinders).

32. Piston area:
 The area of a circle of diameter equal to the
cylinder bore is called the piston area.
 Stroke to bore ratio:
 Ratio of stroke to cylinder bore is important
parameter in classifying the size of the
engine.
 If d<L, it is called under-square engine.
 If d=L, it is called square engine.
 If d>L, it is called over-square engine(It can
operate at higher speeds).
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33. 
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Clearance volume :
It is the minimum volume of the cylinder available for
the charge (air or air fuel mixture) when the piston
reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or
outer dead center) during compression stroke of the
cycle.
Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston
at TDC.
Compression ratio :
The ratio of total volume to clearance volume of the
cylinder is the compression ratio of the engine.
Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies form
8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to 24