Introduction to Computers
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Week 02 to 03 Presentation This course provides an overview of the computing industry, the computing profession, including research and applications in different fields of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Information System. The emphasis is to train students to gain knowledge of the fundamentals of the computing world and its application to the various disciplines using research as a method of understanding.
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Introduction to Computers
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL ASST. PROFESSOR II LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Discover significant contributors in the evolution of computing concepts • Characterize and classify computers • Determine the functions of the components of a computer system • Embrace the importance of computing devices
- 3. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS • The history of computers started during the earliest computing devices when man invented these devices for calculating and processing data.• These devices are categories into three: • manual-mechanical device • Electro-mechanical device and • Electronic device.
- 14. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 15. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 16. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 17. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 18. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 19. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 20. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 21. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 23. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1940 to 1956 • Used vacuum tubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. • Very expensive , consumed great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
- 24. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1956 to 1963 • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
- 25. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1964 to 1971 • Integrated circuit was used • Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
- 26. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1972 to present• It is characterized the by the use of LSI, VLSI and Microprocessor. • LSI or Large Scale Integration refers to the thousands of circuits on a single chip. • VLSI or very Large scale Integration refers to millions of circuits on a chip. • Microprocessor is a general- purpose central processing
- 27. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS: PRESENT AND BEYOND • Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. • The use of parallel processing and
- 28. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Automatic - Computers are automatic machine because ones started all jobs they carry a job - Until the jobs is finished normal without any assists
- 29. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Speed - Fast device - Work done as enormous speed as compare to human beings - Speed of Computer is measured in term milliseconds, microseconds, nano seconds, and ever picoseconds
- 30. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Accuracy - Work with the highest accuracy - Accuracy depends upon the "Design of Computer" - Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etc.
- 31. CHARATERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Diligence - Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error. - Free from "monotony" - Free from "Tiredness" - Free from Lack of "Concentration "
- 32. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Versatility - Computer can be use to perform completely different type of work at the same time - Can do diverse nature of works like calculations, graphics work, searching etc. at the same time
- 33. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • Power of Remembering - It can remember data for us
- 34. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • No IQ - A Computer is not a magical devices. - Its posses, not Intelligence of its own - Its IQ level is zero it has to be told what to do and
- 35. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS • No Feeling - Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.
- 36. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS • Purpose • Data Processed • Capacity, Size and Shape
- 37. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO PURPOSE • General-purpose • Machines that have the capability of dealing with a variety of different problems. It is also act in response to programs created to meet different needs. • It has the capability to store different programs of
- 38. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO PURPOSE • Special-purpose • Machines or computers that is designed to perform one specific task. • It is referred to as “dedicated” because of their limitations to the performance of the specific task.
- 39. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO DATA PROCESS • Analog Computers • The name analog comes from the word “analogous” meaning similar. • It deals with quantities that are continuously variable or which measure continuous values. • It is used for scientific, engineering and process-
- 40. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO DATA PROCESS • Digital Computers • Machine that specializes in counting or which count discrete values; separate and distinct. • Use for both business data processing and scientific purposes. • Digital computation results greater accuracy.
- 41. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO DATA PROCESS• Hybrid Computers • A special-purpose machine that has the combine capabilities of the analog and digital computer. • It is use for a special type of problems in science and various areas of engineering.
- 42. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE • Microcomputers • It is a small digital computer use in homes and offices under the control of a stored program that use a microprocessor, programmable read- only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). • It may also be useful in scientific and
- 43. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE Types of Microcomputers • Personal Computer (PC) – is a desktop or a small portable computers use for general-purpose tasks such as writing of financial calculations.
- 44. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE Types of Microcomputers • Workstation Computer – is a more powerful machine used by scientists, engineers, and others who do complex work and display works such as maps, blue prints, circuit designs, graphical form on the screen.
- 45. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE• Minicomputer / Small Mainframe • It is a refrigerator-size device smaller than mainframe computers, in processing and data storing capacity. • Minicomputers are frequently used in medium-sized companies such as airline reservations, car rentals, banking transactions, inventory control, etc.
- 46. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE• Mainframe Computers • Large computers are commonly used in business that can process billions of characters of data. • Mainframes produce tremendous heat that required special room with air conditioning. • It may be frequently found in banks, airlines, universities, government agencies and other large organizations.
- 47. COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY, SIZE & SHAPE• Super Computers • The largest, fastest and powerful kind of computer. • It can process billions up to trillions of characters of data. • It is principally used for research, oil exploration, weapon development or weather forecasting.
- 48. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM • Hardware • Software • Peopleware
- 50. INPUT DEVICES
- 51. STORAGE DEVICES
- 52. OUTPUT DEVICES • Device that displays the information processed by the computer in a form that people could understand. • Monitor • Printer • Projector • Speakers
- 53. COMMUNICATION DEVICES • It sends the data or information or programs from one computer to another. • LAN Card • Modem • Bluetooth • Router • Microwave Satellite • Switch
- 55. PEOPLEWARE COMPONENTS • It refers to the people, who work with computer so that it can be used to find solution to the problem, and who use the information generated by the computer. • There are two types of people involved with computers: computer professional and general users.
- 62. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS Military Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are − • Missile Control • Military Communication • Military Operation and Planning
- 63. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS Communication Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are − • Computer Communication • E-mail • Chatting • Usenet • FTP • Telnet • Video-conferencing
- 64. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS Government Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are − • Computer Government • Budgets • Sales tax department • Income tax department • Computation of male/female ratio • Computerization of voters lists • Computerization of PAN card • Weather forecasting
Editor's Notes
- The history of computers may summarize up to seven parts. The first part, started during the earliest computing devices. It was followed by the early development of Electronic Data Processing (EDP). And the last part is the five generations of computers.
- The history of computers may summarize up to seven parts. The first part, started during the earliest computing devices. It was followed by the early development of Electronic Data Processing (EDP). And the last part is the five generations of computers.
- The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
- Vacuum tube is an electronic tube about the size of light bulb as replacement to relays as a means for storing data in the memory. 35,000 kilowatts of electricity were needed to provide the heat to move the electron in all its tubes. The electric current was controlled by 18,000 electronic vacuum tubes. The average time before the tube malfunction is about 12 hours. It can do one program one at a time. It could multiply four numbers in approximately 9 milliseconds (9/1000th of a second). Relied on machine language to perform operations, could solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. IBM 650, IBM 701, UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices.
- Still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were used. 1959 – Honeywell 200 1963 – PDP-8 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), etc.
- Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. 1964 – IBM 360/System 360 1965 – The first minicomputer by DEC 1969 – The first microcomputer chip Intel-400
- As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and Hand held devices. Two Important reasons in the presence of IBM Computer: Compatibility – computer systems are compatible. It means that they can run the same of software and exchange the same kind of data. Clones – is a personal computer that closely imitates the operation of an IBM microcomputer.
- The term was coined in Japan, describing new kind of computers involving subject of Artificial Intelligence and “thinking machine”. Wireless charging Wireless display connections Interactive computers Biometric sensors Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
- A Machine is Set to be automatic. If it Works by it Self without human intervention. Computers are automatic machine because ones started all jobs they carry a job. until the jobs is finished normal without any assists. Whoever Computer being machine. Its Perform only the activities that it is instructed by the user.
- In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster than computer.
- Since Computer is programmed, so what ever input we give it gives result with accuratly.
- Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.
- Unlike human being Computer can store huge amount of data Doesn't differentiate "Important" & "Not Important“ Loss or Deletion of data is done by User
- Not a thinking machine Not Intelligent Never does a task as it own Follow human Instructions Hence, Only the user can determine what's tasks a computer will performed. A computer can not take its own Decision in this regular.
- Computer Are Devoid of emotions. They have no Feeling and No instincts Because they are machine Only man have succeeded in building a memory for the computer but no computer passes. The querent a human heart and seal. Movie Review iRobot Pacific Rim Chappie Ex Machina Ethiran 2010
- Mark I Digital Computer, most of the present computers, etc.
- Disadvantage of special-purpose computers: - Lacks of versatility - Inflexible - It cannot be easily used to perform other operations
- It is very useful in solving problems that involve relationships between variable and quantities in the systems that change with time. Example: Speedometer, service station gasoline pumps
- - Addition is its basic operation through rearrangement of other kinds of problem as well as able to subtract, multiply, divide and compare, etc. - The numeric symbols that have been programmed are translated into special machine language. - It is capable of storing data as long as needed, performing logical operations, editing input data, and printing the results of its processing at high speed.
- Advantages of Microcomputer A. Generally versatile B. Increasingly powerful C. More affordable than the other types of computer D. It provides a practical tool for the organization that wants to computerized or improves the efficiency and flexibility of an existing computer system. E. Portable
- Advantages of Microcomputer A. Generally versatile B. Increasingly powerful C. More affordable than the other types of computer D. It provides a practical tool for the organization that wants to computerized or improves the efficiency and flexibility of an existing computer system. E. Portable
- Sun SPARCstation
- Important Features of Minicomputers It has a faster operating speed and larger storage capacities than microcomputer systems. It can support a large number of high-speed input/output devices. It has a several disk drives use in providing on-line access to large data files for direct access processing. The operating system provided in minicomputers can support both multi-programming and virtual storage, which means many programs can be run concurrently.
- Unisys Mainframe
- Cray-1 Supercomputer, Cray-2 Supercomputer