This document provides information about various types of surveying equipment used to measure distance and angles. It discusses historic chains like the Gunter's chain that were 22 yards long [66 feet]. Modern chains come in 3 types - cut chain, add chain, and fully graduated chain. Electronic distance measuring instruments (EDM) use lasers and time measurement to calculate distance. Other tools discussed include levels, rods, transits, total stations, range finders and accessories like range poles and plumb bobs. Precise angle measurements require the use of vernier scales on instrument scales.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
5. AREAS AND VOLUMES (SUR) 3140601 GTUVATSAL PATEL
Introduction, computation of area, computation of area from field notes and plotted plans, boundary area, area of traverse, Use of Plannimeter, computations of volumes, Volume from cross sections, Trapezoidal and Prismoidal formulae, Prismoidal correction, Curvature correction, capacity of reservoir, volume from borrow pits.
Plane and Applied surveying 2
Trigonometric Levelling Practical Part.
Report number(3)
Report name :
Apparatus
Theodolite instruments 1 No.
Range poles 1 No.
Tripod 2 Nos.
Surveyors’ pins 4 Nos.
Hammer 1 No.
Tape 1 No.
Object: The object is to measure the height of an inaccessible and accessible building using theodolite and measuring angles for the following cases:
1. Base of object is accessible.
2. Base of object is not accessible and the three points are on same vertical plane.
3. Base of object is not accessible and the three points are not on same vertical
plane.
-Procedure.
-Procedure for case 2.
-Procedure for case 3.
-Field Note Table.
Calculation For Case 1
I- If base of the object is accessible:
Calculation For Case 2
Case 2. The three points (A, B, and O) are on the same vertical plane.
-Calculations For case 3.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
5. AREAS AND VOLUMES (SUR) 3140601 GTUVATSAL PATEL
Introduction, computation of area, computation of area from field notes and plotted plans, boundary area, area of traverse, Use of Plannimeter, computations of volumes, Volume from cross sections, Trapezoidal and Prismoidal formulae, Prismoidal correction, Curvature correction, capacity of reservoir, volume from borrow pits.
Plane and Applied surveying 2
Trigonometric Levelling Practical Part.
Report number(3)
Report name :
Apparatus
Theodolite instruments 1 No.
Range poles 1 No.
Tripod 2 Nos.
Surveyors’ pins 4 Nos.
Hammer 1 No.
Tape 1 No.
Object: The object is to measure the height of an inaccessible and accessible building using theodolite and measuring angles for the following cases:
1. Base of object is accessible.
2. Base of object is not accessible and the three points are on same vertical plane.
3. Base of object is not accessible and the three points are not on same vertical
plane.
-Procedure.
-Procedure for case 2.
-Procedure for case 3.
-Field Note Table.
Calculation For Case 1
I- If base of the object is accessible:
Calculation For Case 2
Case 2. The three points (A, B, and O) are on the same vertical plane.
-Calculations For case 3.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
Report Assignment 1 for Site Surveying module which requires us to do levelling measurement around the campus carpark, for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (BQS) Course Semester 2, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
We square measure a premiere company dealing in engineering machines. Our big selection of product includes Land surveyor’s instrumentality, Material Testing Instruments, cosmic background radiation Testing Machines, Concrete Testing Machines and lots of additional.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
Conventional and modern surveying instrumentssameedaslam
Instruments have a major importance in the field of survey. There are numerous instruments which are used in surveying.With the passage of time instruments have been modified and more accurate.
The science of today is the technology of tomorrow.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Measuring Distance
The historical method for measuring distance is
the surveying chain.
◦ One of the first chains used in the U.S. was the
Gunter’s chain.
◦ The Gunter’s chain was a series of links attached
to a handle which included an adjustment for
wear.
◦ The chain was 22 yards (66 ft) long.
3
• These chains were replaced by 100 foot steel
chains.
• In recent years surveyors have
switched to plastic coated steal
chains.
4. Modern Chains
Modern surveying chains are three standard types.
4
First foot (cut chain)
Extended foot (add chain)
Fully graduated
5. Reading Surveying
Steel Chain
The first step in reading a surveying chain is to determine the units that are
used.
5
• Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from 0
to 100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance.
• Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line
represents 1/10 or 0.10 of a foot.
• The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.
Note: this a fully graduated chain
6. Reading A Cut
Chain
The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the whole foot reading
at the head of the chain must be reduced “cut” by the partial foot.
In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin is on 0.4
feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.
6
7. Reading An Add
Chain
The extended foot (add) chain gets its name because an additional foot
is added to each end of the chain.
The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the chain.
In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at 0.7 feet.
The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.
7
8. 8
Steel chain on holder
1. Hold holder vertical in the left
hand.
2. Attach 100 foot end of the tape
with the numbers up.
3. Wind tape up rotating the handle
clockwise.
4. Remember to wipe tape with a dry
cloth as it is wound onto the
handle.
To rewind chain on holder:
9. 9
Odometer Wheel
Odometer wheels use
different units on the
odometers.
Insure you know the
measuring units before you
start to use the wheel.
10. 10
Range finder
Range finders are used to measure distance.
The primary type uses lasers.
Laser range finders
are called EDM’s.
11. 11
Range finder - EDM
EDM = Electronic distance measuring
Many different models.
Many different features.
Many different prices. (Precision)
12. 12
Multiple signals are used to
determine partial cycles.
Laser light and other signals travel
at the speed of light.
If you know speed and time, you
can calculate distance.
Velocity =
Distance
Time
Distance = Velocity x Time
Principles of EDM
13. 13
OPTICAL RANGE FINDEROptical range finders are also
available.
Optical range finders use lenses,
mirrors and principles of trig to
determine distance.
Range finder--Optical
14. This is the simplest type of hand
level.
It is useful for estimating slope &
elevation changes.
14
Hand level
This instrument is called the
Abney level.
It can be used to measure
slope, vertical angles and
stadia distances.
15. 15
Rod
The Philadelphia style rod is seven (7)
feet long and has a scale that measure
to 1/100 of a foot.
The 1/100ths are read by reading the
transitions between white and black.
Each whole foot is marked with a large
red number.
A small red foot number is located at
the 1/3 foot mark.
The black numbers between each red
foot mark are 1/10th
of a foot.
6.15
6.33
6.73
7.04
16. The use of a target improves the
accuracy of the readings and
increases the readable distance
between the rod and the
instrument.
16
Rod with Target
A rod with target can be used four ways.
1. Direct read
2. Indirect read
3. High rod
4. Extended rod
Using the Vernier scale on the
target, distances can be read to
1/1000 of a foot.
19. 19
Automatic Level
These levels are called automatic because the level will complete
the leveling process once it is close to level.
20. 20
Laser Level
Survey quality laser levels are designed with two features:
Visible or non-visible
Rotating or non-rotating
21. 21
Total Station
• A total station is an electronic transit
and an EDM combined into one
instrument.
• Add in a microprocessor, laser
plummet and other options and you
have the instrument of choice for
ground based surveying.
• Some may require a prism, but
others are reflectorless.
22. 22
Transit
Transits are the most
versatile mechanical
instrument.
They are also the most
complicated.
Most have been supplanted
by total stations.
23. 23
Angle scale with Vernier
Vernier scale
Main scale reading
What is the reading for this angle scale? 26.5o
Mechanical instruments use Vernier scales to improve the precision of
the instrument.
The Vernier scale divides the last unit on the main scale into another
set of fractional parts.
The main scale is read at the zero (0) on the Vernier scale.
The Vernier scale is read at the line of coincident.
Line of coincident
24. 24
Double Vernier Scale
The double Vernier is read using the same method.
One additional step when reading a double Vernier is deciding which
side of the Vernier should be read.
This is determined by the direction of rotation of the instrument.
[Note: the angle scale is stationary and the Vernier scale rotates]
Clockwise rotation (right turned) = Left side
Counter clockwise rotation (Left turned) = Right side
Rotation