Synthesis of thienyl appended porphyrins for cancer treatment by edith amuhaya
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This document discusses the synthesis of thienyl-appended porphyrins for cancer treatment. It provides background information on cancer statistics globally and in Kenya. It then discusses current cancer treatment methods like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It introduces photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively new treatment that uses light, oxygen, and a photosensitizing drug. The document outlines the synthesis process for thienyl-appended porphyrins and future plans to conduct photophysical and biological studies to evaluate their potential for PDT-based cancer treatment.
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Photochemistry
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Photochemistry
1. Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions caused by the absorption of light. It involves photochemical reactions, which require light for initiation, as well as photophysical processes during the de-excitation of excited molecules.
2. Key concepts in photochemistry include Grotthuss-Draper law, Lambert's law, Beer's law, and Stark-Einstein law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield determines the efficiency of photochemical reactions.
3. Photochemistry examines differences between photochemical and thermal reactions. It also explores photochemical processes like fluorescence, phosphorescence, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing depicted in Jablonski diagrams.
Photochemistry
The document provides an introduction to organic photochemistry, including classifications of photochemical reactions and their application in organic synthesis. It discusses key concepts like Jablonski diagrams, excited state processes like fluorescence, phosphorescence, and intersystem crossing. Photochemistry is described as overcoming kinetic barriers quickly to form complex products and access reactivity not possible by other methods, though it can have low selectivity and conversion in some cases. Common photochemical reactions mentioned are α-cleavage and hydrogen abstraction.
Photochemistry
This document provides an overview of the topic of photochemistry. It discusses key concepts like quantum yield, which is a measure of reaction efficiency, and how it is experimentally determined. Diagrams like the Jablonski diagram are also mentioned. Specific photochemical processes covered include fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and bioluminescence. Finally, some applications of photochemistry are listed, along with a bibliography for further reading.
Fluorimetry
The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
Fluorescence Microscopy
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Fluorescence spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves three main processes: excitation, where a molecule absorbs a photon and reaches an excited state; internal conversion and vibrational relaxation in the excited state; and fluorescence emission, where the molecule returns to the ground state and emits a photon. It has many applications including structural elucidation of molecules, monitoring molecular interactions and conformational changes, and tracking ions and biomolecules in cells. Specifically, intrinsic protein fluorescence relies on tryptophan residues, while extrinsic labels are often used for non-fluorescent compounds. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) also allows measuring distances between fluorophores to study biomolecular interactions and conformational dynamics.
Fluorescence spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of fluorescence spectroscopy. It describes how luminescence occurs when a system absorbs external energy like light and emits photons. Specifically, fluorescence involves absorbing ultraviolet or visible light which causes molecule excitation, then reemission of light. The document outlines fluorescence instrumentation components like light sources, wavelength selection using filters or monochromators, detectors, and sample holders. It also discusses related topics such as phosphorescence, absorption spectra, and the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Radiotherapy plays an important role in cancer treatment, with over 50% of cancer patients requiring radiation therapy. However, there is significant inequality in access to radiotherapy services globally, especially in low and middle-income countries. Investment in radiotherapy is essential and necessary, as it not only saves lives but also provides significant economic benefits. Developing national cancer control programs that address access to radiotherapy is important, but political will and commitment from governments is key to implementing such programs and reducing the inequality gap.
caepidem-171008202014.pptx
Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with approximately 1 million new cases and 700,000 deaths annually. The cancer burden is projected to nearly double by 2035. Four cancers - oral, cervical, breast and lung - account for over 50% of cancer deaths. Risk factors include tobacco use and poor access to screening and early detection. Government initiatives to address cancer include the National Cancer Registry Program, National Cancer Control Program and National Program for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. However, challenges remain in expanding access to affordable cancer care across India given its large population and socioeconomic inequalities.
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Θεσμικός Χαιρετισμός: Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης, Πρόεδρος, PhRMA Innovation Forum, Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος, Janssen Ελλάδος, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Πρόεδρος, AMCHAM Pharma Committee
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Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) accounts for 2.4% of all cancers diagnosed and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death, with almost equal rates of incidence and mortality [1]. By 2030, pancreatic cancer is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death [2], surpassing breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. The overall survival at 5 years of around 7.2% as the majority of patients present with advanced disease at diagnosis. Patients with localized disease are treated with surgery, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy/ radiotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The majority (around 80%) of patients are treated only with chemotherapy as they have an advanced disease. Patients are treated in the first line with gemcitabine-abraxane or Folfirinox and with Naliri plus 5FU in the second line. There have been few clinical advances in PDAC treatment over the last 20 years and chemotherapy is the only treatment option available for the majority of patients. These tumours are also resistant to many targeted therapies such as anti-EGFR therapy like cetuximab [3] due to the presence of a KRAS mutation in the majority of primary tumors. Personalized medicine strategies have not yet been established in pancreatic cancer as in other more common tumour types. Thus, novel anti-tumour strategies are an important clinical need in order to improve survival rates.Cancer 2014: Why do we need a focus on value?
This document provides information about Dr. Paul Cornes and his work in oncology. It discloses that Dr. Cornes receives a salary from the UK National Health Service and has received honoraria from several pharmaceutical companies. The bulk of the document discusses the costs of cancer to individuals and societies and highlights both challenges and areas of progress in cancer treatment, including improved survival rates due to innovations in targeted therapies and monoclonal antibodies.
Cancer and antineoplastic agents gbk
Cancer and antineoplastic agents gbkVivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.
This document discusses cancer and antineoplastic agents. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth and antineoplastic agents as substances that prevent, inhibit, or stop cancer development. The document notes that cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and discusses common cancer types, causes, symptoms, stages, diagnostic tests, treatments including chemotherapy and surgery, and various antineoplastic agents including platinum-based drugs and rhenium complexes currently in clinical trials.SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CANCER ON 2020- REVIEW Tamizhazhagan, Pugazh...
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CANCER ON 2020- REVIEW
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IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):24-30.
Epidemiology of Cancer
The presentation begins with a brief history of how cancer epidemiology evolved, and what is the status at present. After describing the burden of the disease of cancer globally and in India, the presentation includes a brief description of Cancer causes and prevention including screening activities. It also talks about the national Cancer Registry Program, NPCDCS and NCCP.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 66515 2013Molecular Imaging .docx
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
665
15 2013
Molecular Imaging in the Framework of Personalized
Cancer Medicine
Dževad Belkić PhD1 and Karen Belkić MD PhD1,2,3
1Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
2Claremont Graduate University, School of Community and Global Health, and 3Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
M olecular imaging is an emerging medical discipline that integrates cellular and molecular biology with diagnos-
tic imaging. It encompasses several imaging modalities that
provide critical information for early detection and progres-
sion of disease, for predicting response to therapy and for
evaluating treatment efficacy through its cellular and molecu-
lar pathways. Given the rapidly growing sophistication in
our understanding of the cell biology of cancer, molecular
imaging offers a strategic bridge to clinical oncology. It is of
critical importance to non-invasively assess the behavior of
tumors, for which in vivo molecular imaging is a key meth-
odology. Molecular imaging detects not only the presence
of the disease process, but can potentially also quantify its
extent and severity, as well as follow the course of disease over
time. Besides its diagnostic possibilities, molecular imaging
is vital for target definition within dose-planning systems
for radiotherapy. Molecular imaging is also an invaluable
tool during and after therapy for assessing dose delivery
and the overall success of treatment, as well as for deciding
post-radiotherapy whether the patient needs further treat-
ment and, if so, with which modalities. Recently, molecular
imaging has proven to be pivotal, as well, for image-guided
biopsy and surgery. This is particularly crucial since there
may be multiple sites of cancer and image guiding can help
detect them. Imaging is likely to become an important tool
for cancer staging. Molecular targeting can be especially help-
ful in visualizing the extent of certain malignancies such as
androgen-sensitive prostate cancers, neuroendocrine tumors,
among others.
The strategic importance of molecular imaging in provid-
ing the best possible care for patients with or at risk for cancer
has been emphasized [1-3]. As recently stated: “Molecular
imaging is rapidly gaining recognition as a tool that has the
capacity to improve every facet of cancer care. The growing
demands among physicians, patients and society for per-
sonalized care are increasing the importance of molecular
imaging and shaping the development of biomedical imaging
as a whole.” [3] (p. 182)
LIMITATIONS OF PURELY ANATOMIC IMAGING
Anatomic imaging is vital for cancer detection, as well as for
staging and evaluation of response to therapy. Magnetic reso-
nance imaging, ultrasound and computerized tomography
are anatomic imaging modalities used routinely in clinical
With our increased understanding of cancer cell biology, .
14 technologies that will shape the future of cancer care
The document discusses 14 technologies that will shape the future of cancer care, including fluid biopsy, which extracts cancer cells from blood samples; real-time cancer diagnostics using devices like the "iKnife" surgical tool; and artificial intelligence to design personalized therapy based on a patient's genetic profile and other factors. It also covers precision surgery using robotic tools, embedded sensors to remotely monitor patients, and social networks to help patients cope with treatment side effects. These technologies aim to revolutionize cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term patient care and support.
Nanomedicina6
The European Science Foundation called for greater collaboration on medical imaging research across Europe. Medical imaging is a fast growing field but research is currently fragmented in Europe. Increased cooperation between universities, hospitals, imaging specialists, clinicians, and industry is needed. This would help realize the full potential of new technologies and improve patient care while keeping Europe competitive globally in medical imaging.
R0907 pa dosect_pr
The document discusses the increasing use of computed tomography (CT) scans and the resulting rise in medical radiation exposure. While CT scans provide important medical benefits, there is growing concern about the potential long-term health risks of radiation exposure, especially for pediatric patients. The literature review found that average radiation doses have doubled in some cases over the past decade and CT scans are now responsible for a significant portion of population radiation exposure from medical imaging. However, there is no system currently in place to track patients' cumulative lifetime radiation exposure from medical sources. The document examines various proposals to help minimize radiation doses from CT scans and optimize protocols while also exploring the feasibility of developing a standardized method for tracking and recording lifetime medical radiation exposure information.
7IJMPD-28-Cancer.pdf-Cancer: A review IJMPD
Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, posing significant health burdens globally. In recent years, extensive research efforts have aimed at understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cancer research across various domains. The elucidation of genetic and molecular alterations driving oncogenesis has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Key discoveries in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have unveiled the heterogeneous nature of tumors, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel cancer biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer progression and therapy response. Research focusing on the dynamic interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal components within the TME has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various cancer types. In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the advent of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment paradigms. Molecular profiling of tumors enables clinicians to match patients with specific targeted therapies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in cancer research has facilitated the prediction of treatment responses and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Accidents of Radaition Therapy
This document summarizes two cases of radiation therapy accidents and their consequences. Case 1 involved a miscalculation of treatment time in Costa Rica in 1996 that led to an overexposure and the deaths of 17 patients. Case 2 occurred in Panama in 2000 when a treatment planning system incorrectly calculated treatment times after a change in data entry, overexposing 28 patients and killing 5. Accidental underexposure can lead to tumor mismanagement while overexposure causes early complications like necrosis and late complications in slowly-dividing tissues. Establishing quality assurance programs, training, and safety protocols can help prevent such accidents.
Clinical use of the sono photo-dynamic therapy
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), a procedure related with photodynamic therapy, is a promising new modality for treating deep-seated cancer.
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TÀI LIỆU HỘI NGHỊ KỸ THUẬT ĐIỆN QUANG VÀ Y HỌC HẠT NHÂN VIỆT NAM LẦN 7 (2019)
Nguồn: https://hinhanhykhoa.com/
5-10 (1)
The document discusses proton therapy for treating oesophageal cancer and its potential benefits over other radiotherapy techniques. It summarizes that proton therapy may significantly reduce side effects from treatment and increase progression-free survival rates compared to IMRT. However, more research is still needed to address issues with dose distribution and motion management. It also stresses the importance of a patient-centered care approach to support patients physically and emotionally throughout treatment to improve quality of life given the poor survival rates for oesophageal cancer.
ESMO-2022-Reck-Presentation_0.pptx
The document summarizes the potential of T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCEs) for the treatment of solid tumors. It discusses how TCEs directly link T-cells to tumor cells expressing a target antigen like DLL3, which is expressed in over 80% of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors. The document outlines ongoing clinical trials of TCEs targeting DLL3 for the treatment of SCLC and neuroendocrine tumors.
Paediatric Radiation Oncology: Closing the Gap
Presentation at PORTAGE (Paediatric Oncology Roundtable to Transform Access to Global Essentials) Inaugeral Meeting, hosted by Friends of Cancer Patients, Childhood Cancer International and International Society of Paediatric Oncology, 16-18 January 2018, Sharjah, UAE
1 s2.0-s0140673619332222-main
This three-arm, open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial compared three chemotherapy regimens with antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treating advanced AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma in resource-limited settings. 334 participants with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma were randomized to receive intravenous paclitaxel plus ART (control), intravenous bleomycin and vincristine plus ART, or oral etoposide plus ART. The primary outcome was progression-free survival at week 48. Both investigational arms closed early due to inferiority compared to the paclitaxel arm. Progression-free survival rates were higher in the paclitaxel arm than both investigational
Similar to Synthesis of thienyl appended porphyrins for cancer treatment by edith amuhaya (20)
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Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης, 2nd Health Innovation Conference
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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