Cancer and antineoplastic agents gbk
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This document discusses cancer and antineoplastic agents. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth and antineoplastic agents as substances that prevent, inhibit, or stop cancer development. The document notes that cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and discusses common cancer types, causes, symptoms, stages, diagnostic tests, treatments including chemotherapy and surgery, and various antineoplastic agents including platinum-based drugs and rhenium complexes currently in clinical trials.
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1. Cancers are abnormal cell growth that can invade other parts of the body and form tumors. All tumor cells show six hallmarks of cancer like uncontrolled growth.
2. Signs and symptoms include local effects from tumors like coughing up blood, and systemic effects like weight loss and fever. Cancer can metastasize or spread to distant sites.
3. Causes of cancer include chemicals, diet/obesity, infections, radiation, heredity, physical agents, hormones, and autoimmune diseases. A list of anti-cancer drugs and their uses and side effects is also provided.
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Date
Cancer
Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, accounting for 9.5 million deaths as of 2018. Thyroid Cancer is one of the most frequent endocrine malignancies, contributing to 3.4 percent of all cancers in the United States each year Indini et al.(2022). While there has been significant progress in the development of new cancer treatments and the increase in the use of anticancer drugs over the past few years, the side effects of these drugs can be severe and sometimes life-threatening. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding their efficacy and safety. As a result, it is critical to assess the benefits and risks of these medications before hospitals use them to treat cancer patients. This literature review aims to assess the benefits and risks of anticancer medicines in patients with advanced cancer. This literature study will aid in a deeper understanding of these medications and their prospective usage in cancer care.
Similarities
Methodology
Silaghi et al. (2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021) conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the risks and advantages of anticancer medications in patients with advanced cancer, as well as potential causes of resistance to such treatments. Both investigations looked for clinical trials in English written between the years 2000 through 2021 and followed the PRISMA criteria. Indini et al. (2022) employed a different technique conducting a systematic review of the function of the mTOR and NAD pathways in malignancy treatment, progression, and resistance. This study searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase for English language papers published between 2000 through 2021.
Findings
Anticancer medication usage was related to a considerable risk of death in advanced cancer patients, according to Silaghi et al. (2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021). However, the authors discovered that these medications were linked to a considerable increase in the likelihood of surviving for at least a year. Furthermore, the researchers discovered that using these medications was related to a considerable increase in the likelihood of living for more than five years. Their findings differed significantly from those of Indini et al. (2022), who discovered that the mTOR and NAD paths are responsible for drug resistance in malignant cells. Furthermore, the authors discovered that these pathways might be possible targets for future treatment methods.
Recommendations
Targeted therapy is recommended by Bachelard et al. (2021), Indini et al. (2022), and Silaghi et al. (2022) as potential therapeutic choices for individuals with advanced cancer who have completed standard-of-care treatment. They also emphasize the necessity of knowing medication resistance mechanisms to design more effective targeted therapeutics. Furthermore, they underline the need for trustworthy biomarkers in guiding treatment deci.
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- 1. Cancer & Antineoplastic agents By Dr. G. Balakrishnan Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry Vivekananda College Madurai, Tamil Nadu1/28/2020 1
- 2. 1/28/2020 2
- 3. Cancer: is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. Antineoplastic: acting to prevent, inhibit or stop the development of a cancer. Mitosis under a fluorescence microscope https://gfycat.com/ko/gifs/detail/accuratewholekinglet https://gfycat.com/ko/gifs/detail/thunderousmixedacornwoodpecker Cancer: Unregulated Cell Division 1/28/2020 3
- 4. 1/28/2020 4
- 5. The close-up view of how cancer cells enter the bloodstream to spread the disease. (Cancer Res. 2014 (74) 4937-4945) http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/74/17/4937 1/28/2020 5
- 6. There are over 200 types of cancer. The problem Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. The most common causes of cancer death are cancers of: Lung (1.69 million deaths) Liver (788 000 deaths) Colorectal (774 000 deaths) Stomach (754 000 deaths) Breast (571 000 deaths) 1/28/2020 6
- 7. What causes cancer? • Physical carcinogens: ultraviolet and ionizing radiation… • Chemical carcinogens: asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant), and arsenic (a drinking water contaminant). • biological carcinogens: infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites. https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/health-conditions/cancer.html 1/28/2020 7
- 8. 1. Unexplained weight loss 2. Frequent fevers or infections 3. Weakness and fatigue 4. Wheezing or shortness of breath 5. Chronic cough and chest pain 6. Bloating 7. Chronic heartburn 8. Bowel problems 9. Difficulty swallowing 10.Jaundice 11.Lumps in the body 12.New or changing skin spots or moles 13.Changes in nails 14.Abdominal pain 15.Unexplained pain lasting more than four weeks 16.Abnormal bleeding http://drleonardcoldwell.com/potential-warning-signs-cancer-people-often-ignore/ Symptoms of cancer: 1/28/2020 8
- 9. Treatment Cancer treatment depends on the types, stage and location of tumor, but most patients undergo chemotherapy either as the main treatment or in combination with surgery and/or radiotherapy. Survival rate: Types Stage of tumor, Age, Sex, Socioeconomic situation of each patient. The following are some common diagnostic tests: 1. A review of health history 2. Physical examination 3. Laboratory tests (blood, urine, etc.) 4. Biopsy 5. Imaging tests (X-ray, PET/CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.) 6. Nuclear medicine scans (bone scans, etc.) 7. Endoscopy 8. Genetic tests Diagnosis 1/28/2020 9
- 10. Antineoplastic agent 50 % of tumors are treated with platinum-based drugs. Ref: Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2017(11) 599–616 Fig. Platinum(II) complexes approved worldwide for clinical use in cancer treatment. 1/28/2020 10
- 11. 11 currently in clinical trials Ref: Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 11, 3717−27 Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2004, 4, 1525−35 J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 15, 737−748. Ref: ACS Chem. Biol. 2014, 9, 2180-2193 Fig. Evolution of organometallic complexes in cancer therapy (Left) and potential anticancer activity of some Rhenium(I) complexes (Right) 1/28/2020 11
- 12. 1/28/2020 12
- 13. STAGES OF CANCER (colon) Stage 0: Very early cancer on the innermost layer of the intestine Stage I: Cancer is in the inner layers of the colon Stage II: Cancer has spread through the muscle wall of the colon Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes Stage IV: Cancer that has spread to other organs 1/28/2020 13
- 14. Chemotherapy is the use of any drug to treat any disease. But to most people, the word chemotherapy means drugs used for cancer treatment. It’s often shortened to “chemo.” Surgery and radiation therapy remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a certain area, but chemo can work throughout the whole body. This means chemo can kill cancer cells that have spread (metastasized) to parts of the body far away from the original (primary) tumor. 1/28/2020 14