temperature, pressure and flowrate measurement
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The document discusses different methods for measuring temperature, pressure, and fluid flow. It describes resistance temperature devices and fluid expansion devices for temperature measurement. Pressure can be measured using bourdon tubes, manometers, orifice plates, and other fluid displacement techniques. Simple fluid flow measurement can be done with a bucket and stopwatch, while more complex methods use the pressure differential across an orifice plate in a pipe.
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Pressure
This document defines common pressure measurement terms and describes various pressure sensing and measurement devices. It discusses different types of pressures including absolute, gauge, differential and vacuum pressures. Several pressure measurement instruments are described including mercury and aneroid barometers, manometers, bourdon tube pressure gauges, strain gauge pressure transducers, and pressure transmitters. Applications of pressure switches and the use of orifice plates, venturi tubes and pitot tubes for differential pressure measurement are also covered.
Electromagnetic flow measurement
Magnetic flow meters measure flow volumetrically without moving parts by detecting the voltage induced across electrodes by conductive fluids moving through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law. They have advantages of being ideal for dirty liquids, having low maintenance needs, and providing linear output and wide measurement ranges. The key components are a teflon lined flow tube, excitation coils to generate a magnetic field, and electrodes to sense the induced voltage. Magnetic flow meters work best for conductive fluids and have limitations for non-conductive liquids.
Flow Sensors
The document discusses various topics related to fluid flow measurement, including:
- Types of flow sensors such as differential pressure, mass flow controllers, Coriolis and thermal mass flow meters, turbine flow meters, and electromagnetic flow meters.
- Flow measurement principles such as the Bernoulli equation, vortex shedding, and Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
- Flow characteristics like compressible and incompressible flow, steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number.
Ultrasonic flow meter saqib
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
Basic instrumentation
The document provides an overview of basic instrumentation concepts including definitions, measuring means, controlling means, and process automation. It defines instrumentation as electrical or pneumatic devices used for measurement and control in a system. Common process variables that are measured include pressure, temperature, level, and flow. Controllers compare process variable measurements to setpoints and adjust manipulating variables to maintain process equilibrium. The document also discusses open and closed loop control systems, signal transmission methods, and key instrumentation terms.
Introduction to transducers
Definition, classification, selection of transducer.
Measurement of temperature: using R T D, thermocouple,
bimetallic thermometer, Pressure thermometers, pyrometers.
Pressure Measurement: Bourdon Tubes, bellows, diaphragms
Vacuum Measurement: McLeod gauge, pirani gauge
Introduction to Industrial Instrumentation
This document introduces industrial instrumentation and provides examples. It defines instrumentation as automated measurement and control that is used in research, industry and everyday life. It then lists common process variables that are measured through instrumentation like pressure, flow rate, temperature and lists common control devices. The rest of the document defines key instrumentation terms and provides two examples - a boiler water level control system using pneumatic signals and a wastewater disinfection system using electronic signals.
Pressure measurement
Pressure can be measured using various instruments, including manometers and pressure gauges. Manometers measure pressure by using fluid columns to balance the pressure, and include U-tube manometers, single column micro-manometers, inclined tube manometers, and well type manometers. Pressure gauges also measure pressure directly and include bourdon pressure gauges, bellow pressure gauges, and bellow differential pressure gauges. Common units for pressure are the Pascal and bars, while manometers often use liquids like mercury, water, or alcohol in their fluid columns to measure differences in pressure.
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Pressure
This document defines common pressure measurement terms and describes various pressure sensing and measurement devices. It discusses different types of pressures including absolute, gauge, differential and vacuum pressures. Several pressure measurement instruments are described including mercury and aneroid barometers, manometers, bourdon tube pressure gauges, strain gauge pressure transducers, and pressure transmitters. Applications of pressure switches and the use of orifice plates, venturi tubes and pitot tubes for differential pressure measurement are also covered.
Electromagnetic flow measurement
Magnetic flow meters measure flow volumetrically without moving parts by detecting the voltage induced across electrodes by conductive fluids moving through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law. They have advantages of being ideal for dirty liquids, having low maintenance needs, and providing linear output and wide measurement ranges. The key components are a teflon lined flow tube, excitation coils to generate a magnetic field, and electrodes to sense the induced voltage. Magnetic flow meters work best for conductive fluids and have limitations for non-conductive liquids.
Flow Sensors
The document discusses various topics related to fluid flow measurement, including:
- Types of flow sensors such as differential pressure, mass flow controllers, Coriolis and thermal mass flow meters, turbine flow meters, and electromagnetic flow meters.
- Flow measurement principles such as the Bernoulli equation, vortex shedding, and Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
- Flow characteristics like compressible and incompressible flow, steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number.
Ultrasonic flow meter saqib
1) Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasonic waves to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of liquids and gases through pipes. They work by transmitting ultrasonic waves across the pipe and measuring the time it takes for the waves to travel in the direction of and against the flow.
2) There are two main types of ultrasonic flow meters: clamp-on and in-line. Clamp-on meters attach to the outside of pipes while in-line meters have transducers mounted directly inside the pipe.
3) Ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive, have high accuracy around 1% of measured flow, require little maintenance as they have no moving parts, but have higher initial costs
Basic instrumentation
The document provides an overview of basic instrumentation concepts including definitions, measuring means, controlling means, and process automation. It defines instrumentation as electrical or pneumatic devices used for measurement and control in a system. Common process variables that are measured include pressure, temperature, level, and flow. Controllers compare process variable measurements to setpoints and adjust manipulating variables to maintain process equilibrium. The document also discusses open and closed loop control systems, signal transmission methods, and key instrumentation terms.
Introduction to transducers
Definition, classification, selection of transducer.
Measurement of temperature: using R T D, thermocouple,
bimetallic thermometer, Pressure thermometers, pyrometers.
Pressure Measurement: Bourdon Tubes, bellows, diaphragms
Vacuum Measurement: McLeod gauge, pirani gauge
Introduction to Industrial Instrumentation
This document introduces industrial instrumentation and provides examples. It defines instrumentation as automated measurement and control that is used in research, industry and everyday life. It then lists common process variables that are measured through instrumentation like pressure, flow rate, temperature and lists common control devices. The rest of the document defines key instrumentation terms and provides two examples - a boiler water level control system using pneumatic signals and a wastewater disinfection system using electronic signals.
Pressure measurement
Pressure can be measured using various instruments, including manometers and pressure gauges. Manometers measure pressure by using fluid columns to balance the pressure, and include U-tube manometers, single column micro-manometers, inclined tube manometers, and well type manometers. Pressure gauges also measure pressure directly and include bourdon pressure gauges, bellow pressure gauges, and bellow differential pressure gauges. Common units for pressure are the Pascal and bars, while manometers often use liquids like mercury, water, or alcohol in their fluid columns to measure differences in pressure.
About Pressure Gauge & Pressure Transmitter ppt
Pressure instruments can be categorized as either pressure gauges or pressure transmitters. Pressure gauges use diaphragms, bellows, or Bourdon tubes to measure the condition of fluids, with bellows consisting of soft, convoluted material that moves when pressure changes and Bourdon tubes being C-shaped hollow tubes where one end is fixed and the other moves freely. Pressure transmitters, also called pressure transducers, convert pressure into an electrical signal using a pressure measuring cell as the core component.
Pressure measurement
Diaphragm pressure gauges use a thin circular plate that deflects in proportion to applied pressure. Common types include thin film diaphragms, corrugated diaphragms, and capsules which use multiple diaphragms joined together. Bourdon tubes are curved tubes that straighten with pressure to indicate amount. Strain gauge transducers bond strain gauges to a deflecting diaphragm to convert pressure to electrical resistance changes. Variable reluctance transducers use a diaphragm to change the magnetic reluctance in an electromagnetic circuit proportional to pressure.
RTD-RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
esistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.
Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.
The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval).[7] The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C,[8] based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.
Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.
Pressure Measurements | Comprehensive search
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements ,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
Control Valves
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
PRESSURE INSTRUMENTATION
The document discusses various types of pressure measurement instruments and concepts. It describes pressure gauges, transmitters, and transducers, explaining their measuring principles, components, installation considerations, and common terms. Diagrams illustrate typical configurations and components of differential pressure transmitters and loops.
Level measurement
This document discusses different methods of level measurement in industries. It describes direct methods like sight glass level indicators and float type level indicators. It also covers indirect, electrical methods like resistive and capacitive level indicators. Sight glasses use a graduated glass tube to directly measure liquid level in a tank. Float level indicators transmit float movement via a pulley system to indicate level on a scale. Resistive indicators use a float to change the resistance of a potentiometer proportional to level. Capacitive methods measure how liquid level affects capacitor properties in various configurations.
Pressure measurement
This document discusses various types of pressure measurement. It defines pressure and units like pascals and atmospheres. Static pressure is exerted by stationary fluids while dynamic pressure results from moving fluids. Absolute pressure is measured against a vacuum and gauge pressure against atmospheric pressure. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth in liquids. Common pressure measurement instruments include manometers, elastic elements like bourdon tubes, and electrical resistance gauges. Low pressures are measured using McLeod, Pirani, and ionization gauges. Selection depends on the pressure range, accuracy needed, and other factors like cost and maintenance.
Flow measurement in industries
1) Accurate measurement of flow rates is important for maintaining quality in industrial processes, as most control loops regulate incoming flows.
2) Common types of flowmeters include obstruction, inferential, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, anemometer, and Coriolis mass flowmeters.
3) Obstruction flowmeters like orifice plates and venturi tubes create a restriction to induce a pressure drop related to flow rate.
Basics of Thermocouples and RTDs
Tempsens Instruments manufactures temperature sensors including thermocouples and RTDs. Thermocouples measure unknown temperatures by creating two junctions - one at the object being measured and another at a reference object of known temperature. RTDs use metals that change electrical resistance with temperature, with platinum being most common; platinum RTDs are designated as Pt100. Temperature sensors have applications in industries such as cement, power, steel, glass, petrochemical, and chemicals.
A Presentation on Field Instrumentation.
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
Flow measurement
Flow can be defined as the quantity of fluid passing a point per unit time. Flow rate is affected by properties like fluid velocity, pipe size, friction, viscosity, and specific gravity. Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasound to measure flow velocity and calculate volumetric flow rate. They work well for clean liquids and are unaffected by temperature, density, or viscosity changes. Electromagnetic flow meters use Faraday's law of induction - the voltage induced across a conductor moving through a magnetic field is proportional to its velocity. Thermal flow meters are based on conductive and convective heat transfer - a heated wire in fluid flow measures mass velocity according to King's law. They are mainly used for low pressure gas flow measurement.
pressure transmitter
The document compares specifications of pressure transmitters from Yokogawa, Honeywell, and Rosemount, noting their accuracy, power supply ranges, measurement ranges, operating temperature ranges, and special features. It concludes that each transmitter has varying functions appropriate for different needs, such as liquid, gas, or steam pressure measurement. Contact information is provided for purchasing products and further inquiries.
Flow measurement pdf
This document discusses different types of flow measurements. It describes four main types: 1) Primary or quantity meters that directly measure flow rate through volumetric or gravimetric methods. 2) Positive displacement meters that count discrete volumes of fluid flow. 3) Secondary or rate meters that infer flow rate from other measured properties like pressure or velocity. Common examples are Venturi meters, orifice plates, and rotameters. 4) Linear resistance element meters that rely on pressure drop across a tube to determine flow rate, suitable for very small, viscous flows. Primary meters are the most accurate while positive displacement meters can handle a variety of fluids. Secondary meters have varying accuracy depending on the design.
Flow Measurnment
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
Basic concepts of instrumentation
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
Ultrasonic flowmeter
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Lecture 22 flapper nozzle & ip converter
This document discusses the nozzle/flapper system and how it can be used for signal conversion between pressure and mechanical motion. It describes how a regulated air supply passes through a nozzle, and the pressure of the signal can be varied based on the distance between the nozzle and flapper. When the flapper is closed, signal pressure rises to the supply pressure, and when open, pressure drops as air leaks through. It notes this system is sensitive in the central region and used in pneumatic controllers. It also explains that current-to-pressure converters use a nozzle/flapper system to linearly translate a 4-20 mA current into a 3-15 psig signal.
Level measuring instruments
Level measuring devices are used to accurately measure the volume of fluid in containers on a continuous basis. Common level measuring instruments include level gauges, float devices, those that measure hydrostatic pressure, displacement type, echo type, and capacitive type. Level gauges provide a direct visual indicator by using a sealed cavity with a transparent wall. Float devices use floats that move up and down with the liquid level. Hydrostatic pressure instruments measure pressure at the bottom of a fluid column to indicate level. Displacement instruments use Archimedes' principle to measure the weight of displaced fluid. Echo type instruments measure the time of flight of waves reflected off the liquid surface. Capacitive instruments measure changes in capacitance between a probe and vessel walls
107 basic instrumentation
This document discusses basic instrumentation concepts and components. It defines instrumentation and process control, and describes their functions. It also covers common process measurements like temperature, pressure, flow, and level. For each it discusses units of measurement, measurement elements and principles, and examples of measurement devices. Finally, it briefly introduces how instrumentation signals are transmitted from field devices to control systems.
Pressure measurement
there are many applications which require measurement. here i tried to enlight something about pressure measurement.
pressure measurement devices
The document describes two types of vacuum measurement devices: a bell differential pressure gauge and a thermionic ionization vacuum gauge. The bell gauge measures differential pressure between 0.06 Pa and 4 Kpa using a bell suspended in a liquid-filled chamber. Pressure differences cause the bell to rise and are measured. The ionization gauge ionizes residual gas molecules using an electron beam, producing ion and electron currents measured to determine pressure from 10-3 to 10-10 mbar. It works by accelerating electrons from a heated filament towards a grid, which ionize molecules between the grid and collector electrode.
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About Pressure Gauge & Pressure Transmitter ppt
Pressure instruments can be categorized as either pressure gauges or pressure transmitters. Pressure gauges use diaphragms, bellows, or Bourdon tubes to measure the condition of fluids, with bellows consisting of soft, convoluted material that moves when pressure changes and Bourdon tubes being C-shaped hollow tubes where one end is fixed and the other moves freely. Pressure transmitters, also called pressure transducers, convert pressure into an electrical signal using a pressure measuring cell as the core component.
Pressure measurement
Diaphragm pressure gauges use a thin circular plate that deflects in proportion to applied pressure. Common types include thin film diaphragms, corrugated diaphragms, and capsules which use multiple diaphragms joined together. Bourdon tubes are curved tubes that straighten with pressure to indicate amount. Strain gauge transducers bond strain gauges to a deflecting diaphragm to convert pressure to electrical resistance changes. Variable reluctance transducers use a diaphragm to change the magnetic reluctance in an electromagnetic circuit proportional to pressure.
RTD-RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
esistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature. As RTD elements are fragile, they are often housed in protective probes.
Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies nearly linearly with temperature per the Callendar–Van Dusen equation.
The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades exhibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0.00385/°C (0.385%/°C) (European Fundamental Interval).[7] The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995). The American Fundamental Interval is 0.00392/°C,[8] based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. As a result, the "American standard" is hardly the standard even in the US.
Lead-wire resistance can also be a factor; adopting three- and four-wire, instead of two-wire, connections can eliminate connection-lead resistance effects from measurements (see below); three-wire connection is sufficient for most purposes and is an almost universal industrial practice. Four-wire connections are used for the most precise applications.
Pressure Measurements | Comprehensive search
You'll find a wonderful explanation of the following topics:-
Sensing Elements ,Bellows ,Bourdon tube,Impact of Operating Environment ,Diaphragm,Differen,capacitance,tial Pressure Transmitters,strain gauge
Control Valves
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
PRESSURE INSTRUMENTATION
The document discusses various types of pressure measurement instruments and concepts. It describes pressure gauges, transmitters, and transducers, explaining their measuring principles, components, installation considerations, and common terms. Diagrams illustrate typical configurations and components of differential pressure transmitters and loops.
Level measurement
This document discusses different methods of level measurement in industries. It describes direct methods like sight glass level indicators and float type level indicators. It also covers indirect, electrical methods like resistive and capacitive level indicators. Sight glasses use a graduated glass tube to directly measure liquid level in a tank. Float level indicators transmit float movement via a pulley system to indicate level on a scale. Resistive indicators use a float to change the resistance of a potentiometer proportional to level. Capacitive methods measure how liquid level affects capacitor properties in various configurations.
Pressure measurement
This document discusses various types of pressure measurement. It defines pressure and units like pascals and atmospheres. Static pressure is exerted by stationary fluids while dynamic pressure results from moving fluids. Absolute pressure is measured against a vacuum and gauge pressure against atmospheric pressure. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth in liquids. Common pressure measurement instruments include manometers, elastic elements like bourdon tubes, and electrical resistance gauges. Low pressures are measured using McLeod, Pirani, and ionization gauges. Selection depends on the pressure range, accuracy needed, and other factors like cost and maintenance.
Flow measurement in industries
1) Accurate measurement of flow rates is important for maintaining quality in industrial processes, as most control loops regulate incoming flows.
2) Common types of flowmeters include obstruction, inferential, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, anemometer, and Coriolis mass flowmeters.
3) Obstruction flowmeters like orifice plates and venturi tubes create a restriction to induce a pressure drop related to flow rate.
Basics of Thermocouples and RTDs
Tempsens Instruments manufactures temperature sensors including thermocouples and RTDs. Thermocouples measure unknown temperatures by creating two junctions - one at the object being measured and another at a reference object of known temperature. RTDs use metals that change electrical resistance with temperature, with platinum being most common; platinum RTDs are designated as Pt100. Temperature sensors have applications in industries such as cement, power, steel, glass, petrochemical, and chemicals.
A Presentation on Field Instrumentation.
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
Flow measurement
Flow can be defined as the quantity of fluid passing a point per unit time. Flow rate is affected by properties like fluid velocity, pipe size, friction, viscosity, and specific gravity. Ultrasonic flow meters use ultrasound to measure flow velocity and calculate volumetric flow rate. They work well for clean liquids and are unaffected by temperature, density, or viscosity changes. Electromagnetic flow meters use Faraday's law of induction - the voltage induced across a conductor moving through a magnetic field is proportional to its velocity. Thermal flow meters are based on conductive and convective heat transfer - a heated wire in fluid flow measures mass velocity according to King's law. They are mainly used for low pressure gas flow measurement.
pressure transmitter
The document compares specifications of pressure transmitters from Yokogawa, Honeywell, and Rosemount, noting their accuracy, power supply ranges, measurement ranges, operating temperature ranges, and special features. It concludes that each transmitter has varying functions appropriate for different needs, such as liquid, gas, or steam pressure measurement. Contact information is provided for purchasing products and further inquiries.
Flow measurement pdf
This document discusses different types of flow measurements. It describes four main types: 1) Primary or quantity meters that directly measure flow rate through volumetric or gravimetric methods. 2) Positive displacement meters that count discrete volumes of fluid flow. 3) Secondary or rate meters that infer flow rate from other measured properties like pressure or velocity. Common examples are Venturi meters, orifice plates, and rotameters. 4) Linear resistance element meters that rely on pressure drop across a tube to determine flow rate, suitable for very small, viscous flows. Primary meters are the most accurate while positive displacement meters can handle a variety of fluids. Secondary meters have varying accuracy depending on the design.
Flow Measurnment
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
Basic concepts of instrumentation
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
Ultrasonic flowmeter
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
Lecture 22 flapper nozzle & ip converter
This document discusses the nozzle/flapper system and how it can be used for signal conversion between pressure and mechanical motion. It describes how a regulated air supply passes through a nozzle, and the pressure of the signal can be varied based on the distance between the nozzle and flapper. When the flapper is closed, signal pressure rises to the supply pressure, and when open, pressure drops as air leaks through. It notes this system is sensitive in the central region and used in pneumatic controllers. It also explains that current-to-pressure converters use a nozzle/flapper system to linearly translate a 4-20 mA current into a 3-15 psig signal.
Level measuring instruments
Level measuring devices are used to accurately measure the volume of fluid in containers on a continuous basis. Common level measuring instruments include level gauges, float devices, those that measure hydrostatic pressure, displacement type, echo type, and capacitive type. Level gauges provide a direct visual indicator by using a sealed cavity with a transparent wall. Float devices use floats that move up and down with the liquid level. Hydrostatic pressure instruments measure pressure at the bottom of a fluid column to indicate level. Displacement instruments use Archimedes' principle to measure the weight of displaced fluid. Echo type instruments measure the time of flight of waves reflected off the liquid surface. Capacitive instruments measure changes in capacitance between a probe and vessel walls
107 basic instrumentation
This document discusses basic instrumentation concepts and components. It defines instrumentation and process control, and describes their functions. It also covers common process measurements like temperature, pressure, flow, and level. For each it discusses units of measurement, measurement elements and principles, and examples of measurement devices. Finally, it briefly introduces how instrumentation signals are transmitted from field devices to control systems.
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Pressure measurement
there are many applications which require measurement. here i tried to enlight something about pressure measurement.
pressure measurement devices
The document describes two types of vacuum measurement devices: a bell differential pressure gauge and a thermionic ionization vacuum gauge. The bell gauge measures differential pressure between 0.06 Pa and 4 Kpa using a bell suspended in a liquid-filled chamber. Pressure differences cause the bell to rise and are measured. The ionization gauge ionizes residual gas molecules using an electron beam, producing ion and electron currents measured to determine pressure from 10-3 to 10-10 mbar. It works by accelerating electrons from a heated filament towards a grid, which ionize molecules between the grid and collector electrode.
Flow measurement & vibration
1) Flow measurement devices use principles like differential pressure and velocity to measure flow rate. Differential pressure devices like Venturi meters and orifice plates cause a pressure drop that is measured to calculate flow.
2) Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and height of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It is the basis for differential pressure flow measurement. Devices like Pitot tubes and turbine meters measure velocity which relates to flow rate.
3) Vibration is oscillatory motion that can be caused by unbalanced forces, elasticity, or external excitation. It can have harmful or beneficial effects depending on the system. Measurement devices like vibrometers and accelerometers are used to characterize vibrations.
Pressure Measurement Part I
This document discusses pressure measurement and different types of manometers used for pressure measurement. It defines pressure and its units like Pascal and describes different types of pressure scales including gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and vacuum pressure. It then discusses various manometer types for pressure measurement like U-tube manometers, well manometers, barometers, and inclined manometers. Advantages of manometers include their simplicity, accuracy, and wide measurement range while disadvantages include their bulkiness and need for leveling.
Thermocouple gauge & pirani gauge
This document discusses two common pressure measurement devices: the thermocouple gauge and Pirani gauge. Both operate on the principle of detecting changes in thermal conductivity of a gas as pressure varies. The thermocouple gauge uses a thermocouple to sense temperature, while the Pirani gauge uses changes in a heated wire's resistance. The Pirani gauge is preferred over the thermocouple gauge as it is faster, can measure a wider pressure range, and typically offers better accuracy and response time.
Pressure Measurement
This document discusses pressure measurements and different types of pressure gauges. It defines pressure as force per unit area and describes two types: static and dynamic. Static pressure refers to a constant force, while dynamic pressure varies. Common pressure units are then defined. Pressure gauges are classified as mechanical or electromechanical. Mechanical gauges include U-tube manometers, well manometers, and force summing devices like diaphragms, bellows, and Bourdon tubes which convert pressure into displacement.
Temperature measurement part i
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
Pressure measuring devices
The document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It describes the bourdon tube pressure gauge, which uses a coiled tube that straightens under pressure, moving a pointer on a scale. Diaphragm pressure gauges use a flexible metal disc to isolate process fluids or measure high pressures, and can be used with electrical transducers. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) measure pressure by converting diaphragm, bellows, or bourdon tube movement into electrical signals using transformer coils and a movable core.
Pressure Measurement
This presentation discusses pressure measurement and pressure transducers. It begins by defining pressure units and types. It then describes various mechanical pressure transducer technologies including Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and manometers. It also covers various electrical pressure transducer technologies such as strain gauges, vibrating wire, piezoelectric, capacitance, and optical. The presentation concludes with discussions on installing pressure transducers, how the transducer impacts the overall control loop, and selecting the appropriate transducer type.
Pressure Measurement
There are several types of pressure transducers commonly used to measure pressure, including mechanical devices like the manometer and dead-weight tester, as well as the bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges. The manometer uses fluid columns to measure pressure differences simply and is well-suited for steady laboratory measurements. Dead-weight testers are used to calibrate other pressure gauges by applying precisely known pressures. Bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges all function by elastically deforming in response to pressure differences, which can then be converted to an electrical signal or mechanical readout.
Testo 552 vacuum gauge
Testo manufactures digital refrigeration technology tools that provide complete solutions for commissioning and maintaining refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Their digital manifolds can measure a wide range of parameters like pressure, temperature, and vacuum readings quickly and accurately. Data can be stored, evaluated, and printed out on-site. The new testo 552 digital vacuum gauge uses a maintenance-free absolute pressure sensor to efficiently evacuate systems and provide permanently reliable measurement results without sensor cleaning.
Physics
This document describes different instruments used to measure gas and atmospheric pressure. A U-tube manometer and Bourdon gauge are used to measure gas pressure, with a U-tube manometer measuring the difference in liquid height and a Bourdon gauge using a curved tube that straightens under pressure. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer, Fortin barometer, or aneroid barometer, with a mercury barometer measuring the height of a mercury column, a Fortin barometer providing a more accurate reading than a simple mercury barometer, and an aneroid barometer using a flexible metal case under vacuum instead of liquid.
Barometric Digital pressure Sensor BMP085
This document provides information about the BMP085 barometric digital pressure sensor, including an overview of its features, hardware explanation, applications, Arduino code to interface with it, and output/results. The sensor measures air pressure and temperature with high precision and accuracy. It connects to a microcontroller via I2C and its calibration coefficients are factory-programmed, requiring code to perform calculations based on pressure/temperature readings and coefficients. Sample code is provided to read uncompensated values and calculate compensated pressure/temperature using the sensor's calibration data.
Enlarged leg manometer
An enlarged leg manometer measures pressure differences by using a manometer tube with one leg much larger in diameter than the other. This allows the movement in the large leg to be very small while still only needing to read the level change in the narrow leg. The pressure difference is calculated based on the density of the manometer fluid and the height change measured in the narrow leg.
Bourdon tube and manometer
The document discusses the Bourdon tube and manometer. A Bourdon tube is a curved or twisted metallic tube with an elliptical cross-section that is sealed at one end. When pressure is introduced inside the tube, it will deflect if the inside pressure differs from the outside pressure, straightening if the inside pressure is higher or curving more if it is lower. This deflection of the Bourdon tube is used to indirectly measure pressure in a manometer.
Barometric pressure
Barometric pressure changes constantly and creates winds, clears skies, or makes clouds. It is important for weather forecasting - rising pressure means clearing skies and fair weather while falling pressure indicates upcoming wet or stormy conditions. Barometric pressure is measured using a barometer and can help predict weather changes.
Manometer
The document discusses different types of manometers used to measure pressure, including acrylic body single limb manometers, acrylic body inclined manometers, inclined tube manometers, single limb manometers, U-tube manometers, and U-type manometers. Each type of manometer works by using liquid columns at different heights within tubes to indicate pressure differences. The manometers are made of clear acrylic or glass tubes and provide accurate pressure measurements.
FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS IN AIR DUCT FLOW WITH AND WITHOUT INTERNAL THREADS USING ...
Computational heat transfer flow modeling is one of the great challenges in the classical sciences. As with most problems in engineering, the interest in the heat transfer augmentation is increasing due to its extreme importance in various industrial applications. This paper deals with the analysis of heat transfer for fluid flowing through the pipe with and without internal threads using CFD. Using CFD codes for modeling the heat and fluid flow is an efficient tool for predicting equipment performance. CFD offers a convenient means to study the detailed flows and heat exchange processes, which take place inside the tube. Simulations were carried out using commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent version 14.5. Friction factor and Nusselt number for air flowing through the specified tube (internal diameter = 0.005 m, length = 0.1 m) were obtained first for the plain tube and then for the tube with internal threads with pitch 5mm in the Reynolds number range of 2000 to 5000. Finally results will be compared to available experimental and analytical calculations. The data obtained by simulation are matching with the literature value for a plain tube with the discrepancy of less than plus or minus 5% for Nusselt number and for the friction factor.
Enhanced heat transfer for the tube with internal threads has been observed. Heat flux is more uniform all along the tube and decreases uniformly towards the center.
Presentation on “pressure, manometers,bourdon gauges and load cells
This presentation discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It defines absolute, gauge, atmospheric, and vacuum pressures. Absolute pressure is measured with reference to a vacuum, while gauge pressure uses atmospheric pressure as a datum.
Methods of pressure measurement discussed include manometers, mechanical gauges, and load cells. Manometers measure pressure by balancing fluid columns, and are classified as simple or differential. Simple manometers include piezometers, U-tube, and single column types. Differential manometers measure the difference in pressure between two points.
Mechanical pressure gauges balance fluid columns with springs or weights and include diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, and bellows types. Bourdon tube gaug
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Similar to temperature, pressure and flowrate measurement
Basic instrumentations
Instrumentation deals with measurement and control using instruments. An instrument is a device that measures process variables like pressure, level, temperature, and flow. Pressure is force per unit area and can be measured using instruments like barometers, manometers, and bourdon gauges. Level is important to measure in storage containers and can be done directly using sight glasses or floats, or indirectly using pressure-based methods. Temperature is a measure of hotness/coldness and instruments like thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and infrared thermometers are used. Flow rate is measured using ultrasonic flowmeters, paddlewheel sensors, vortex meters, pitot tubes, and turbine flow meters.
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The document provides an overview of instrumentation and control systems used in a thermal power plant. It describes the key components measured including pressure, temperature, flow, level and vibration. It then explains the various sensors and instruments used to measure these variables, including bourdon tubes, thermocouples, RTDs, orifice plates, and analyzers. It also describes the control room and various labs used for maintenance and calibration of instrumentation. The objectives of instrumentation are listed as efficient, economic and safe operation of the plant along with pollution control.
Measuring INSTRUMENTS
Unit-3 Instrumentation and control in mechanical engineering and other basic subject which contain instruments and their working under the syllabus of RGPV UNIVERSITY Bhopal.
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Thermal plant instrumentation and control
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and control systems used in a thermal power plant. It discusses the key components measured including pressure, temperature, flow, level, vibration and flue gas analysis. It describes the various sensors and instruments used to measure these variables, including bourdon tubes, diaphragms, bellows, thermocouples, RTDs, orifice plates, and analyzers. It also discusses the control and monitoring systems, laboratories, and pollution control systems used in thermal power plants.
Control System Components
Control System Components
*Pressure Measurement.
*Temperature Measurement.
*Flow Measurement.
*Level Measurement.
*Concentration Measurement.
5_Pressure_Measurement.pdf
Relative pressure scales are used in various applications including weather barometers, vehicle engine sensors, aircraft instruments, and medical devices. The Fortin barometer uses a mercury column and scale to measure air pressure. A manometer uses different fluid heights in two columns to measure pressure differentials. Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and other elastic elements flex under pressure changes and can be used as sensors. At very low pressures, specialized gauges like the McLeod gauge and Pirani gauge are used, while ionization gauges operate at even lower pressures. The type of gauge selected depends on the required pressure range, accuracy, response time, and other factors. A Pitot tube can measure fluid velocity by comparing stagnation and static
Meeting w13 chapter 4 part 3
This document discusses various process control measurement techniques and final control elements. It describes common methods for measuring temperature, level, pressure, flow, and chemical analysis including thermocouples, RTDs, float systems, differential pressure, capacitive devices, ultrasonics, turbines, electromagnetic and Coriolis flow meters. Final control elements convert control signals into actions on process variables through signal conversion, actuators and control elements like valves.
Temperature measurements
This document discusses various methods of temperature measurement. It begins by introducing different applications that require temperature measurement in industrial processes. It then provides a brief history of temperature measurement, including early thermometers and scales. The document focuses on different types of temperature probes and sensors, including glass thermometers, bimetal thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors. It provides details on the construction, operation, accuracy and applications of these different temperature measurement devices.
temperature measurement
temperature measurement thermodynamics lab experement lab report
Aim:
Measuring the temperature by different methods and draw the calibration curve with the
thermometer
Introduction
Recording temperature is one of the basic tasks in process and manufacturing automation.
The WL 202 experimentation set-up covers the full range of temperature measurement
methods. As well as non-electrical measuring methods, such as gas- and liquid-filled
thermometers and bimetallic thermometers, all typical electronic measuring methods are
covered in the experiments. The electronically measured temperatures are displayed directly
on programmable digital displays. A temperature-proportionate output voltage signal
(0...10V) is accessible from lab jacks, enabling temperature characteristics to be recorded
with, for example, a plotter. A digital mustimeter with precision resistors is used to calibrate
the electrical measuring devices. Various heat sources or storage units (immersion heater,
vacuum flask and laboratory heater) permit relevant temperature ranges to be achieved for the
sensors being tested. A plastic casing houses the sensors, cables, temperature measuring
strips and immersion heater. The well-structured instructional material sets out the
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
1. power-regulated socket.
2. vacuum flask.
3. immersion heater.
4. laboratory heater for water and sand.
Measuring temperature experiment by WL-202
4
5. multimeter.
6. temperature sensors.
7. temperature measuring strips.
8. mercury thermometer.
9. bimetal thermometer.
10. gas pressure thermometer.
11. psychrometer to determine air humidity.
12. digital display of temperature sensors.
1. Immersion
Introduction to temperature measurement.
This document discusses temperature measurement and different types of thermometers. It introduces temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Liquid-in-glass thermometers are described as the simplest type which use the thermal expansion of liquid in a glass bulb and stem to measure temperature. The document outlines calibration methods for thermometers using fixed points like melting ice and boiling water. Interpolation is explained as the process to determine temperature values between calibration points. Construction and applications of liquid-in-glass thermometers are also summarized.
Instrumentation And Control Data for Specialist.
Instrumentation Variable Like Pressure Temperature Flow & Level. Also Control Valve, Transmitters, Measuring And Sensing Instruments. Transducers and Control Loops. 4 to 20 mA wiring Types. Fire Alarm Devices. Manifolds
DEEP4.pdf
The document provides an overview of a petrochemical complex located in northern India. It consists of several key units: (1) a gas processing unit to recover ethane and propane from natural gas, (2) a gas cracker unit to produce ethylene and propylene, and (3) downstream polyethylene production units. Safety procedures at the plant include wearing protective equipment, locating assembly points, and pushing emergency buttons. Temperature and pressure sensors are discussed, along with calibration devices. The document concludes with descriptions of programmable logic controllers and distributed control systems used to remotely monitor and control industrial processes.
5661874.ppt
This document discusses different methods for measuring flow, level, temperature, and light in industrial processes. It describes several common flow measurement devices like Venturi tubes, rotameters, and turbine flow meters. For level measurement, methods like float sensors, ultrasonic devices, pressure gauges and capacitive probes are covered. Temperature can be measured using devices that change resistance with temperature like RTDs, thermistors, thermocouples and semiconductor sensors. Light intensity can be converted to electrical signals using photo-resistors and photo-transistors.
Heat exchanger parallel flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Temprature sensor
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors used in engineering applications. It describes contact sensors like thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermocouples which measure temperature by being in direct contact. Non-contact infrared sensors are also discussed which measure the infrared radiation from an object. Various temperature measurement devices and their characteristics like measurement range and accuracy are provided.
Fluid mechanics.ppt
This document discusses various techniques for measuring parameters in fluid flow such as viscosity, velocity, pressure, temperature, and flow rate. It describes several types of viscometers that measure viscosity through properties like efflux time. Methods for measuring velocity include Pitot tubes, hot wire anemometers, Doppler velocimeters, and time of flight velocimeters. Pressure can be measured with manometers, Pitot tubes, and Bourdon gauges. Thermometers, thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are discussed as devices for measuring temperature. Flow rate is measurable using orifice meters, Venturi meters, and rotameters. The key differences between orifice and mouthpiece flow, notches and
Temperature & Flow By MMS
This document discusses temperature and flow measurement. It begins by defining temperature and the common units used to measure it. There are two main methods for measuring temperature - electrical and non-electrical. Electrical methods include thermocouples, thermistors, and RTDs, which convert temperature into an electrical signal. Non-electrical methods include infrared thermometers and glass thermometers. The document also defines flow and common flow measurement units. Main flow measurement devices are discussed, including orifice plates, vortex meters, pitot tubes, and magnetic and turbine flow meters. These devices are used across industries like oil/gas, water treatment, and manufacturing.
Seminar report on Temperature Measuring Devices
Ambrish Rai submitted a seminar report on temperature measuring instruments to his guide Dr. Sushanta Tripathy. The 3-page report discussed various temperature scales including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It also described common temperature measurement devices such as liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and pyrometers. For each device, the report outlined the basic construction, principles of operation, advantages, and disadvantages.
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temperature, pressure and flowrate measurement
- 1. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-
- 2. Group #10
- 10. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-