The document discusses various aspects of skin structure and common skin conditions. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their functions. It also discusses several common skin problems like dry skin, acne, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles and body odor. For each condition, it explains the causes and risk factors and provides tips for prevention and treatment.

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2. Introduction
 Structure of skin
 Dry skin
 Acne
 Pigmentation
 Prickly heat
 Wrinkles
 Body odor
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3. Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the total adult
body weight. It performs many vital functions, including protection against
external physical, chemical, as well as prevention of excess water loss from the
body and a role in thermoregulation.
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5. Epidermis :
 Outer layer that is s barrier to infection “superficial”
 Made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
 Avascular.
Dermis:
 Middle layer that contains nerves,
 Hair roots
 Sweat and oil glands and blood vessels.
Hypodermis:
 Fat, blood vessels and connective tissue that help to
maintain body temperature.
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6. Epidermis divided in to different regions or strata:
 Stratum basale ( germinitivum)
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum
 Stratum corneum
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7. Dermis lies between the epidermis and subcutaneous
layer and contains many type of sensory receptor for
touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature etc.
The type of cells located in the dermis are:
 Fibroblasts,
 Mast cells
 Histocytes.
 Hair follicles, nerves ,
 lymphatic vessels and
 sweat glands
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8. Deep to skin and also known as subcutaneous tissue.
Consist of loose connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers.
Main type of cells in hypodermis are :
 Fibroblast
 Adipose tissue
 Macrophages
Functions as:
 Energy source
 Insulation
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9. Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. which refers to
roughened, flaky, or scaly skin that is less flexible than normal and dry to feel. The
dry skin is the common problem in all age groups, but more in elderly individuals.
The water content of the stratum corneum play important role for maintaining the
normal appearance and texture of skin.
 It usually feels “tight”
 Uncomfortable after washing .
 Chapping and cracking are signs of dehydrated skin.
 It looks dull, mainly on the cheeks and around the eyes.
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10.  Poor diet, nutritional deficiencies, and especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the
vitamin B can also contribute to dry skin.
 Dry skin is not a sign of skin diseases, but is simply caused by harsh soaps, itchy
clothing, exposure to sun, cold environment, chemicals and long hot showers.
 The oil glands do not produce enough lubrication to the skin which lead to dry skin.
 Medications you take and even medical conditions such as diabetes,
hypothyroidism, malnutrition can also cause severe dry skin. 10

11.  Skip long hot shower. Hot water strips oils from the skin faster than warm
water.
 Use a gentle cleanser or shower gel with moisturizer.
 Go for soap free or mild soap cleansers instead of harsh cleanser.
 Moisturize while skin is moist moisturizer increases the water content of the
outer layers of skin and gives it a soft look.
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12.  Fatty fish like trout contain high of omega-3 fatty acid which help to retain moisture
and strengthen your skin.
 vitamin E is one of the most important anti-oxidant for skin.
 Water rich low sugar fruits are great way to hydrate and protect skin from dryness.
 Eat plenty of water every day to keep your skin hydrated.
 Green tea loaded with skin nourishing antioxidants, it has anti- inflammatory
properties that heal damaged skin.
Eat items such as
 vegetables
 Eggs, fishes
 Nuts like almonds,
 Asparagus that are high in sulfur, which help keep your skin soft and shiny.
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13. DEFINITION OF ACNE ACNE
It is an inflammatory skin condition that occurs when oil and dead skin cells blocks
the pore opening causing sebum to build up in side the pores.
 Acne is affected by two major factors:
1. Heredity
2. Hormones
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14. Clogged pores: Cells lining pores shed and mix with excess sebum production by
sebaceous glands forming a plug which leads to clogged pores.
Bacteria : Accumulation sebum and dead cells attach with bacteria naturally found in
skin, which feeds on oil and multiplication occur inside pore.
Inflammation : This bacterial overgrowth triggers the natural inflammatory response
which leads to redness and swelling.
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16.  Use cleansers for oily skin ,toners also help to remove excess sebum.
 Avoid using fatty skin care and cosmetic products; use non comedogenic
products(designed and proven not to clog the follicles).
Do not use harsh products or over clean acne-prone skin as this can lead to
inflammation.
 Mild and moderate cases of acne can be treated by trained salon and spa etc.
 Use anti-androgen, anti-biotic like tetracycline, co- trimoxazole to stop growth of
bacteria and reduce inflammation.
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17. Pigmentation: Pigmentation means colouring.
Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of skin. Skin gets its colour from
pigment called melanin. It occur due to the deposition of the melanin, which is
produce by specialized cells called melanocytes with in melanosomes and
transferred to keratinocytes
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19.  Topical prescription medication such as 4% hydroquinone are often use to treat
hyperpigmentation.
 Aloe Vera contain aloin, a natural depigmenting compound.
 Gentle cryotherapy use to treat variety of lesions.(in very low temp.)
 Over the counter brightening product that contain licorice root, pine tree, vitamin E,
vitamin C.
 Drugs used to treat pigmentation.
corticosteroids, azelaic acid
Trichloro acetic acid, Retinoic acid
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20.  Heat rash is the generic group name for a number of skin problems that arise or
worsen because of heat exposure. Common names for heat rash include prickly heat,
sweat retention syndrome, and "sun” allergy.
 This disorder occurs all year round in the tropics, and elsewhere in the summer
months when the weather is hot and humid.
 In the tropics it is most commonly seen from March to September especially in
visitors from cooler climates.
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22.  Remain in a cool environment e.g. air
conditioning, or close to a fan, and allow
for adequate ventilation of the skin.
 Take cool showers or baths, several
times a day, and always after exercise or
heat exposure. Always pat dry the skin
with a towel, do not rub vigorously.
 Use cool packs on affected areas (but
not for longer than 20 minutes per
hour).
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23. Wrinkles are lines and furrow that form in your skin. These are
especially noticeable around your mouth, neck, hands, and eyes.
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24.  Smoking: Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process of your skin, contributing
to wrinkles. This may be due to changes in the blood supply to your skin.
 Repeated facial expressions: Facial movements and expressions, such as squinting or
smiling, lead to fine lines and wrinkles. Each time you use a facial muscle, a groove
forms beneath the surface of the skin. And as skin ages, it loses its flexibility and is no
longer able to spring back in place. These grooves then become permanent features
on your face.
 Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light: Ultraviolet radiation, which speeds the natural
aging process, is the primary cause of early wrinkling. Exposure to UV light breaks
down your skin's connective tissue — collagen and elastin fibers, which lie in the
deeper layer of skin (dermis).
 Age. As you get older, your skin naturally becomes less elastic and more fragile.
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25. Topical retinoids:
 Derived from vitamin A, retinoids — such as tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A) and
tazarotene (Avage, Tazorac) — that you apply to your skin may reduce fine wrinkles,
splotches and skin roughness.
 Because retinoids can make your skin burn more easily, you'll need to use a broad-
spectrum sunscreen and wear protective clothing daily. Retinoids may cause redness,
dryness, itching, and a burning sensation.
Nonprescription wrinkle creams:
 The effectiveness of anti- wrinkle creams depends in part on the active ingredients.
Retinol, antioxidants and some peptides may result in slight to modest improvements
in wrinkles.
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26. Rhytidectomy:
It is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more
youthful facial appearance.
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27. Body odor is the perceived unpleasant smell our bodies can give off when bacteria that live
on the skin break down sweat in to acid. Body odor caused by the combination of sweat
and bacteria normally found in skin.
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29. A large concentration of apocrine glands is present in the armpits, making that
area susceptible to the rapid development of body odor
The following steps may help control armpit odor:
Keep the armpits clean:
 Wash them regularly using anti- bacterial soap, and the number of bacteria
will be kept low, resulting in less body odor.
Hair:
When armpits have hair, it slows down the evaporation of sweat, giving the
bacteria more time to break it down into smelly substances. Shaving the
armpits regularly has been found to help body odor control in that area.
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30. Deodorant or antiperspirant:
Deodorants make the skin more acidic, making it more difficult for
bacteria to thrive. An antiperspirant blocks the sweating action of the
glands, resulting in less sweating.
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31.  Wash daily with warm water:
Have a shower or bath at least once a day. Remember that warm water helps
kill off bacteria that are present on your skin. If the weather is exceptionally hot,
consider bathing more often than once a day.
 Clothing:
Natural fibers allow your skin to breathe, resulting in better evaporation of
sweat. Natural-made fibers include wool, silk or cotton.
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32. Aluminum chloride:
This substance is usually the main active ingredient in antiperspirants. If your body
does not respond to the home remedies mentioned above, talk to a pharmacist or
your doctor about a suitable product containing aluminum chloride. Follow the
instructions.
Avoid spicy foods:
Curry, garlic, and other spicy foods have the potential to make some people's sweat
more pungent. Some experts believe a diet high in red meat may also raise the risk of
developing more rapid body odor.
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33. 1.Beauregard S, Gilchrest BA. A survey of skin problems and skin care regimens in the
elderly. Archives of dermatology. 1987 Dec 1;123(12):1638-43.
2.Thappa DM. Common skin problems. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2002
Aug;69(8):701-6.
2.Robert Baran, Howard I. Maibach Textbook of Cosmetic Dermatology. , CRC Press; 2010
Oct 15.
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