The document summarizes the history and development of tablet manufacturing technology from the 19th century to modern times. It describes key innovations like the rotary tablet press in 1874 and new coating methods in the late 19th century. It also provides definitions and explanations of important compression and compaction concepts. Finally, it discusses the components and functioning of both single punch and rotary tablet presses.

3. 1843 a patent was granted
to Thomas Brockedon
(Englishman) for
manufacturing pills and
lozenges
1874 both rotary and
eccentric presses
1885 glyceryl trinitrate

4. Compressed Tablets (CT)
Sugar-coated Tablets (SCT)
Film-coated Tablets (FCT)
Enteric-coated Tablets (ECT)
• Layered tablets
• Press coated tablets
Multi compressed Tablets (MCT)

5. Controlled-release Tablets (CRT)
Tablets for Solutions
Effervescent tablets
Buccal and Sublingual Tablets

6. Basic definitions:
Compression:
the reduction in the bulk volume of a
material as a result of the removal of the
gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure.
Consolidation:
Involves an increase in the mechanical
strength of a material resulting from

7. Compaction:
The compression and consolidation of a 2
phase (solid + gas) system due to an
applied force.

8. a. Particle
rearrangement/interparticles
lippage
b. Deformation of particulates
c. Bonding/Cold welding
d. Deformation of the solid
body

9. 1. occurs at low pressures
2. reduction in the relative volume of
powder bed
3. small particles flow into voids
between larger particles leading to a
closer packing arrangement
As pressure increases, relative particle
movement becomes impossible,

11. When the surfaces of two
particles approach each
other closely enough (e.g. at
a separation of less than
50nm), their free surface
energies result in a strong
attractive force , a process
known as cold welding or

12. A.Solid Bridges:
form directly across
particles in the absence of any
binding elements or additives
B. Intermolecular/Electrostatic
Forces:
forces projecting beyond the
particle surface as small
discrete fields with very short
range order

13. As pressure increases, the
bonded solid is consolidated
toward a limiting density by
plastic and/or elastic
deformation.
If on removal of the load, the
deformation is to a large extent
spontaneously reversible i.e., if

14.  Some deformation processes (plastic
deformation) are time-dependent and
occur at various rates during the
compaction sequence, so that the tablet
mass is never in a state of stress/strain
equilibrium during the actual tabletting
event.
 This means that the rate at which load
is applied and removed may be a critical
factor in materials for which dependence
on time is significant.

15.  The compact is ejected,
allowing radial and axial
recovery.
 Elastic character tends to
revert the compact to its original
shape.

18. At least some moisture is
present in all tablet formulas
 Concentration well below 1%
level can effect the behavior
of these feed materials and
finished product.
 Moisture as little as 0.002%
can affect the proportion of

19. At 0.55% moisture, the behavior is
actually the reverse of that for the
totally dry material.

20.  Filling
 Compression
 Ejection

21. Hopper- for holding and feeding
granulation to be compressed.
Dies- that define the size and
shape of the tablet.
Punches- for compressing the
granulation within the dies.
Cam tracks- for guiding the
movement of the punches.

22. Head: the largest diameter
of a common punch which
contacts the machines cams
and accepts the pressure
from the pressure rollers.
Head flat: the flat portion of
the head which makes
contact the pressure rollers
and determines the
maximum dwell time for
compression.
Neck: located below the
head and provides clearance
as the punch cycles through
the machine cams.

23. Punch type B TYPE BB TYPE D TYPE
PUNCH BARREL
DIAMETER
0.750 in. (19mm) 0.750 in. (19mm) 1 in. (25.4mm)
DIES DIAMETER 1.1875 in.
(30.16mm)
0.945 in.
(24mm)
1.500 in.
(38.10mm)
PUNCH LENGTH Lower punch is 3
9/16 in. long than
BB
5.25 in. 5.25 in.

24. Die: A component used
in conjunction with the
upper and lower
punches.
It accepts the product for
compaction and is
responsible for the
tablets’s perimeter size
and configuration.
Die height: The entire
height of a die.
Die bore: the cavity of
the die that accepts the
Die groove: the radial
groove around the die
outer diameter which
accepts die lock to secure
the die in position in the
die table.
Die chamber: the angled

25.  Round shape punches and die

26.  Oval shape punches and die

27.  Capsule shape punch and die

28.  Geometric shaped punch and die

29.  Core rod tooling

30.  Irregular punch and die

31.  Multiple tip punches

33.  The upper punch rise
to allow the hopper
shoe to move over
the die.
 The lower punch
drops and the
granules feed into
the die.
 The upper punch
drops, thus
compressing the
granules into the
tablet.

34. Upper and
Lower Collar
Collar locker
Single Punch Machine
(Tablets)

35.  The upper punch rises upword and the
lower punch rise upto the surface of the
die to eject the tablet.
 The lower punch drops and the cycle is
restarted.

38. The head of the
tablet machine that
holds the upper
punches, dies and
lower punches in
place rotates.
As the head
rotates, the
punches are guided
up and down by
fixed cam tracks,
which control the
sequence of filling,

39. The portion holding the dies is called
the die table.
The pull down cam (C) guides the
lower punches to the bottom,
allowing the dies to overfill
The punches then pass over a weight-
control cam (E), which reduces the fill
in the dies to the desired amount.
A swipe off blade (D) at the end of
the feed frame removes the excess
granulation and directs it around the

40. The upper punches enter a fixed
distance into the dies, while the
lower punches are raised to squeeze
and compact the granulation within
the dies.
After the moment of compression,
the upper punches are withdrawn as
they follow the upper punch raising
cam (H).
The lower punches ride up the cam
(I) which brings the tablets flush with

43. In 1997, Ima introduced a line of
unique tablet presses called Ima
comprima.
Unlike traditional presses Ima
comprima feeds the granules through
the die table taking advantage of
the centrifugal force created by the
rotating turret for a rapid and
uniform die fill.
The Ima comprima ejects the

44. In 2005 Fette GmbH Germany
introduced new tablet press and
tooling technology.
Fette developed die segments. It
provides an advantage over
traditional dies by combining the
tablet press turret die table and
dies into 3 or 5 integral segments.
Die segments are much easier
and quicker to install.

45. 1.Remington- the science and
practice of pharmacy, 21st edition,
volume I Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins.
2.The theory and practice of
industrial pharmacy by Leon
Lachman and Herbert A.
Lieberman, 2009 edition, CBS
Publishers.

46. THANK
YOU