Instrumentation Variable Like Pressure Temperature Flow & Level. Also Control Valve, Transmitters, Measuring And Sensing Instruments. Transducers and Control Loops. 4 to 20 mA wiring Types. Fire Alarm Devices. Manifolds

1. Pressure is the basic Variable of Industrial Instrumentation and Process
Control.
Bar
Kg/cm
mmOf Water
• Types of Pressure
I. Gauge Pressure
II. Absolute Pressure
III. Differential Pressure
IV. Vacuum
• Pressure Measuring
Instrument:
1. Pressure Gauge
2. Pressure Transmitter
3. Mano-meter
• Pressure
Transduce
r :
1. Strain
Gauge.
2. LVDT.
3. Pizo-
electric.
4. Capacitiv
e type.

2.  Fluid is in Motion in Specific Time and Specific Place is Called Flow.
Types ;

3. Mass Flow Meter
Coriolis meter
Differential Head type
Rota-meter
Electromagnetic meter
Ultrasonic flow meter
Turbine flow meter
Vortex flow meter
Positive Displacement

4. Open Loop
Close Loop
Cascade Loop
Three Element
Loop
Ratio Control
Loop
Feed Back Loop
Feed Forward
Loop
Double Element
Loop
Single Element
Loop

5. the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object
1- °C 3- °F
2- °K 4- °R thermopile

6.  To Measure the Level of Process in Tank , Drums or Vessels are most
important in any Industry. Level Gauges are Devices that use for Direct
Level Measurement .
 There are some types of Level Gauges
Transparent LG Magnetic LG

7. o Fire is the biggest Hazard in every Industry. Because Hydrocarbons ,
Flammable Gases, Combustible dust , Ignitable Fibers are present
inside Industry. Fire Alarm System are Installed in Various
industries for Protection against Fire.
Some FAS Devices
Smoke
Detector
Heat Detector
Multisensor
Open Area
Sounder

8.  Actuator is a part of Control Valve .
 There are Some Types of Control Valve Actuator.

9.  RTD is a Device that can use for Temperature measurement by Measuring
the Resistance of Electric Probe. And This is called a Temperature Sensor.

10.  Working Principle
Thermocouple is work on See-
back effect.
the junction of the two metals
is heated, or cooled, a voltage
is produced that can be
correlated back to the
temperature.
 Time Constant of
Thermocouple

11. There are four types of thermocouple junction
A thermocouple is grounded when
both thermocouple wires and the
sheath are all welded together to
form one junction at the probe tip
A thermocouple is ungrounded
when the thermocouple wires are
welded together but they are
insulated from the sheath
A thermocouple is exposed when
the thermocouple wires are
welded together and directly
inserted into the process

12. Types of Drawing
Hook’s Up Diagram
Inter Connection wiring
DiagramInstrument Loop Diagram
Piping & Instrumentation Process Flow Diagram

13. Positioner SOV Limit Air Set I/P Converter

14. Types of Manifold
2 Way Manifold 5 Way Manifold3 Way Manifold

15. 3 Way Manifold 5 Way Manifold2 Way Manifold

16. Controllers can be set up in direct or reverse modes. Control valves come in two
sorts: Air to Open; and Air to Close. The type of valve definitely impacts on
what a controller has to do.
The Controller Action Depends Requirement's And the Conditions of Control. .
The controller action is relative to the definition of the error. If error = set
point – process variable,
Set Point / Signal increase = Output
must Increase
Set Point / Signal Decrease = Output
must Decrease

17. Wiring Types
2 Wire
Transmitter
3 Wire Current
Source Type
3 Wire Current
Sink Type
4 Wire Fully
Isolated

18. Aluminum oxide moisture sensor probe measures moisture concentration in gases
and non aqueous liquids. This the Three Function probe with Pressure Temperature
and Moisture Measurement. This Sensing Probe used in moisture Analyzer and
portable Moisture Measuring Instruments. This Probe have built in Temperature
Sensor Negative Temperature coefficient and piezoresistive for Pressure Sensor .
And the Resonance Time of this Probe is less then 5 sec.
Accuracy
±1% of full scale Instrumentation Knowledge

19. Types of PSV
Conventional Type
of PSV
Pilot-operated
PSV
Balanced
Bellows PSV

20. Load cell is Transducer that
convert such Tension , Pressure ,
Force into electrical signal. If the
applied force on load cell increase ,
the output signal will also increase.
Types
In Strain gauge we use
Wheatstone Bridge.
Bending beam Pancake Single point shear beam
Double-ended shear beam S-type
We can also used more
then one load cell for
sensing
Instrumentation
Knowledge

21. Solenoid operated valve works when they
electrically energized or de-energized.
Actuator takes form of an electromagnet.
When they energized, a magnetic field
builds up which pulls plunger or pivoted
armature against action of a spring. When
they de-energized the plunger comes to its
original Position
Types
Pilot-
Operated
Valves
Direct
Acting
Valves
Parts of SOV
Control
function
Normally
Open
Control by
Electric Impulse
Normally
Closed
They have
different
porting option
2 , 3 ,4 way etc.
Instrumentation
Knowledge

22. Valve Positioner is a device that drive Actuator
according to Signal and Reached them in Desired
Position. Positioner depends on Pneumatic
Operated Valve. Positioner Received Input signal
from controller and Travel valve Stem according
to signal and send Feedback to the Controller.
TypesForce-balance
pneumatic
positioner
Motion balance
pneumatic
positioner
Electronic
positioner
Electro-
pneumatic
positioner

23. Level is known as the height of Process fluid from
Reference Point in storage Tank or Vessel .
Level Measurement is most important in every Industry.
Measuring Methods
Floats
Level Gauges
Dip Stick
Capacitance Level
Displacement
Devices
Hydrostatic
Pressure Method
Radar and
Ultrasonic Level
The Unit of Level
Is Percentage %
Level Switch is
also an Instrument
used in Industry.
Instrumentation
Knowledge

24. Rota-meter is Variable area Meter
used for the measurement of
volumetric Flow Rate.
Rota meters are known as gravity-type flow
meters because they are based on the opposition
between the downward force of gravity and the
upward force of the flowing fluid. Fluid enters
from the bottom of the tapered tube, then some
of the fluid strikes directly into the float bottom
and others pass aside the float
the distance float displaced upward is
proportional to the flow velocity of the
fluid passing through the tapered tube
Floats
Types
Ball
Float
Conical
Float

25. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer
occurs.
There three methods of Heat Transfer…
In this Method the Heat
transfer by the macroscopic
movement of a fluid. { motion
of molecules}
In this Method the Heat transfer
through stationary matter by
physical contact
Heat transfer when
microwaves, infrared
radiation, visible light, or
another form of
electromagnetic radiation is
emitted or absorbed

26.  In these Days , Cable trays are necessary in every
Industry. Cable Trays are capable to support every
type of Wiring.
Types
Ladder Type
Trough Cable
Tray
Solid Bottom
Single Rail
Cable Tray
Wire Mesh
Cable Tray
Channel
Cable Tray
Instrumentation
Knowledge

28. Archimedes
Principle ; when a body is
immersed in a fluid it loses
weight equal to that of the fluid
displaced
Instrumentation
Knowledge

29. Types of Pressure Transducer
Piezoelectric
Transducer
Capacitive
Transducer

30. Turbine Flow Meter used to Measure
Volumetric Flow Rate. Turbine Meter have
Turbine Blades to Rotate. The Motion of
Turbine Rotor is directly Proportional to
Velocity of Flowing Fluid. Pickoff Mounted
on Flow Meter, that Sense Each Rotor Blade
Passing. And Generate a output frequency
Signal. And the Frequency Signal is directly
Proportional to the Passing Fluid.
Parts
Advantages
Dis-
Advantages
I. High Accuracy
II. Used both Gases
and Liquid.
III. Suitable for
Extreme Temp.
and Pressure.
I. Requires Clean
Fluid
II. Have Moving
Parts
III. Low Viscosities

31. Coriolis Flow Meter is a mass Flow Meter.
They used to Measure Mass of Fluid that
passes through fixed point per unit time.
Coriolis Flow Meter Required force of
flowing Fluid acting on Tubes. This Force
Deforms Tubes. The amount of
deformation depends on mass Flow Rate
Through the Tube. Sensor Measure this
Deformation and indicate the Direct Mass
Flow Rate.

32. Magnetic flow meters works on Faraday’s
Law of Electromagnetic Induction. A
Magnetic Field is Generated and
Channeled into the Liquid that flowing
through the pipe. According to Faraday’s
Law, flow of conductive liquid through
the magnetic field will cause voltage
signal that sensed by electrodes located on
the flow tube walls. When the fluid moves
faster, more voltage is generated.
a voltage generated proportional to the
velocity v of the medium
Instrumentation
Knowledge

33. In this type of Flow Meter we measure the
Velocity of Process that changes after
Going to a Bluff Body. The frequency that
the vortexes are shed depend on the size
and shape of the body.
a) Piezoelectric
b) capacitance-
type sensors
This Flow meter
used for :
a) Gases
b) Liquid
c) Vapors
Bluff body
shapes : a) Square,
b) Rectangular
c) T-Shaped
d) Trapezoidal

34. PD Meter Measure the Volumetric flow Rate of a
Moving fluid or gas.
Types of PD
Meter

35. Terminal
Blocks
RS-232
Port
Detector Address
(Dip Switch)
Addressable
Programmable
interface Card
Filter

36. Temperature
Sensor
IR Sensor
Ultrasonic
Sensor
Proximity
Sensor
Pressure
Sensor
Level Sensor
Gas Sensor
Smoke
Sensor
Touch Sensor