In this class, we talk about a few famous cases of modern urban planning, including Haussmann's Paris and Robert Moses's New York. Seaside Florida, the Smart Code and the New Urbanism are also discussed.

1. Part II
• the origins of modern planning
• Frederick Law Olmsted in NY and Chicago
• Haussmann in Paris
• a case study of modern planning: NYC
• the New Urbanism
• "the smart code"
• Seaside, Florida

2. Urban planning An essentially modern
discipline.
Considering various
needs and activities
and organizing them
into thoughtful,
pleasing shape.
• services
• circulation
• structures
• open space
The application of design
principles to the city space.

3. The city—a complex, lively and changing space—laid out on a two-dimensional
sheet of paper.

4. Central Park, Frederick Law OLMSTED and Calvert VAUX, 1858, completed 1873

5. aerial photograph, Manhattan, NYC

7. Chicago Parks
The west park system of Chicago was established in 1869.
Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks and their connecting
boulevards were laid out by architect William LeBaron
Jenney in 1871.
At Garfield, originally known as Central Park, Jenney’s plan
was built-out slowly over the next three decades:
• east lagoon,
• suspension bridge
• small conservatory
• Victorian bandstand
• horse racing track

8. William LeBaron JENNEY, Garfield Park Suspension Bridge

9. William LeBaron JENNEY, Humboldt Park, 1870-1906

10. William LeBaron JENNEY, Humboldt Park, 1870-1906

11. Paris

12. Paris,
before
urban
planning
Charles MARVILLE,
Rue des Trois Canettes
1865-8

13. "medieval" Paris
streets are:
• narrow and winding
• doesn't permit traffic
• doesn't permit troop movement
• easily barricaded
• paved with cobblestones
• open sewer
• unsanitary
• unhealthy
• poor inhabitants not necessarily friendly to Napoleon III

14. from Le Vieux Paris by Louis Blanc in Paris-guide,
par les principaux écrivains et artistes de la France,
Librairie Internationale, 1867.
“The time has come to clean up the insalubrious streets
and create more wide-open spaces! The time has come to
let the sun stream into the shady districts, to give Paris the
lungs to breathe as it should; not for reasons of trend or
fashion, but for the sake of hygiene and progress! Yet
wherever the interests of public health, wherever the
inevitable growth of civilization do not require Parisian
dignitaries to display their relentless determination, mercy
for the old streets of Paris! Mercy for the visible vestiges of
the past that the present is so intent on destroying in every
way...! Mercy! If only for a few warts and stains beloved of
Montaigne!”

16. Under Napoleon III
• Haussmann undertook what many consider the first
modern urban works project, demolishing many existing
neighborhoods to make way for grand boulevards and
parks.
• He installed a sewer system.
• Gas lighting was placed in major public places.
• He hired photographers to document the medieval streets
he was plowing under.

17. Charles Marville
In 1862 Marville became the official photographer for the city
of Paris.
His job: to document the city, both the quarters marked for
destruction and the grand boulevards that replaced them.
Although his charge was to show that the existing urban
fabric was "not worth saving," many drew the opposite
conclusion from the archive he created.
The entire body of his work burned in the destruction of the
Hôtel de Ville during the Commune. Fortunately Marville had
carefully stored his negatives and was able to replace the
prints.

18. Charles Marville,
Rue Maître Albert,
Paris, 1852

19. Charles Marville,
Passage du Dragon,
Paris, 1858

21. Camille PISSARRO, Boulevard Montmartre, 1897, 29.1 × 36.5 in

22. Gustave CAILLEBOTTE, Traffic Island in the Boulevard Haussmann

24. Charles Garnier, Paris Opera, built from 1860 to 1875

25. Marville, L’Avenue de l’Opera

26. razing the Butte des Moulins during
construction of the Paris Opera house

27. Camille Pissarro, Avenue de L’Opera, 1898

28. grand cultural institutions,
then and now

29. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

30. Unidentified photographer
[Barricade on Rue de la Roquette, Paris]
18 March 1871, Cabinet card

31. Unidentified photographer
[Barricades during the Paris Commune]
1871 © Det Kongelige Bibliotek

34. Maximilien LUCE, A Street in Paris, May 1871, 1903-6, Musée d’Orsay
oil on canvas, w2250 x h1510 cm, © RMN (Musée d'Orsay) / Hervé Lewandowski

35. asphalt
most roads today are surfaced with asphalt (byproduct of
crude oil processing). leftovers are made into asphalt
cement for pavement.
1824 asphalt block first used on the Champs-Élysées in
Paris.
modern road asphalt used in Battery Park and on Fifth
Avenue in New York City in 1872 and on Pennsylvania
Avenue, Washington D.C., in 1877.

36. Vincent VAN GOGH, Outskirts of Paris near Montmartre, 1886

37. Urban planning, NY style
“I’d like to see the planner who can remove
a ghetto without displacing some people,
just like I’d like to see the chef who can
make an omelette without breaking some
eggs.”
—Robert Moses, New York City planner
and nemesis of Jane Jacobs

38. “creative destruction”
Joseph Schumpeter
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942)

39. Robert
Moses,
with the
map of
the Five
Boroughs
of New
York City
behind him

40. Robert Moses (1888-1981)
• a variety of unelected roles in New York State and
New York City
• built parkways, beaches and bridges in and around
New York in the 1930s, using New Deal funds
• postwar period, attention turned to expressways; he
built a number of them but failed to build the Lower
Manhattan Expressway

41. Moses projects
• parkways: Northern State, Southern State, Wantaugh
Parkway, Meadowbrook Parkway
• beaches: Jones Beach
• pools: throughout the five boroughs
• bridges: Triborough Bridge, Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, Throgs
Neck, the Bronx-Whitestone, the Henry Hudson, and the
Verrazano–Narrows bridges.
• expressways: I-278 (the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and
Staten Island Expressway), Cross-Bronx Expressway,
• developed Shea Stadium, Lincoln Center, and contributed
to the United Nations headquarters.

42. Jones Beach seen from Wantaugh Parkway

46. “When I first looked at this
project, I thought, "How the
hell are we going to get
across here?" It was
probably one of the most
challenging highway
projects that had been
constructed, or even
conceived, up until that
time. I dare say that only a
man like Mr. Moses would
have the audacity to
believe that one could push
(the expressway) from one
end of the Bronx to the
other.“
—Ernest Clark, design team
The "Cross Bronx" Expressway

47. Moses vs. Jacobs

49. The Cross-Bronx Expressway, today

50. demolition for the creation of the Cross-Bronx Expressway

51. the FDR Drive, East River Expressway

56. The Death and Life of
Great American Cities
(1961)
Has become a touchstone for planners and architects
associated with the New Urbanism.

57. Jacobs, p. 8
“Specifically, in the case of planning for cities, it is clear
that a large number of good and earnest people do care
deeply about building and renewing. Despite some
corruption, and considerable greed for the other man's
vineyard, the intentions going into the messes we make
are, on the whole, exemplary.”

58. Jacobs, p. 8
“Planners, architects of city design, and those
they have led along with them in their beliefs are
not consciously disdainful of the importance of
knowing how things work. On the contrary, they
have gone to great pains to learn what the saints
and sages of modern orthodox planning have
said about how cities ought to work and what
ought to be good for people and businesses in
them. They take this with such devotion that when
contradictory reality intrudes, threatening to
shatter their dearly won learning, they must shrug
reality aside.”

59. Her proposal:
Let’s study healthy streets and blocks and
develop a set of principles they share in
common.
We can use those principles to guide new
development.

60. Where would you rather live? Why?

61. Congress for the New
Urbanism
Founded in 1993 by a group of architects looking
to codify the thought behind their previous work
in creating long-lasting and better-performing
neighborhoods.
Founders were: Peter Calthorpe, Andrés Duany,
Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
Stefanos Polyzoides and Dan Solomon.
Charter for the New Urbanism first published in
1999.

64. The revitalization of urban places depends on safety and
security. The design of streets and buildings should reinforce
safe environments, but not at the expense of accessibility
and openness.

65. In the contemporary metropolis, development must
adequately accommodate automobiles. It should do so in
ways that respect the pedestrian and the form of public
space.

66. the street, revisited

67. NYC bike path

68. reconfigured intersection, NYC

70. “Curbana” under construction, June 2014

72. Streets and squares should be safe, comfortable, and
interesting to the pedestrian. Properly configured, they
encourage walking and enable neighbors to know each other
and protect their communities.

73. Union Square, NYC

77. Architecture and landscape design should grow from local
climate, topography, history, and building practice.

78. Assembly Hall, Champaign, IL

79. Guggenheim Museum, NYC, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

80. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, designed by Frank Gehry

81. Civic buildings and public gathering places require important
sites to reinforce community identity and the culture of
democracy. They deserve distinctive form, because their role
is different from that of other buildings and places that
constitute the fabric of the city.

82. Urbana Free Library

83. Champaign Public Library

84. Urbana High School (1914)

85. Carle Park, Urbana, IL
with bronze sculpture of Lincoln

86. What does this building "say" to students and teachers about their role
and value in the larger society?

87. All buildings should provide their inhabitants with a clear
sense of location, weather and time. Natural methods of
heating and cooling can be more resource-efficient than
mechanical systems.

88. Preservation and renewal of historic buildings, districts, and
landscapes affirm the continuity and evolution of urban
society.

89. “Smart Code” Duany
Plater-Zyberk
originally introduced
2003

91. “Smart Code” v. 9.2
Consider the most-loved towns of North America. They were
either carefully planned, or they evolved as compact, mixed
use places because of their geography and the limits of the
transportation and economics of their time.
However, over the past sixty years, places have evolved in a
completely different pattern. They have spread loosely along
highways and haphazardly across the country- side, enabled
by the widespread ownership of automobiles, by cheap
petroleum and cheap land, and by generalized wealth.

92. Such patterns are enabled by zoning codes that separate
dwellings from work- places, shops, and schools. These
codes include design standards that favor the automobile
over the pedestrian, and are unable to resist the
homogenizing effects of globalization.

93. These practices have produced banal housing subdivisions,
business parks, strip shopping, big box stores, enormous
parking lots, and sadly gutted downtowns. They have caused
the proliferation of drive-by eateries and billboards. They
have made walking or cycling dangerous or unpleasant.
They have made children, the elderly, and the poor utterly
dependent on those who can drive, even for ordinary daily
needs. They have caused the simultaneous destruction of
both towns and open space -- the 20th century phenomenon
known as sprawl.

94. The form of our built environment needs a 21st century
correction. But in most places it is actually illegal to build in a
traditional neighborhood pattern. The existing codes prevent
it. In most places people do not have a choice between
sprawl and traditional urbanism. Codes favor sprawl and
isolated residential sub- divisions. It is not a level playing
field.

95. • The SmartCode was created to deal with this problem at the
point of decisive impact -- the intersection of law and design. It
is a form-based code, meaning it envisions and encourages a
certain physical outcome -- the form of the region, community,
block, and/or building. Form-based codes are fundamentally
different from conventional codes that are based primarily on
use and statistics -- none of which envision or require any
particular physical outcome.
• The SmartCode is a tool that guides the form of the built
environment in order to create and protect development patterns
that are compact, walkable, and mixed use. These traditional
neighborhood patterns tend to be stimulating, safe, and
ecologically sustainable. The SmartCode requires a mix of uses
within walking distance of dwellings, so residents aren’t forced
to drive everywhere. It supports a connected network to relieve
traffic congestion. At the same time, it preserves open lands, as
it operates at the scale of the region as well as the community.

96. So, what does New
Urbanism look like?

97. Seaside, FL 1985
In 1978 after Robert Davis inherited an 80 acre plot of land in
the Florida Panhandle. Robert and his wife Daryl set out to build
a “livable” resort town in the “Redneck Riviera” and create a
haven for those who missed the communities that were
developed when cars were not the dominant form of
transportation.
Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, a husband and wife
team from the prestigious architectural firm Arquitectonica.
(They later formed their own firm, DPZ.) The four of them, along
with European classicist and town planner Léon Krier, set out to
design "the kind of place that had been overlooked in
contemporary American town planning. The kind of community
we all wish we could be from."

105. Seaside, Florida, 1982, Robert Davis, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk

113. Note the golfcart.

115. The Truman Show (1998),
dir. Peter Weir
Was filmed in Seaside, Florida,
which the director felt perfectly
expressed the set of reality
television show.