The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and led to rapid industrialization and major social changes. New machines were invented to increase production in textiles, iron manufacturing, and other industries. Steam power was also developed to help power factories. As a result, there was a mass movement of people from rural areas to cities to work in the new factories. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies and had widespread effects on social, cultural, and economic conditions.

1. Industrial Revolution (1700-1890)
INSTRUCTOR: MR. MANZOOR AHMAD
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF SWABI

2. What is Revolution
 A Revolution is a rapid, total
and permanent change.
 It usually refers to the
political change.
 Two well known examples are
1. The American Revolution
(1775-83), which led the
Foundation of USA.
2. The French Revolution
(1789-99) when France
became a republic.

3. Industrial Revolution
 In 1700, a great revolution
began in Great Britain.
(Industrial Revolution)
 It marked the end of people
living in rural societies and
making the things they
needed by hand.
 People began creating
machines to do work.

4. Industrial Revolution
 Factories were built and Banks
were opened.
 This time is known as
Industrial revolution.
 It changed the History of the
world forever.

5. Financial Institution before and After Industrial
Revolution
S.No. Name of Institutions Established
1 C. Hoare & Co. 1672
2 Barclays PLC 1690
3 Bank of England 1694
4 Lloyds Banking Group 1695
5 The Royal Bank of Scotland 1727
6 Weatherbys 1770
7 Raphaels Bank 1787
8 Arbuthnot Latham 1833
9 Airdrie Savings Bank 1835

6. Industrial Revolution
 The Phrase Industrial
Revolution covers many
different developments which
all took place at the same time.
 Some historian describes each
of these changes as a ‘revolution’
for example, The Commercial
Revolution, The Transport
Revolution and so on.

7. Industrial Revolution
 The movement started in
Britain, which why the British
Industrial Revolution is often
referred as the Industrial
Revolution.
 By 1850 industrialization was
taking root in parts of Western
Europe and the USA, and by
the end of 19th century it had
spread to Russia and Japan.

8. Industrial Revolution
By 1830 Britain was an
Industrialized nation.
Making most of the money
From manufacturing and
Commerce.
Main Source of Income:
1. Production of Goods
2. Trade or Exports of Goods

9. Industrial Revolution
 According to Thomas
Ashton, the first Industrial
Revolution began in the 1760’s
in England.
Historian call the second
Industrial Revolution the time
when industry spread From
England to the US and
Germany and then toWestern
Europe.

10. Big Changes After Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution changed how things were
produced and people lived.
 During 1700’s and the 1800’s, new machines were
being invented.
 Before Industrial Revolution, England and America
both were agriculture societies.
 Most of the items that people used everyday like
clothing and furniture, were made by hand.

11. Financial Factors
 The Industrial Revolution in Britain depended on the
following financial factors:
1. Private Banking
2. Stable Environment
3. Capital Investment
4. Capitalism

12. Major Development during
Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial revolution brought about changes in
many industries including iron, coal, steam,
transportation, textile and agriculture.

13. 1. Coal and Iron
 Essential raw material during IR.
 Used to build suspension bridges, factory machines,
railroads, and steamships.
Coal Iron ore

14. 1. Coal and Iron
 In 1709, English Industrialist Abraham Darby
successful used a high carbon, converted form of coal,
called coke, to produce iron from iron ore.
Abraham Darby Coke

15. 1. Coal and Iron
 This eliminated the need for charcoal, which was
more expensive and less efficient.
Metal makers began using it to speed up the
production of raw iron, bar iron, and other metals.
Charcoal bar iron

16. 1. Coal and Iron
 In 1784, Englishman Henry Cort invented a new
process for making a purer iron and for finishing and
shaping iron into desired shapes and sizes. This
process is called Puddling and Rolling.
 Used in building, heavy machinery and farm
implements.

17. 2. Steam
 The steam engine was one of the important invention
during IR.
 One steam engine could do the work of hundreds of
horses do.
Steam never got tired and its only food was coal, which
was cheaper than the wheat and oats that horses ate.

18. 2. Steam
 In 1712, Thomas NewComen invents the stem engine.
 Interesting pieces of technology.
 This engine is called Atmosphere Engine.

19. Thomas NewComen Steam Engine

20. Thomas NewComen Steam Engine
 Animation of a schematic Newcomen steam engine.
– Steam is shown pink and water is blue.
– Valves move fromopen (green) to closed (red)

21. 2. Steam
 Steam Engine was used for providing power in
mining, steamboats and railroads.

22. 2. Steam
 In 1769, a Scottish inventor James Watts , produced
an improved steam engine.
 His steam Engine saved energy and cost and used a
system of gears and cranks to turn a wheel.

23. James Watts Steam Engine

24. 2. Transportation
 The improvement of transportation greatly increased
the success of the IR.
 It became quicker and cheaper to transport people,
raw materials, and finished product.
 Canals and Rail transport were the primary means of
transportation.

25. 2. Transportation
 Canals were first used in ancient Egypt and China.
But demand for coal and iron grew during the IR, huge
canal system were dug in Europe and America.
One of the first canals dug in the US was the Erie
Canal.
 This canal opened in 1825.

26. 3. Textile
 The textile industry is industry most often associated
with the IR.
 Before the IR Spinning Yarn and Weaving cloth by
hands was the only process for making clothes.
 This was usually done only

27. 3. Textile
 Invention of textile machinery replaced the human
labor that was needed to make cloth.
 These invention included the
Flying shuttle
Spinning jenny
Power loom
Cotton gin
Sewing machine.

28. 3. Textile
Flying shuttle

29. 3. Textile
Spinning jenny

30. 3. Textile
Power loom

31. 3. Textile
Cotton gin

32. 3. Textile
Sewing machine

33. 4. Agriculture
 Agriculture became an important source of raw
materials for the textile industry as well food provider
for the increasing population of the workers.
 During IR, many agriculture implements were
invented .
 In 1701, Jethro Tull invented the seed drill.
 It allowed farmers to sow seeds better and more easily.

34. 4. Agriculture
Jethro Tull Seeds Drill

35. 4. Agriculture
In 1785, Robert Ransome invented the self-sharpening
plow.

36. 4. Agriculture
 In 1837, John Deere invented the steel plow in the US.

37. 5. Factories Mass production
Before IR, goods were produced in people’s home or in
small workshop.
Factories made possible to manufactured goods
quicker and cheaper than ever before.

38. 6. Power source
Water was an important source for early industry and
many machines are powered by Waterwheels.
Steam power was developed and steam engines were
used to pump water out of mine shafts and to power
new systems.
In addition, engines and furnaces were also fueled by
coal.
By the 1800’s coal was transported to factories by ship
or train.

39. 7. Labor Unions
Factory jobs are not easy job.
In the 1840’s trade unions began organizing in Britain
to help improve working conditions in factories and to
increase pay.

40. 7. Labor Unions
The idea of the trade unions was give workers more
power as a group instead of as individuals.
Some of the trade unions efforts were successful and
new laws were passed in Great Britain to protect
workers.

41. 7. Labor Unions
Importance British labor Laws included:
1. The Factory Act of 1833: This law limited children
under 13 years old to an 8 hour work day, 6 days a
week.
2. The Mines Act of 1842: This law prohibited women
and children less than 10 years of age from working
in mines.
3. The Ten-Hour Law of 1847: This law reduced
working hours to 10 hours per day.

43. 1. Growth of city
1. People moved from rural areas to urban areas to
work in factories.

44. 2. Labor Force
 Factories provided many jobs for people.
 The nature of work changed and resulted what was
called division of labor.
 A division of labor was an idea of dividing a process
into individual tasks and having one worker perform
one task instead of doing the entire job.

46. 1. The Flying shuttle (1733)
 Invented by the Englishman John Kay.

47. 2. The Spinning Jenny (1764)
 Invented by the James Hargreaves.

48. 3. Spinning Water Frame (1769)
 This invention designed by the English inventor
Richard Arkwright.

49. 4. Spinning Mule (1779)
 Invented by Samuel Crompton of England.

50. 5. Power loom (1785)
 Invented by English Inventor Edmund Cartwright
(used waterpower for weaving)

51. 6. Cotton Gin (1793)
 Invented by American, Eli Whitney ( Removed seeds
from cotton.