GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature. the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.

1. HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
(ARCH 255)
AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
AND PLANNING
PRESENTED BY-
AHAL FATIMA
AASTHA SHRIVASTAVA
SEJAL GUPTA

2.  Howard believed that garden cities were the perfect blend of city and nature.
 A Garden city is a self sufficient city in which the attractive features of both
rural life and city life are combined
 The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many
uses including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and
heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth
management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with
a social and community dimensions.
 The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and
collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning
approach to serve public purposes.
GARDEN CITY:-

3. ORIGIN:-
 Garden city concept played a very important role in the urban planning of the 20th century.
 Howard created the concept of a garden city under he influence of geographer Peter Alexievich Kropotkin
and economist Alfred Marshalls idea.
 At the end of the 19th and 20th centuries, kroptkin predicted the impact of electricity and the development
of communication technology on decentralization in urban areas, and that urban residents would enjoy both
rural and urban lifestyles at the same time.
 Marshall has initiated the planned construction of new cities in order to slow down the increase in social
costs caused by the industry concentration in cities.
 Howard used their ideas and proposed the establishment of a new city type in order to reduce the
differences between rural and urban settlements.
 In his book Garden Cities of Tomorrow, published in 1898, Howard raised the issue of decentralization of
major cities,i.e. the founding of green cities around the home town.
 He wanted this city to have the economic and cultural advantages of city life as well as ecological
advantages of rural areas.
 He realized that the great city ruins itself with its own spatial-demographic growth. Population growth, traffic
congestion and inaccessibility to the most important institutions led Howard to the idea of creating a new
type of city, which in its growth would not experience “apoplexy in its center and paralysis on its periphery”

4. TIMELINE:-
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
PUBLISHED “GARDEN CITY OF
TOMORROW
GARDEN CITY ASSOCIATION WAS
MADE.
LETCHWORTH WAS DESIGNED FOR
35000 PEOPLE
WELWYN WAS DESIGNED FOR
40000 PEOPLE
LETCHWORTH HAD 16000 PEOPLE
& 100 FACTORIES
WELWYN HAD 18000 PEOPLE
& 75 FACTORIES
1850 - 1928
1899
1903
1920
1947

5. Howard publishes his book that clearly and concisely describes
his vision of a network of Garden Cities. Not only will this bring
together the advantages of town life and country life, but will
help in careful planning and development.
1898 - HOW IT ALL BEGAN:-
1903 - THE FIRST GARDEN CITY:-
The Garden City Pioneer Company is established with the aim
of creating the First Garden City. After reviewing a number of
sites, the company purchases 3,818 acres of land near
Letchworth and Howard’s vision becomes a reality.
1904 - THE MASTER PLAN:-
Architects and town planners, Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker, are
commissioned to begin planning the town in the center of the Letchworth
estate. Their focus is on creating a development with
better and more affordable housing for the poor, areas for industry to
improve employment opportunities and green open spaces and parklands
for recreation.
1919 - THE IDEA SPREADS:-
With the success of Letchworth Garden City, another estate is
purchased near Welwyn for a second Garden City with Howard keen
to show that the achievements of Letchworth

6. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY:-

7.  Boulevards - 120 feet from center to
periphery, dividing city into six parts.
 Central garden with civic lnstutions
around - town hall,
library,theatre,museum,hospital.
 Shopping area separated by green belt
(central park) followed by housing.
 Grand avenue occupied by schools and
churches.
 Outer ring comprised of factories,ware-
houses,dairies, markets,coal yards.
 Agriculture farm holdings beyond, ready
market close by for the urban farmer City
managed by citizens
CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY:-

8. THE ORIGINAL GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
BY EBENEZER HOWARD, 1902

9. CONCEPTUAL SKETCH:-

10. CORE PRINCIPLES OF GARDEN CITY:-
 Strong community
I. Land value capture for the benefit of the community.
II. Strong vision, leadership and community engagement.
 Ordered development
I. Strong cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhoods.
 Environmental quality-:
I. The benefits of incorporating more open, green, and natural spaces into cities are abundant, ranging from
cleaner air and improved human health, to increased resiliency and ecological diversity.
II. Development that enhances the natural environment, providing a comprehensive green infrastructure
network and net biodiversity gains, and that uses zero-carbon and energy-positive technology to ensure
climate resilience.

11. MAIN ELEMENTS OF GARDEN CITY:-
CENTRAL PARK
The element is supposed to be located in the centre off the city ,comprising a green
space; public building such as tow hall, concert and lecture hall,theatre,library ,museum,
etc..
AVENUES,BOULEVARDS AND ROADS
This is the main structure element of the garden city that becomes the backbone that
connect every elements into one integrated and compact city with easy commuting
access.
OUTER RING
This is the industrial element of the city where people mainly work. It is what makes the
garden city a new form of industrial city, but with beautiful countryside atmosphere. The
outer ring will be connected with the circle railway that ensures its effectiveness and
efficiency top create jobs as well as products for the whole city and whole communities.

12. CIRCLE RAILWAY
Circle railway is another industrial element that ensures that this new city could work
effectively and efficiently even more productive than the older industrial cities.
GREEN SPACE: GREEN BELT,PARK& TREE LINED STREET
This is the main feature of a garden city which is an evolutionary idea of its time. As
illustrated in the three magnet diagram , the new garden city promises a new way of
working in productive industrial city while still enjoying the beautiful scenery of the
countryside.

13. CONCEPT GARDEN CITY :-
THREE MAGNETS – “WHERE WILL THE PEOPLE GO??”
 He illustrated the idea with his famous diagram of 3
magnets.
 This diagram summarises the political, economic and
social via three magnets.
 One magnet – town (amusement, high wages
 and rents, opportunities)
 Second magnet – country (nature, low rents )
 Third magnet – combination of both

14. TOWN:-
POSITIVE ASPECTS
SOCIAL OPPORTUNITY
ISOLATION OF CROWDS
PLACES OF AMUSEMENT
CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT
HIGH MONEY WAGES
WELL-LIT STREETS
NEGETIVE ASPECTS
CLOSING OUT OF NATURE
HIGH RENTS AND PRICES
FOUL AIR
SLUMS AND GIN PALACES
COSTLY DRAINAGE
COUNTRY:-
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGETIVE ASPECTS
 BEAUTY OF NATURE
 FRESH AIR
 LOW RENTS
 ABUNDANCE OF WATER
 WOOD, MEADOW, FOREST
 LACK OF SOCIETY
 LACK OF DRAINAGE
 LOW WAGES
 CROWDED DWELLINGS
 HANDS OUT OF WORK
 DESERTED VILLAGES

15. TOWN - COUNTRY:-
COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS
Beauty of nature – peace all over the places.
Social opportunity – cumulative growth.
Fields and parks of easy access – equal chances
Low rents – high wages
Low rates - plenty to do
Pure air and water – good drainage
Bright homes and gardens – no slums, no smoke
Instead he believed that “human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed
together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one.”
"Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new life,
a new civilization."

16. LETCHWORTH
GARDEN CITY:-

17. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE:-
LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK
 The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s
principles is Letchworth Garden City designed by
Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903.
 Land of 3822 acres
 Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres
 Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
 In 30 years – developed with Latchworth Garden City-
Arrangement from top.15000 population & 150
shops, industries.

18. MATERPLANS AND MIGRATION:-
 Howard wasn’t a town planner or architect his diagrams were only ever meant
to be illustrative and to design the layout for the project, First Garden City Ltd
appointed two Arts & Crafts architects from Buxton in Derbyshire, Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker.
 They drew up a Masterplan which was adopted in 1904 and quickly developed
an archetypal ​‘Letch worth Look’ style of housing design.
 The first Garden City attracted both middle class utopian idealists, enthused by
the idea, and also (mainly) factories, relocating from towns and cities and
bringing along their workforce masse.
 Indeed Letch worth Garden City, despite its leafy suburban reputation today, has
always been a working town.
 Letch worth Garden City today retains the landscaping and green spaces that
bring the countryside into the town.
 Howard’s original model that means rents from the town’s farms, shops,
industries and offices are reinvested locally for the benefit of its citizens.

19. LETCHWORTH CITY PLAN:-
 The plan shows the green belt around the
city.
 The center of the city has all its
amenities and the industrial area is
around the railway line.
 But it lacks informality, winding streets
etc. and the railway line passes near the
center.

20.  Well connected and biodiversity rich public parks, and a
mix of public and private networks of well managed,
high-quality gardens, tree-lined streets and open
spaces;
 Distinct separation of the residential, industrial and civic
areas and in the use of parks to screen residential
neighborhoods from roads and other undesirable things.
 Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities
in walkable neighborhoods.
 The two model homes had a significant effect on
planning and urban design in the UK.
 pioneering and popularising such concepts as
pre-fabrication, the use of new building materials
(concrete, steel, hanging tiles, etcetera) and front
and back gardens.
 It is from this last feature of these model cottages
built at Letchworth that the popular misconception
stems that a Garden City is an urban environment
characterised by houses with front and back
garden.

21.  Letchworth now became part of this belt of
suburban satellites aimed at housing the
London overspill.
 This meant that Letchworth should also grow
in population. Several housing estates have
thus been added.
 These plans follow the pre-war proposals of
the company quite closely and more or less fill
out the area available within the green belt.
 The development activities of the city have
been successfully regulated by a community
organization so that Howard’s legacy was
retained in Letchworth.
 In fact, the city has developed and been
operating institutional mechanisms to enforce
the regulations.
 The Letchworth Garden City Heritage
Foundation, on behalf of the community,
receives development proposals, reviews
them and makes decisions on them.

22. REASON TO PLAN LETCHWORTH:-
 London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in
the throws of industrialization, and the cities were
exerting massive forces on the labour markets of the
time.
 Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities
was taking place with London.
 This situation was unsustainable and political
commentators of all parties sought “how best to
provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger
of modern existence” (St. Jame’s Gazette, 1892)
 To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people
with the countryside.

23. GREENBELT CONCEPT (LETCHWORTH):
“Greenbelt” refers to any area of undeveloped natural land that has been set aside near urban or
developed land to provide open space, offer light recreational opportunities or contain development.
The green belt is important to the ecological health of any region. Green belts acts as a buffer zone and
within the city too between the residential and the industrial zones.

25. MASTER PLAN:-

26. LAND USE MAP:-

27. LAND USE MAP OF
LETCHWORTH:-

28. STRATEGIC
BOUNDARIES:-

29. URBAN DESIGN
CHARACTER
AREAS:-

30. CONTRIBUTION OF
INDIVIDUAL
BUILDINGS:-

31. GATEWAYS ,
BARRIERS &
CONNECTIONS:-

32. VISTAS &
LANDMARKS:-

33. OPPORTUNITY SITE
CONNECTIONS
& URBAN DESIGN
PRINCIPLES:-

34. POLICY AREA &
OPPORTUNITY
SITES:-

35. POPULATION GRAPH:-
EVOLUTION OF POPULATION

36. RELIGION AND ETHNIC GROUPS:-

37. PERCENTAGE OF INCOME GENERATED:

38. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY
1. Spirella Building:-
 4 minute walk from the Local and Tourist
Information Centre Created for the
famous Spirella corset company.
 the ‘factory of beauty’ promoted good
working conditions and leisure facilities
for their ‘Healthy Happy Workers.’
 Built in three stages between 1912 and
1920.
2. 1905&1907 Exhibition Cottages:-
 3 minute walk from the Spirella Building
Shortly after the birth of the Garden City.
 Letch worth was home to two
experimental housing exhibitions.
 These exhibitions played a key part in
shaping today’s Garden City.
3. Norton Common:-
 2 minute walk from some of the 1905 &
1907 Exhibition Cottages.
 A beautiful 63-acre Common and park
in the heart of the town, within easy
walking distance of the town centre and
railway station.
 Affectionately known as the home of
Letchworth’s famous Black Squirrels, it
offers acres of unspoilt grass and
woodland, tennis courts, bowling green
and a 1935 lido style outdoor pool.
4. The Settlement:-
 2 minute walk from Norton Common
Built in 1907
 Architecturally, it is among the most
characteristic and sensitively
designed building of the early
Garden City.

39. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY :-
5. Mrs Elizabeth Howard
Memorial Hall:-
 5 minute walk from The Settlement .
The town’s first public building,
 paid for by public subscription in
memory of Ebenezer Howard’s first
wife, Lizzie, who died in 1904,
shortly after the First Garden City
was inaugurated.
 Refurbished in 2007..
6. The International Garden Cities
Exhibition:-
 3 minute walk from Mrs Elizabeth Howard
Memorial Hall .
 This beautiful and unique thatched building
was designed in 1907 as the town’s original
drawing office for architects and town
planners, Parker and Unwin.
 Formerly known as the First Garden City
Heritage Museum.
 a large scale refurbishment has taken place
to add new displays, research facilities and
information on Letchworth’s legacy and
influence across the world.
7. Howgills Friends’
Meeting House:-
 8 minute walk from the
international Garden cities
exhibition built in 1907,
 This is one of letch worth's
most Distinguished and unique
early buildings.
8. The Cloisters:-
 10 minute walk from How gills
Friends’ Meeting House Built
between 1905 and 1907.
 The Cloisters was originally
intended to be an open air
school for poor children to grow
up in healthy country
surroundings.

40. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY :-
9. Sollershott Circus:-
 10 minute walk from The Cloisters
Hidden in the depths of the tree lined
streets of Broadway.
 you’ll find the first ‘gyratory traffic flow
system’ built in the UK.
 On the original town plan drawn up in
1904,
 architects Parker and Unwin drew up a
detailed plan of the roundabout which
was established in 1909.
10. Broadway Gardens:-
 5 minute walk from Sollershott Circus
Originally planned to be the grand
centre of Letch worth.
 Transformed in 2003 to celebrate the
town’s centenary. Benefitting from
great views of the Town Hall, the Old
Grammar School and Library,
 with an eye catching fountain,
Broadway Gardens is the perfect
setting for a summer picnic.
11. Town Hall:-
 1 minute walk from Broadway
Gardens.
 This architecturally beautiful Town
Hall was designed by Bennett and
Bidwell in 1935 using a typical
Georgian style.
 At present, the Town Hall is being
used as administration
headquarters for North
Hertfordshire College.
12. Broadway Cinema:-
 1 minute walk from the Town Hall
 This Art Deco picture house was the
third to be built in Letchworth,
opening in 1936.
 Designed by architects Bennett and
Bidwell and built by Howard Hurst.
The cinema has remained popular
throughout its existence and is one
of the few remaining independent
cinemas in Hertfordshire.

41.  Although its critics may see Letch worth as an example of bland suburbia, its residents do not agree:
84% of respondents to a recent survey said they were proud to live in Letch worth, and 81% would
recommend living in Letch worth to others.
 Today, the town is facing the challenge of planning for growth and a sustainable future, while retaining
and maximizing the benefits of its unique Garden City heritage (of which 99% of residents are proud).
 In response to North Hertfordshire District Council’s request for housing land in Letch worth, the
foundation has been exploring options including an extension into the town’s northern agricultural
estate.
 Partly in response to consultation with residents, the Foundation is also seeking to revitalise the
evening economy in the town center and is using an ambitious arts and cultural programme to facilitate
this.
 The Foundation is also supporting a number of community-led sustainability initiatives, working with
groups such as Transition Towns Letch worth to promote sustainable living in the town and consider
how to overcome the challenge of retrofitting Arts and Crafts designed homes.
WHAT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IS LETCHWORTH
FACING TODAY?

42. THANK YOU