The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
Greenhouse a building made mainly of glass, with heat & humidity regulated for growing plants. The atmosphere acts like a glass in a greenhouse.
Atmosphere, like glass absorbs some of the long wave radiation emitted by earth and radiates the energy back to earth. In this way temperature of earth is maintained.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth in this manner plays a vital role in maintaining an even temperature on the earth’s surface.
A greenhouse is that body which allows the short wavelength incoming solar radiation to come in, but does not allow the long wave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to escape.
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
Greenhouse a building made mainly of glass, with heat & humidity regulated for growing plants. The atmosphere acts like a glass in a greenhouse.
Atmosphere, like glass absorbs some of the long wave radiation emitted by earth and radiates the energy back to earth. In this way temperature of earth is maintained.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth in this manner plays a vital role in maintaining an even temperature on the earth’s surface.
A greenhouse is that body which allows the short wavelength incoming solar radiation to come in, but does not allow the long wave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to escape.
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat to make the earth surface warmer leading to global warming.
What is greenhouse effect ?
Is greenhouse effect have a serious impact on human health?
What we have to do to reduce the greenhouse effect ?
This simple presentation helps to understand the basic facts about greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat to make the earth surface warmer leading to global warming.
What is greenhouse effect ?
Is greenhouse effect have a serious impact on human health?
What we have to do to reduce the greenhouse effect ?
This simple presentation helps to understand the basic facts about greenhouse effect.
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traitsILRI
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
Unitron global listening environment study 2016Don Hayes
Unitron recently conducted a Global Listening Environment Study (GLES) in 10 different countries, acoustically classifying where the “average” hearing aid wearer, by age and other criteria, spends their time in different acoustic environments throughout the course of their daily lives.
Effect of climatic variabulity on Indian summer monsoon rainfallSunil Kumar
Monsoon origin theories, Earths atmosphere evolution, climate change, factors of climatic change, climatic variability, how these influencing Indian monsoon rainfall, EL Nino, La Nino, ENSO, Indian ocean dipole, MJO etc
A graphic presentation of the plot and characters in Thomas Hardy's novel The Mayor of Casterbridge. It is designed to facilitate the teaching of the novel to high school or community college students.
2,3 Greenhouse gases, global scenario, green house effectt and global warming...Neeraj Ojha
As far as Nepalese people are concerned, they are very bad in their food habits. Disease like ulcer and diabetes are rampant along Nepalese people. Moreover, there are areas in the country where there is a severe malnutrition.
Factors influencing food habits
•Individual Preferences
Every individual has unique likes and dislikes concerning foods.
•Cultural Influences
A cultural group provides guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food combinations, eating patterns, and eating behaviors.
•Social Influences
Members of asocial group depend on each other, share a common culture, and influence each other's behaviors and values.
Elements of Mechanical Engineering (Global warming and Ozone depletion). jr2710
Elements of mechanical engineering subject the topic is global warming and ozone depletion. how to global warming effects and how to control this global warming effects. And effects of humans,, animals etc. ozone depletion is a very critical condition and also effective humans, animals, weather, etc.And how to control the this situations...
Global Warming, Air and Water PollutionShahzaib Khan
Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.
Environmental pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment such changes are caused by Substances that are introduced into the environment, by human activities.
A non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. GLOBEL WARMING AND
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
VIPIN MOHAN
2011-09-112
College of Agriculture
Vellayani, TVM
2. GLOBAL WARMING!
• Human activity is adding more
gases to the naturally occurring
layer of greenhouse gases. This
thickens it so it cannot let as much
heat return to space and so the
temperature of the earth gradually
increases……
4. Who found the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect was discovered by
Joseph Fourier in 1824.
5. Our earth is surrounded by a layer of
gases called greenhouse gases.
There job is to keep the planet at a nice
warm temperature.
The main gases that make us this layer
are carbon dioxide, methane, CFC and
nitrous oxide.
This layer of gas acts like the roof of a
greenhouse and that is why it is called the
“Greenhouse effect”.
6. Mars
Atmosphere: mass <1% earth’s
GH Gases: >80% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: -47C
GH Effect: 10C
FAR TOO COLD!
Other planets also have Greenhouse Effects,
but these are unsuitable for life
Earth
GH Gases: ~0.04% CO2
~ 1% H2O
Sfc. Temp.: 15C
GH Effect: 33C
NOT BAD!
Venus
Atmosphere: mass 90x
earth’s
GH Gases: >90% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: 477C
GH Effect: 523C
FAR TOO HOT!
Sun
7.
8. Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are the gases present in the
atmosphere which reduce the loss of heat into space
and therefore contribute to global temperatures.
Greenhouse gases are essential to maintaining the
temperature of the earth.
The term greenhouse gas is applied to, in order of
relative abundance: water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and CFCs.
•
9. Name of gas Contribution Source(s)
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
50% From burning coal and oil, and the removal of
vegetation
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
20% From air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols
Methane
(CH4)
16% From rice growing, animal waste, swamps and
landfills
Ozone
(O3)
8% From air pollution
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
6% From fertilizers and burning of coal and oil
10.
11. Human activities have changed the
composition of the atmosphere since the
pre- industrial era
12. Characteristics of GHG
• Atmospheric life time.
• Global warming potential.
• Atmospheric concentration.
13. So where are these gases coming from?
Power stations release huge
amounts of carbon dioxide as
they burn coal (a fossil fuel) in
order to produce electricity.
14. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Power Plants
40% of carbon dioxide emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of
electricity generation
Cars
20% of carbon dioxide emissions comes from the burning of gasoline in internal-
combustion engines of cars and light trucks with poor gas mileage contribute the most to
global warming
Trucks
Another 13% of carbon dioxide emissions come from
trucks used mostly for commercial purposes
Airplanes
Aviation causes 3.5 percent of global warming,
and the figure could rise to 15 percent by 2050
Carbon Dioxide from Buildings
Buildings structure account for about 12% of
carbon dioxide emissions
15. CAUSES OF GREEN HOUSEEFFECT
• Deforestation.
• Emissionsofgases like nitrous oxide, carbon-dioxide,
methane, ozone and water vapor.
• Burningof fossilfuels, gasoline,oil
• Burning of woodandcoal
• CFC’s
• PopulationGrowth
17. Impacts of Global Warming
- physical
• Later freezing and
earlier break up of
river and lake ice
• Sea level rise
• Higher incidence of
floods and droughts
in some regions
18. Impacts of Global Warming
- biological
• Longer growing seasons
• Poleward and altitude shifts of
plants and animal ranges
• Decline of some plant and animal
population ( Drive 15 - 37% of
living species toward extinction
by the middle of the century)
• Early tree flowering, emergence
of insects and birds eggs laying
• Damage to natural systems
Many of these impacts are
irreversible
19. Impacts of Global Warming
- human system
Systems at risk include:
• water resources
• Agriculture and forestry
• Coastal zones and marine
systems
• Decreasing water availability
in regions where water is
already scarce
• Human health and risk of
disease
20. polar bears and globel warming
• Natural habitat loss
• Reproduction related problem
• Swimming conditions become
problematic
• Inability to catch prey
21. There are also some positive effects of
global warming
• Decrease in death and disease
• Healthier, faster growing forests due to excess
CO2
• reduce cold-related deaths and help crop growth.
• Warmer temperatures (UK Mediterranean
climate!!)
• Plants and shrubs will be able to grow further
north and in present desert conditions
• Heavier rainfall in certain locations will give higher
agricultural production (Rice in India, Wheat in
Africa).
22. How can Global Warming be reduced?
• Reduce the use of fossil fuels. A major impact
would be to find alternatives to coal, oil and gas
power stations.
• Afforest areas, trees use up the CO2, reduce
deforestation.
• Reduce the reliance on the car (promote shared
public transport).
• Try to use energy efficiently (turn off lights and
not use as much!).
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
• Careful long term planning to reduce the impact of
global warming.
24. What Can be Done: Alternatives
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Energies Wind Power Biomass Geothermal
Changes In Vehicle Systems
Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery-
Electric
25. Kyoto Protocol
• 1997, Kyoto, Japan developed countries
agreed to specific targets for cutting their
emissions of greenhouse gases
• Industrialized countries committed to an
overall reduction of emissions of greenhouse
gases to 5.2% below 1990 levels for the period
2008 - 2012
• Objective is the stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system