The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and maintain a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, raising global temperatures beyond natural levels and threatening severe environmental and social consequences. While debates continue over the scale and solutions, most experts agree that reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon pricing can mitigate the risks of climate change.
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
Satoshi Nakamoto
satoshin@gmx.com
www.bitcoin.org
Abstract.
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online
payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a
financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main
benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.
We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.
The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of
hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing
the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of
events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As
long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to
attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The
network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort
basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest
proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
This report of the International Resource Panel presents a comprehensive assessment of environmental benefits, costs and risks associated with different technologies for electricity production, including photovoltaics, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy, and fossil power with CO2 capture and storage.
Energy is the lifeblood of a modern economy. How America uses, generates, and produces that energy is decided by a combination of economic and political choices that are made over the span of decades.
The questions the next President will face are more complex and difficult than we have ever faced: climate change, national security, prices, and new technologies all intersect to ensure there are very few “win-win” choices.
Congress and the Administration will have to craft compromises with the goal of ensuring a long-term energy system that is more secure, stable, and sustainable than today’s.
Over the last four years, the United States has seen the beginning of a great change in how it uses and produces energy.
This report lays out clear choices that the next administration faces on energy and climate change. America has made progress in rolling out renewable energy, but an accelerated effort is needed. Also, the next administration will need to make choices on how to manage our new-found abundance of natural gas and oil while at the same time laying the groundwork for next-generation energy technologies that will break our dependence on fossil fuels.
ASP’s report, “Critical Energy Choices for the Next Administration” takes an in-depth look at the serious issues the next administration will need to address.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. The Role of Greenhouse Gases
• The average temperature on the Earth is 15oC
• Incoming radiation is low wavelength/ high energy
• The average temperature is maintained by atmospheric
gases trapping or reflecting a fraction of the outgoing
(long wavelength/ low energy) heat radiation
• These (greenhouse) gases include:
– Water vapour (H2O)
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Methane (CH4)
– Ozone (O3)
– Nitrous oxide (N2O)
3. The Role of Greenhouse Gases
Without these naturally occurring greenhouse gases, the average
temperature of the Earth would be approximately -15oC
4. Change in Global Temperature Over Time
This data is taken from measurements of the concentration of the oxygen isotope 18O in
air bubbles trapped in rock and ice. This concentration is temperature dependent but can
only be used to give an indication of temperature change rather than a measurement of
temperature itself
5. Change in Global Temperature Over Time
Vostok is the Russian Antarctic
Science Station
7. The Role of Carbon Dioxide
• Earth’s atmosphere today ≈ 380 ppm CO2 (0.038%)
• Early Carboniferous Period ≈ 1500 ppm CO2
• Middle Carboniferous Period ≈ 350 ppm CO2
• Earth’s atmosphic temperature today 15oC
• Early Carboniferous Period 20oC
• Middle Carboniferous Period 12oC
Over the last 600 million years, only the later Carboniferous Period and the present age
(the Quaternary Period) have had CO2 levels less than 400 ppm. This means that the
temperature of the Earth today is considerably cooler than for most of geological history.
359 mya
300 mya
8. The Role of Carbon Dioxide
• Levels of CO2 are currently increasing
• CO2 levels have risen from 280 ppm in 1850 to 380 ppm today
• It is widely accepted that this is due to anthropogenic activity
although natural factors may also influence it
9. The Role of Carbon Dioxide
• Factors affecting CO2 concentration:
– Industrialisation and burning of fossil fuels
– Deforestation (particularly rainforest)
– Volcanic activity
– Sunspot activity
Anthropogenic
factors
Non-anthropogenic factors
Do you think there is a correlation between the increasing output of carbon dioxide
due to anthropogenic activity and increasing global temperatures? Can we be certain
that the first is responsible for the second?
10. Anthropogenic Factors
• Burning of fossil fuels
– Coal, oil and natural gas
• Deforestation
– Breakdown of organic matter in biomass and soil
– Burning of biomass
– Reduction in photosynthesis
• Cattle ranching
– Cow farts
• Rice farming in padi fields
– Anoxic conditions allow growth of methanogens
• Use of fertilisers
– Breakdown of nitrogen-rich compounds
CO2
CH4
N2O
11. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2000
other gases
carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
9%
1%
Anthropogenic Factors
74%
16%
12. Sources of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
oil and petroleum
coal
deforestation
natural gas
other sources
25%
3%
Anthropogenic Factors
26%
31%
15%
The proportions vary from country to country depending on its economy and energy demands
13. The Effects of Global Warming
Feature Effect
Environmental Effects
Ice and snow Retreat of polar icecaps and glaciers
Coastline Increase in sea level and coastal flooding
Water cycle Increased flooding
Ecosystems Change in biome and species distribution
Societal Effects
Water resources Severe water shortages (conflict)
Agriculture Shifts from drought affected areas
Coastal settlements Shifts due to storms and flooding
Human health Increased outbreaks of disease
The Effects of Global Warming
14. The Effects of Global Warming
• Biome shifts
– Models suggest biomes will shift north/south from the
equator and vertically to higher ground.
– Low-lying biomes such as mangroves may be lost
completely
• Species changes
– Climate change in the past has been slow and allowed
animals and plants to adapt
– There may be migrations, but many obstacles (some
anthropogenic) and lack of suitable habitats may lead
to mass extinctions
– Increased temperature may lead to spread of pests
and tropical disease vectors
15. The Effects of Global Warming
• Weather
– Effects on weather patterns and rainfall are
unpredictable
– Storms are expected to increase in intensity
• Agriculture
– Increasing drought events would reduce crop yield
and affect farmers’ ability to irrigate (especially in
LEDCs)
– Suitable areas for crop growth would be expected to
move north/south from the equator
– Farmers may be forced to change the crops they
cultivate
16. The Effects of Global Warming
• Tourism
– Summer seasons may be extended
– New coastal resorts may develop
– Lack of water resources may be a problem in some
– Winter sports may be curtailed and resorts closed
• Social Issues
– Conflicts over resources (especially water) may be
expected to increase
– Economic changes may occur
– LEDCs will be less able to cope than MEDCs
– Low lying areas (especially in LEDCs – with poor
infrastructure) will be prone to coastal flooding
17. Possible Positive Feedback Mechanisms
1. Melting of polar
ice may result in
less white areas
on the Earth’s
surface
– This may lower the
Earth’s albedo, the
amount of
incoming radiation
reflected into space
– This may lead to
further
temperature rises
18. Possible Positive Feedback Mechanisms
2. The melting of
permafrost in
taiga and tundra
biomes may
release methane
from rotting
vegetation which
is currently
trapped
19. Possible Positive Feedback Mechanisms
3. Increased temperature may increase
decomposition rates therefore releasing more
CO2 into the atmosphere
4. Deforestation may lead to warming and drying
of the climate, leading to further loss of
rainforest
5. Increased forestation in higher latitudes may
further decrease albedo
20. Possible Negative Feedback Mechanisms
1. Increased evaporation in equatorial latitudes
may lead to more water being carried through
the Ferrel and Polar Cells, leading to increased
snowfall at the poles and restore the Earth’s
albedo
2. Increased levels of CO2 may lead to increased
rates of photosynthesis, which in turn would
lower the concentration of atmospheric
carbon
21. Possible Negative Feedback Mechanisms
1. Increased evaporation in equatorial latitudes
may lead to more water being carried through
the Ferrel and Polar Cells, leading to increased
snowfall at the poles and restore the Earth’s
albedo
2. Increased levels of CO2 may lead to increased
rates of photosynthesis, which in turn would
lower the concentration of atmospheric
carbon
22. Pollution Management Strategies
to Reduce Global Warming (Policy)
• Control the release of greenhouse gases
• Reduce the rate of deforestation
• Increase tree planting programmes
• Develop renewable energy resources
• Reduce car use and improve public transport
• Set national limits on carbon emissions
• Use carbon credits and carbon trading to offset
CO2 emissions
• Develop methods to sequester carbon from the
atmosphere (biological and chemical)
23. Pollution Management Strategies to
Reduce Global Warming (Individuals)
• Grow your own food
• Buy locally grown produce
• Use energy efficient products (e.g. light bulbs)
• Reduce heating your house/ improve insulation
• Use less electricity and unplug appliances
• Turn off lights when not in use
• Reduce use of air conditioning and refrigerants
• Don’t waste water (take showers instead of baths)
• Walk and use a bike/ use cars less/ use public transport
• Use biofuels
• Eat less meat
• Get involved in public education/ activism
24. The Kyoto Protocol
• In 1997, 183 countries signed this agreement to try to
keep global greenhouse gases at a stable level
• It came into force in 2005
• Each country’s emissions were divided into credits and
they were allowed to buy and sell them
• Countries are also able to offset their emissions by
planting trees (an alternative to buying carbon credits)
• The US and Australia signed but refused to ratify the
Kyoto Protocol
• Canada signed and ratified it, but has since withdrawn
from its obligations
25. The Future of the Kyoto Protocol
• The original agreement was due to end in
2012
• Representatives of the signatories met in
December 2012 to discuss its future
• It was extended until 2020. Richer nations
agreed in principle to compensate poorer
nations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAsGnGWZS1M&list=PLITAq0aJinsQLtj9dV3Q1tHoSIK76sczW
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpiM2LuK4O4&list=PLITAq0aJinsQLtj9dV3Q1tHoSIK76sczW
26. The Problems of Debating the Issue
• It is a problem on a global scale
• It includes natural and anthropogenic factors
• The mechanisms (including feedback) are not well
understood
• The processes are occurring over the long term and the
impacts may not have occurred yet
• Many people involved on both sides are affected by vested
interests (consciously and unconsciously)
• Much of the evidence and forward-planning is based on
climate models which have considerable inherent
uncertainty
• Actions are likely to have huge cost implications for a large
proportion of the human population
• A huge amount on information is now available to
everybody (scientists and non-scientists) and much of it is
misleading
27. The Main Players
• Al Gore
– Former US vice president
and presidential
candidate
– Winner of the 2007
Nobel Peace Prize
– Writer of the book and
film An Inconvenient
Truth
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=splKGWuErnM
28. The Main Players
• Bjorn Lomborg
– Danish economist
– Writer of the book and film
The Sceptical
Environmentalist: Measuring
the Real State of the World
– Accepts that human activity
may be affecting climate but
refutes suggestions that this
should be something that
affects the global economy
– Opposes the Kyoto Protocol
and the idea of carbon tax
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Dtbn9zBfJSs
29. The Main Players
• Martin Durkin
– UK film-maker
– Maker of the documentary
The Global Warming Swindle
– Vehemently opposes the idea
that climate change is
anthropogenic
– States a belief that
temperature affects CO2
concentrations rather than
the reverse
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=lIjGynF4qkE
http://edroness.blogspot.mx/
2014/05/the-great-global-
warming-swindle.html
30. The Main Players
• Sir Nicholas Stern
– Former vice-president of the World
Bank and current president of the
British Academy
– Author of The Stern Review on the
Economics of Climate Change for
the British government
– Believes that anthropogenic
climate change poses a series
threat to global economic stability
and that the precautionary
principle is warranted
– Believes that carbon taxation and
international agreements are a
sensible way to approach the
problem
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=pqLROIKWM2s
31. Questions
1. What are the main greenhouse gases?
2. What role do they play in maintaining global
temperature?
3. Describe 4 different ways in which human
activities affect the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere
4. Describe and evaluate strategies to reduce
global warming
5. Evaluate 4 different perceptions of the issue of
global warming