This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)GURU CHARAN KUMAR
Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies (16 hours)
Big questions: This topic may be particularly appropriate for considering big questions A, C, D and E.
Sub-topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Significant ideas:
• Historical events, among other influences, affect the development of environmental value systems (EVSs) and environmental movements.
• There is a wide spectrum of EVSs, each with its own premises and implications.
Knowledge and understanding:
• Significant historical influences on the development of the environmental
movement have come from literature, the media, major environmental disasters,
international agreements and technological developments.
• An EVS is a worldview or paradigm that shapes the way an individual, or group
of people, perceives and evaluates environmental issues, influenced by cultural,
religious, economic and socio-political contexts.
• An EVS might be considered as a system in the sense that it may be influenced
by education, experience, culture and media (inputs), and involves a set of
interrelated premises, values and arguments that can generate consistent
decisions and evaluations (outputs).
• There is a spectrum of EVSs, from ecocentric through anthropocentric to
technocentric value systems.
• An ecocentric viewpoint integrates social, spiritual and environmental
dimensions into a holistic ideal. It puts ecology and nature as central to humanity
and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency
of societies. An ecocentric viewpoint prioritizes biorights, emphasizes the
importance of education and encourages self-restraint in human behaviour.
• An anthropocentric viewpoint argues that humans must sustainably manage the
global system. This might be through the use of taxes, environmental regulation
and legislation. Debate would be encouraged to reach a consensual, pragmatic
approach to solving environmental problems.
• A
Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)GURU CHARAN KUMAR
Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies (16 hours)
Big questions: This topic may be particularly appropriate for considering big questions A, C, D and E.
Sub-topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Significant ideas:
• Historical events, among other influences, affect the development of environmental value systems (EVSs) and environmental movements.
• There is a wide spectrum of EVSs, each with its own premises and implications.
Knowledge and understanding:
• Significant historical influences on the development of the environmental
movement have come from literature, the media, major environmental disasters,
international agreements and technological developments.
• An EVS is a worldview or paradigm that shapes the way an individual, or group
of people, perceives and evaluates environmental issues, influenced by cultural,
religious, economic and socio-political contexts.
• An EVS might be considered as a system in the sense that it may be influenced
by education, experience, culture and media (inputs), and involves a set of
interrelated premises, values and arguments that can generate consistent
decisions and evaluations (outputs).
• There is a spectrum of EVSs, from ecocentric through anthropocentric to
technocentric value systems.
• An ecocentric viewpoint integrates social, spiritual and environmental
dimensions into a holistic ideal. It puts ecology and nature as central to humanity
and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency
of societies. An ecocentric viewpoint prioritizes biorights, emphasizes the
importance of education and encourages self-restraint in human behaviour.
• An anthropocentric viewpoint argues that humans must sustainably manage the
global system. This might be through the use of taxes, environmental regulation
and legislation. Debate would be encouraged to reach a consensual, pragmatic
approach to solving environmental problems.
• A
I am Amar Bariya and I am presenting here a presentation on simple introduction of Solar energy. And you can also use this knowledge in your day to day life else in your educational knowledge. It's a very vast area and just boost up your knowledge in renewable energy harvesting sector.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Analysis and Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller Based MPPT to Enhance P...ijtsrd
Maximum power point trackers are so important in photovoltaic systems to increase their efficiency. Many methods have been proposed to achieve the maximum power that the PV modules are capable of producing under different weather conditions. The output power induced in the photovoltaic modules depends on solar radiation and temperature of the solar cells. Therefore, to maximize the efficiency of the renewable energy system, it is necessary to track the maximum power point of the PV array. This paper proposes a new method of maximum power point tracking using fuzzy logic for photovoltaic system. It uses a sampling measure of the PV array power and voltage then determines an optimal increment required to have the optimal operating voltage which permits maximum power tracking. This method carries high accuracy around the optimum point when compared to the conventional perturbation and observation algorithm then it assures fast and fine tracking. The system is composed a solar panel, a Boost converter and Fuzzy Logic Controller FIS . The simulation results show that the proposed maximum power tracker could track the maximum power accurately and successfully in all condition tested. Akash Kumar Gupta | Manish Prajapati "Analysis and Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller Based MPPT to Enhance Power Quality in PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50541.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50541/analysis-and-implementation-of-fuzzy-logic-controller-based-mppt-to-enhance-power-quality-in-pv-system/akash-kumar-gupta
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Energy Flow
• About half of the Sun’s total radiation is visible
light
• Only visible light is useful for photosynthesis
• Producers use very little of the visible light
available to produce biomass (about 0.06% of the
Sun’s total radiation is captured by producers)
– The remainder is reflected, transmitted or is not the
correct wavelength of light for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis itself is not an efficient process
(typically 0.1 - 2.0% efficient)
3. The Fate of Solar Radiation
• Energy takes 8 minutes to radiate from the Sun to the Earth
• The energy leaving the Sun is about 63 million J s-1 m-2
• Only about 40% of this energy reaches ground level on Earth
• Photosynthesis is only 30 – 40% efficient
4. Productivity
• Primary Productivity (PP)
– The gain in energy or biomass by producers per
unit area per unit time
• Secondary Productivity (SP)
– The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per
unit area per unit time
PP involves the conversion of solar energy – it is dependent on the amount
of sunlight, temperature, CO2 etc.
SP involves feeding or absorbtion – it is dependent on how much food is
available and how efficiently it can be turned into biomass
Productivity is
measured in
kJ m-2 yr-1
5. Gross Productivity
• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
– The total gain in energy or biomass by producers per
unit area per unit time, not taking any losses due to
respiration into account
• Secondary Productivity (GSP)
– The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per
unit area per unit time, not taking any losses due to
respiration and defaecation into account
Losses are caused at each trophic level by respiration
You could compare this idea to money flow
- your GROSS income is the total amount of money you earn
- your NET income is the amount of money you have after losses due to
taxation etc.
6. Net Productivity
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
– The total gain in energy or biomass by producers per
unit area per unit time, taking losses due to
respiration into account (R)
• Net Secondary Productivity (NSP)
– The gain in energy or biomass by heterotrophs per
unit area per unit time, taking losses due to
respiration (R) and defaecation (F) into account
The net productivity values are more useful as they give you
information about how much energy or biomass is available from one
trophic level to the next
7. Maximum Net PP in Some Biomes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NetPrimaryProductivity(103kJm-2yr-1)
8.
9. Calculations
NPP = GPP – R
NSP = GSP – F – R
NPP
GPP (from
photosynthesis)
R
R
F
NSP
Energy flow in ecosystems
10. Howard Odum
• Ecologist who made the first full analysis
of a whole ecosystem – Silver Springs, a
stream system in Florida
• He measured all inputs and outputs in
terms of organic matter and energy
• He calculated productivity in kcal m-2 yr -1
• He represented his data as a productivity
diagram and an ecosystem model
• In his models he developed a symbol
language similar to that used in
electronics
11. Transfers and Transformations
• The simple movement of energy or matter is a transfer
• The change of energy or matter from one form to
another is a transformation
• Transfers are simpler, require less energy and are
therefore more efficient
• We usually think of energy as being transferred and
chemicals (like nutrients) being transformed
• Nutrients are transformed into different chemical
forms as they pass through trophic levels
• You need to know 3 natural cycles:
– The carbon cycle (transformation of matter)
– The nitrogen cycle (transformation of matter)
– The water cycle (transfer of matter)
15. Questions
1. Without referring to your notes, draw an
outline of the carbon, nitrogen and water
cycles
2. Why is not all of the energy assimilated by
one trophic level available to the next one?
3. Without referring to your notes, write
formulas for the calculation of NPP and NSP
(defining each term)
16. Questions
4. If a forest has a gross primary productivity of
6.5 gm-2d-1 and a net primary productivity of
4.0 gm-2d-1, what are its energy losses due to
respiration?
5. A field of cows has a gross secondary
productivity of 5.0 tonnes C m-2yr-1, produces
0.5 tonnes C m-2yr-1 in cowpats and loses 2.1
tonnes C m-2yr-1 in respiration. What is its net
secondary productivity?
17. Questions
Biome Mean NPP
(kg m-3 yr-1)
Desert 0.003
Tundra 0.14
Temperate grassland 0.60
Savannah 0.90
Temperate forest 1.20
Tropical rainforest 2.20
6. Compare and
contrast the NPP
of each biome
7. Why is there a
difference
between the NPP
of temperate
grassland and
savannah?