Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Methods of mitigation mentioned include reducing energy consumption, emissions from agriculture and deforestation, switching to renewable energies, carbon sequestration, and geoengineering techniques. Policy strategies are outlined at national and individual levels, including limiting carbon emissions and increasing renewable energy and forestation. The Kyoto Protocol is summarized as an international agreement for countries to reduce greenhouse gases through emissions trading and carbon offsetting via forestation. It was extended until 2020 and strengthened by the Paris Accords.
Getting to the Core of Paper 2 - ESS.pdfNigel Gardner
How important are the 9 mark questions in IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies?
Where do those questions come from?
How do you teach to answer those questions?
Communities can be described and compared through diversity indices which take into account the number of species and their distribution. Low diversity indices could indicate pollution, eutrophication, or recent colonization. Quantifying biodiversity is important for conservation efforts to identify and protect high biodiversity areas. Assessing changes in biodiversity over time helps evaluate human impacts on communities.
Topic 1.1 environmental value systems for the IB ESS Course.
What is an Environmental Value System?
What influence your EVS?
How are Environmental Values a System?
Spectrum of EVS
Historical Influences on the environmental movement
Case study: Zakouma National Park shifting Environmental Values
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Natural capital refers to the resources available for exploitation by humans. These exist in the biosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.
2. Renewable resources can be replaced by natural productivity as quickly as they are used up, such as timber. Replenishable resources are continually replaced by natural processes like solar energy. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced on human timescales, such as fossil fuels.
3. The value and status of natural capital changes over time as new technologies are developed. Resources that were once worthless may gain economic value. Conversely, superseded resources may lose value.
4. Natural capital can have economic value when produced and consumed. It
This presentation supports the IB Environmental System and Societies Diploma Programme course.
Extensive support material can be found at www.sciencebitz.com
Additional review and revision material is available as an iTunesU course at
https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Methods of mitigation mentioned include reducing energy consumption, emissions from agriculture and deforestation, switching to renewable energies, carbon sequestration, and geoengineering techniques. Policy strategies are outlined at national and individual levels, including limiting carbon emissions and increasing renewable energy and forestation. The Kyoto Protocol is summarized as an international agreement for countries to reduce greenhouse gases through emissions trading and carbon offsetting via forestation. It was extended until 2020 and strengthened by the Paris Accords.
Getting to the Core of Paper 2 - ESS.pdfNigel Gardner
How important are the 9 mark questions in IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies?
Where do those questions come from?
How do you teach to answer those questions?
Communities can be described and compared through diversity indices which take into account the number of species and their distribution. Low diversity indices could indicate pollution, eutrophication, or recent colonization. Quantifying biodiversity is important for conservation efforts to identify and protect high biodiversity areas. Assessing changes in biodiversity over time helps evaluate human impacts on communities.
Topic 1.1 environmental value systems for the IB ESS Course.
What is an Environmental Value System?
What influence your EVS?
How are Environmental Values a System?
Spectrum of EVS
Historical Influences on the environmental movement
Case study: Zakouma National Park shifting Environmental Values
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Natural capital refers to the resources available for exploitation by humans. These exist in the biosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.
2. Renewable resources can be replaced by natural productivity as quickly as they are used up, such as timber. Replenishable resources are continually replaced by natural processes like solar energy. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced on human timescales, such as fossil fuels.
3. The value and status of natural capital changes over time as new technologies are developed. Resources that were once worthless may gain economic value. Conversely, superseded resources may lose value.
4. Natural capital can have economic value when produced and consumed. It
This presentation supports the IB Environmental System and Societies Diploma Programme course.
Extensive support material can be found at www.sciencebitz.com
Additional review and revision material is available as an iTunesU course at
https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
This document discusses soils and soil systems. It describes soils as the interface between the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Soils are comprised of regolith, organic matter, air and water. Soils exist in solid, liquid and gas states and take a long time to develop, making them a non-renewable resource. The document outlines the inputs, outputs, storages and transformations that occur within soil systems and describes the role of soils in terrestrial food production systems and societies.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, components, and methods for measuring it. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, habitats, and genetic diversity in an area. It can be measured by species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity. Methods for measuring biodiversity include counting species richness, calculating Simpson's Diversity Index using population data from quadrats, mark-recapture studies using the Lincoln Index, and chemical fogging to sample canopy insects. Global patterns of biodiversity are also addressed.
Environmental value systems are sets of paradigms that shape how individuals and societies perceive environmental issues. They are influenced by cultural, religious, economic, and development factors and function similarly to other systems by having inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback loops based on the flow of information. Different environmental value systems can come into conflict over issues. The main categories are ecocentric (nature-centered), technocentric (technology-centered), and anthropocentric (human-centered). These differing philosophies can affect political decisions on topics like water exploitation, climate change, fossil fuel use, and ecological footprints.
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and maintain a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, raising global temperatures beyond natural levels and threatening severe environmental and social consequences. While debates continue over the scale and solutions, most experts agree that reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon pricing can mitigate the risks of climate change.
The document discusses climate change and the energy sector. It provides information on:
1) The greenhouse effect and how human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels and global warming.
2) Key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their sources. Human activities like fossil fuel use are the main driver of rising CO2 levels.
3) Climate change is already affecting factors like temperature, sea levels, and glaciers. Impacts are projected for areas like agriculture, water resources, and human health.
4) International agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce emissions but countries have different commitments. The EU ETS is a carbon market program to lower emissions cost-effectively.
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
The document discusses key concepts relating to species, populations, and ecological niches. It defines a species and explains factors that influence populations like biotic and abiotic interactions. Population growth is described using S-curve and J-curve models, showing exponential then limited growth as carrying capacity is approached. Ecological niches are influenced by both fundamental and realized factors, and examples of population interactions like competition and predation are provided.
The document discusses key concepts related to sustainability including:
- Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
- Environmental indicators and ecological footprints can assess sustainability.
- The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reported that humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly in the past 50 years than ever before, with mixed impacts on human well-being.
- Environmental impact assessments play an important role in sustainable development by evaluating potential impacts of projects.
1. The world's population has grown to over 7 billion and is still increasing, though the growth rate is decreasing as fertility rates fall globally. Most population growth is occurring in developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Factors like education levels, economic conditions, availability of family planning, and disease prevalence influence birth and death rates in different parts of the world. As countries develop, their population growth typically follows a "demographic transition" from high birth/death rates to low rates.
3. While population models can help predict growth trends, making highly accurate long-term projections is difficult due to the many variables involved. Population
Here are some key points to consider in your response:
1. The range of energy resources includes renewable (solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, tidal, wave) and non-renewable (coal, gas, oil, nuclear).
2. Advantages and disadvantages of resources will vary but may include factors like environmental impacts, costs, existing infrastructure, resource availability, and public perception.
3. Choice of resources is influenced by factors such as economic development, historical dependence, infrastructure, public attitudes, policy, energy demands, and environmental concerns. MEDCs tend to rely more on non-renewables due to higher energy demands while LEDCs traditionally use more renewable resources. Transitioning energy systems requires overcoming
The document classifies environmental philosophies into three main categories: ecocentrism, which views nature as central to humanity; anthropocentrism, which believes humans must sustainably manage the global system; and technocentrism, which thinks technological solutions can address environmental issues. Within ecocentrism are deep ecologists and soft ecologists. Anthropocentrism includes environmental managers. Technocentrism contains cornucopians who think resources and growth can continue indefinitely.
Main Form of Renewable Energy ResourcesDavid Stoffel
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. wind, sun, rain etc.what is Renewable energy resources?, How does energy compare to other renewable energy sources? http://www.wesrch.com/
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of an environmental science textbook, including:
- Major environmental problems like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss, as well as some signs of hope in solving problems.
- Sustainability and sustainable development, which aim to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
- How science uses theories, experiments, statistics and critical thinking to understand environmental issues.
- A brief history of the environmental movement starting in the 1900s and leading to modern concerns over pollution highlighted in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962.
This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
This document discusses soils and soil systems. It describes soils as the interface between the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Soils are comprised of regolith, organic matter, air and water. Soils exist in solid, liquid and gas states and take a long time to develop, making them a non-renewable resource. The document outlines the inputs, outputs, storages and transformations that occur within soil systems and describes the role of soils in terrestrial food production systems and societies.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, components, and methods for measuring it. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, habitats, and genetic diversity in an area. It can be measured by species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity. Methods for measuring biodiversity include counting species richness, calculating Simpson's Diversity Index using population data from quadrats, mark-recapture studies using the Lincoln Index, and chemical fogging to sample canopy insects. Global patterns of biodiversity are also addressed.
Environmental value systems are sets of paradigms that shape how individuals and societies perceive environmental issues. They are influenced by cultural, religious, economic, and development factors and function similarly to other systems by having inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback loops based on the flow of information. Different environmental value systems can come into conflict over issues. The main categories are ecocentric (nature-centered), technocentric (technology-centered), and anthropocentric (human-centered). These differing philosophies can affect political decisions on topics like water exploitation, climate change, fossil fuel use, and ecological footprints.
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and maintain a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, raising global temperatures beyond natural levels and threatening severe environmental and social consequences. While debates continue over the scale and solutions, most experts agree that reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon pricing can mitigate the risks of climate change.
The document discusses climate change and the energy sector. It provides information on:
1) The greenhouse effect and how human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels and global warming.
2) Key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their sources. Human activities like fossil fuel use are the main driver of rising CO2 levels.
3) Climate change is already affecting factors like temperature, sea levels, and glaciers. Impacts are projected for areas like agriculture, water resources, and human health.
4) International agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce emissions but countries have different commitments. The EU ETS is a carbon market program to lower emissions cost-effectively.
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
The document discusses key concepts relating to species, populations, and ecological niches. It defines a species and explains factors that influence populations like biotic and abiotic interactions. Population growth is described using S-curve and J-curve models, showing exponential then limited growth as carrying capacity is approached. Ecological niches are influenced by both fundamental and realized factors, and examples of population interactions like competition and predation are provided.
The document discusses key concepts related to sustainability including:
- Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
- Environmental indicators and ecological footprints can assess sustainability.
- The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reported that humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly in the past 50 years than ever before, with mixed impacts on human well-being.
- Environmental impact assessments play an important role in sustainable development by evaluating potential impacts of projects.
1. The world's population has grown to over 7 billion and is still increasing, though the growth rate is decreasing as fertility rates fall globally. Most population growth is occurring in developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Factors like education levels, economic conditions, availability of family planning, and disease prevalence influence birth and death rates in different parts of the world. As countries develop, their population growth typically follows a "demographic transition" from high birth/death rates to low rates.
3. While population models can help predict growth trends, making highly accurate long-term projections is difficult due to the many variables involved. Population
Here are some key points to consider in your response:
1. The range of energy resources includes renewable (solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, tidal, wave) and non-renewable (coal, gas, oil, nuclear).
2. Advantages and disadvantages of resources will vary but may include factors like environmental impacts, costs, existing infrastructure, resource availability, and public perception.
3. Choice of resources is influenced by factors such as economic development, historical dependence, infrastructure, public attitudes, policy, energy demands, and environmental concerns. MEDCs tend to rely more on non-renewables due to higher energy demands while LEDCs traditionally use more renewable resources. Transitioning energy systems requires overcoming
The document classifies environmental philosophies into three main categories: ecocentrism, which views nature as central to humanity; anthropocentrism, which believes humans must sustainably manage the global system; and technocentrism, which thinks technological solutions can address environmental issues. Within ecocentrism are deep ecologists and soft ecologists. Anthropocentrism includes environmental managers. Technocentrism contains cornucopians who think resources and growth can continue indefinitely.
Main Form of Renewable Energy ResourcesDavid Stoffel
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. wind, sun, rain etc.what is Renewable energy resources?, How does energy compare to other renewable energy sources? http://www.wesrch.com/
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of an environmental science textbook, including:
- Major environmental problems like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss, as well as some signs of hope in solving problems.
- Sustainability and sustainable development, which aim to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
- How science uses theories, experiments, statistics and critical thinking to understand environmental issues.
- A brief history of the environmental movement starting in the 1900s and leading to modern concerns over pollution highlighted in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962.
The chapter focuses on the relationship between humans and the environment, with technology mediating their interaction. It examines how nature can be viewed as both a physical concept and a social construction. The remainder of the chapter traces selected cultures' interactions with nature, from early human transformations of the environment to more recent impacts of European expansion and globalization. Recent anthropogenic environmental changes, like pollution and deforestation, have had global consequences due to increasing globalization.
Human activities and consumption are negatively impacting Earth's spheres and environment. If humans continue increasing population and resource demands at the current unsustainable rate, it will lead to serious global health issues as competition for scarce resources intensifies. Environmental science is multidisciplinary, and human impacts are interconnected - what affects one part of the environment affects others. Managing land use, resources, and human population growth will be crucial to achieving a sustainable relationship between humanity and nature.
This chapter introduces concepts related to environmental sustainability. It discusses how deforestation on Easter Island led to societal collapse, providing a lesson about unsustainable practices. It then defines ecological footprint and explains how this measures human demand on natural resources. Four global trends are identified as particularly concerning: population growth, decline of ecosystems, atmospheric changes, and loss of biodiversity. The chapter presents the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework for understanding links between human well-being and ecosystem services and the need for conservation. It outlines strategic themes and integrative dimensions to consider in forging a sustainable future.
This document summarizes a class session on considering people and nature. It includes a discussion of Richard Louv's concept of nature deficit disorder, different views on the relationship between humans and nature, and models for including local communities in natural resource management. Environmental determinism viewed culture as determined by the environment, while possibilism saw the environment setting limits on human options. More recently, there is a shift to see people as part of nature and acknowledge traditional ecological knowledge. Protected areas were historically established without consent, separating humans from nature, but now aim to involve local communities through co-management models.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental ethics and issues. It begins by defining key terms like environment, ecosystem, and ecosystem structure and functions. It then discusses various environmental issues at the global level like depletion of natural resources, pollution, ozone layer depletion, climate change, sea level rise, and biodiversity loss. It also examines different approaches to environmental ethics like anthropocentrism, normative ethical theories of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Finally, it discusses the relationships between environmental ethics and topics like applied theology, animal ethics, and unethical human activities like deforestation and desertification.
The document discusses environmentalism from the 1980s to present. In the 1980s, there was a backlash against environmentalism with cuts to conservation funding and relaxed regulations. Visible environmental problems like oil spills drew attention. In the 1990s and 2000s, issues like climate change and biodiversity gained recognition, though the Bush administration opposed some environmental policies. Debate continues over balancing economic and environmental concerns.
GE 6351 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING mechrmkcet2017
The document discusses different types of ecosystems including forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and ocean ecosystems. It provides details on the structural components, functional attributes, and energy flow of each ecosystem type. For example, it notes that a forest ecosystem consists of trees and shrubs as producers, and primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. It also describes the abiotic factors, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids that characterize different ecosystems.
The document discusses the origins and history of Earth Day, including how Senator Gaylord Nelson helped organize the first Earth Day in 1970 to raise awareness of environmental issues. It also discusses various renewable energy sources like wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass energy. The document advocates that environmental protection should be an ongoing effort, not just one day a year, and discusses how technology can help develop environmentally friendly solutions.
Cornell Trieste CLEWS modelling October 2013Sarah Cornell
This document discusses the Earth system science perspective and the concept of planetary boundaries. It notes that earth system science research from the 1980s onward established that the Earth functions as a single system with interacting physical, chemical, biological and human components. The document also summarizes the key findings of the planetary boundaries framework, which proposes nine planetary boundaries related to human pressures like climate change, biodiversity loss and chemical pollution. It acknowledges that determining these boundaries involves assumptions and uncertainties due to the complexity of the Earth system and interactions between different scales.
The document discusses arguments for protecting biodiversity from both an intrinsic and anthropocentric perspective. The intrinsic view is that biodiversity has value regardless of its benefits to humans, as all species are part of the evolutionary process. The anthropocentric view is that biodiversity provides economic, aesthetic, recreational, and insurance benefits to humans through ecosystem services like climate regulation and soil formation. Both perspectives aim to protect biodiversity, though they stem from different philosophies around nature's value. The document examines these arguments but leaves the conclusions open to the reader's interpretation.
This document provides an overview of environmental science concepts including the definition of environment, components of the environment, ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation efforts. It defines environment as the sum of all biotic and abiotic factors surrounding an organism and influencing its life. Key components include the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Ecosystems are formed by the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in an environment. Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity and is threatened by human activity like habitat loss. Conservation efforts include both in situ and ex situ methods to protect biodiversity.
The document provides an overview of environmental science. It discusses key topics like the definition of environment and science. Environmental science examines relationships between the environment and human activities. It also explores methods like using evidence and testing to understand natural phenomena. The document outlines focus areas for environmental science like studying pollutants in air, water, and soil and their effects on health and ecosystems. Case studies on environmental disasters like Donora, PA, the Cuyahoga River fire, and Love Canal are summarized to showcase environmental science in action.
The document defines key terms in environmental science and ecology, outlines the major fields of study that contribute to environmental science, and describes how hunter-gatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the industrial revolution impacted the environment. It identifies the goals of environmental science as understanding and solving environmental problems by studying human use of natural resources and how human actions change the environment. The document also classifies the three major environmental problems as resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
This document discusses integrating environmental issues into a philosophy of the human person course. It argues that without ecological awareness, a philosophy of the human person can exploit the environment. There are two extreme views - deep ecologists who want humans to leave nature alone, and conservationists who see nature as for human enjoyment. However, an evolutionary approach justifies both human intervention to prevent degradation and distancing to let nature care for itself. This recognizes humanity's ecological context of survival through oxygen-producing organisms and consumption of other beings. The best argument for protecting the environment is that those who violate ecological laws will also be harmed. Integrating environmental concerns can teach responsibility by making us aware of our dynamic relationship with our environment, or "oik
This document provides an introduction to environmental planning, including:
1. It defines the environment and environmental science, noting that the environment involves what is surrounded, what surrounds it, and where.
2. It discusses the history of the environmental movement from the 19th century works of Thoreau and Muir to the modern era, including key events like the publication of Silent Spring and international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.
3. It addresses the growth of cities and urbanization and their environmental impacts like sprawl, as well as issues like population growth and the need for sustainable development that considers both human and environmental needs.
Environmental science is a multi-disciplinary field that studies the interactions between the natural world and human activities. It includes aspects of chemistry, physics, biology and other disciplines. The document discusses key concepts in environmental science including the components of the environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It also discusses ecosystems, food chains and food webs, producers and consumers, and energy flow between trophic levels. The goal of environmental science is to understand how nature works and how human activities affect the environment.
Faith and Climate Change Scepticism: Competing Christian theologies of Enviro...Rich Harris
This document discusses competing Christian theologies regarding environmental stewardship and climate change skepticism. It outlines a "dominion" theology that views humans as having authority to exploit nature for their ends, which has been used to oppose environmental regulations. However, it also presents an alternative "stewardship" view based on caring for God's creation. The roles of various organizations in promoting these perspectives are examined, showing how theology and politics can intersect on environmental issues.
Similar to Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdf (20)
Topic 1.1 Part 1 - Perspectives for the SL and HL IB Diploma ESS Course. These notes form quick over views of the main points of each topic and a designed to help students as a starting point for revision.
Topic 2.4 - Biomes, Zonation and Succession in the Pyrenees.pdfNigel Gardner
Develops and understanding of Zonation and Succession through a case study of the Garigue ecosystem in the Corbiere range in South East France as part of the Pyrenees. The Garigue is a typical Mediterranean Type ecosystem but its range has been significantly increased historically through human influence.
With rural depopulation secondary succession has developed and biodiversity change is occurring.
This resource has been created for IB Diploma ESS, but it is also useful for Post 16 Biology and Geography courses.
For downloadable versions please visit the four corners education TES webstore
Getting to the Core of Paper 2 - ESS Stream.pdfNigel Gardner
Where do the questions come from in section B Paper 2 of the IB DP ESS exam?
Walk through the process of why concentrating on these questions is valuable and how to build your own questions.
IB Environmental Systems and SocietiesTopic 2 - Energy in an ecosystem - The ...Nigel Gardner
A presentation to support the IB ESS course examining energy flow through and ecosystem. The presentation covers photosynthesis and respiration on ecosystems, productivity, and feeding relationships through the use of Arctic ecosystems as examples. Questions are included along the way to help students critically think about the relationships between energy, productivity and populations.
Topic 2.4 Understanding community changeNigel Gardner
The document discusses succession and zonation in the Pyrenees mountains. It explains that primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces like after glacial retreat, while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land. In the Pyrenees, there is zonation from forest to grassland biomes depending on elevation and precipitation. However, human activities like grazing and agriculture have maintained an open garigue shrubland community between the natural forest and grassland zones.
Topic 2.5: investigating ecosystems - Vegetation Sampling Part 1Nigel Gardner
The document discusses different methods for sampling vegetation, including quadrats, transects, and sampling systems. It describes the different types of quadrats - plain, cover, and point - and how transects can be used in the form of line, belt, and interval transects. Random sampling is presented as an objective technique but limitations are discussed. The number of quadrats needed is calculated based on variability between samples. Different attributes that can be measured are also outlined, including density, cover, and abundance.
ATL skills in the diploma programme - visible not hiddenNigel Gardner
Approaches To Learning Skills are already embedded in the Diploma Programme. The harder part is teasing them out. Thinking about where they are. Constructing our curriculum around skills.
In this first slideshares we look at identifying the ATL skill clusters already in the subject and creating opportunities to support them through BBD thinking.
Topic 2.2 communities and ecosystems photosynthesis and respiration ssNigel Gardner
Topic 2.2 Communities and Ecosystem - Photosynthesis and Respiration for the IB DP Environmental Systems and Societies Course.
The role of photosynthesis in the ecosystems
Limits to photosynthesis in the ecosystem
Respiration in the ecosystem
Foundation of energy flow in the ecosystem
Topic 2.1 for the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course
Species
Habitat
Niche
Joseph Connells Barnacle experiment
Abiotic and Biotic factors
Populations
What regulates populations
Predator Prey relationships
Biotic interactions
Population growth
Competition and population growth
Topic 1.1 environmental value systems four cornersNigel Gardner
Environmental value systems are influenced by many factors and exist on a spectrum. They can be categorized as ecocentric, focusing on nature; anthropocentric, focusing on humans; or technocentric, focusing on technology. The document analyzes different environmental value systems through cases like drilling in ANWR and Zakouma National Park in Chad. It traces the growth of the modern environmental movement and influences on environmental values over time.
Topic 2.4 biomes, zonation and succession in the pyreneesNigel Gardner
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdf
1. Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Topic 1: Foundations of
environmental systems
and societies
2. Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history
as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that
depend on many factors and influences. (ToK - this sets EVS in the terms of personal
and shared knowledge)
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Main ideas
?
Do
you have an EVS?
What has made it?
3. A World View or Paradigm
Its how you perceive or evaluate environmental issues
as an individual or as part of a group
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
What is an EVS?
What is thisWorld View?
4. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
What influence your EVS?
Culture
Religion
Education
Experience
Economics
5. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Can you describe different EVS?
Culture
Religion
Education
Experience
Economics
O”Riordan (1981,1989) categorised a spectrum
of EVS from ecocentric through anthropocentric
to technocentric
O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion
O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman.
Anthropocentric
Ecocentric
Technocentric
6. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
How are Environmental Values a System?
Culture
Religion
Education
Experience
Economics Anthropocentric
Ecocentric
Technocentric
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
7. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Spectrum of EVS?
O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion
O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman.
Holistic world view. Minimum
disturbance of natural processes.
Integration of spiritual, social and
environmental dimensions.
Sustainability for the whole Earth.
Self-reliant communities within a
framework of global citizenship. Self-
imposed restraint on resource use.
People as environmental
managers of sustainable global
systems. Population control given
equal weight to resource use. Strong
regulation by independent
authorities required.
Technology can keep pace with
and provide solutions to
environmental problems. Resource
replacement solves resource
depletion. Need
to understand natural processes
in order to control them. Strong
emphasis on scientific analysis and
prediction prior to policy-making.
Importance of market, and economic
growth.
Ecocentrism Anthropocentrism Technocentrism
Nature People Technology
8. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Spectrum of EVS?
O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion
O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman.
Ecocentrism Anthropocentrism Technocentrism
Nature People Technology
Deep Ecologists Environmental Managers Cornucopians
Self-reliance Soft Ecologists
Intrinsic
importance of
nature for the
humanity of man.
Emphasis on
smallness of scale
and hence
community identity in
settlement, work and
leisure.
Belief that economic
growth and resource
exploitation can
continue under
controlled conditions
Belief that man can
always find a way
out of any difficulties,
either political,
scientific or
technological.
9. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
To what extend does the environment
have it’s own intrinsic value?
What is intrinsic value?
To what extent do all parts of the environment have equal
value?
Why does it matter if the environment has intrinsic value?
ToK
question
Will everyone in the room have
the same answer?
10. Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge
ANWR
ANWR Coastal Plain
Proposed development
area
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
One issue two EVS
Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
In 2005 the US government under George W Bush
voted to allow oil drilling in Alaska’s Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge
11. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
One issue two EVS - ANWR
The proposed drilling areas:
Home to the indigenous Gwich’in people and the inhabitants of the
small city of Kaktovik
Supports both Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) and Porcupine
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti)
The Gwich’in people depend on caribou as their main food source
The area is estimated to have has much as 13,000,000 barrels of
oil
Kaktovik
Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
12. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
One issue two EVS - ANWR
"For us this is a human rights issue and it's a basic Aboriginal
human rights issue,"
"the sacred place where life begins.”
"unacceptable that another nation is allowed to be destroyed [for
oil]."
Luci Beach, a representative of the Gwich’in Steering Committee
“our need to protect these sacred places because of our spiritual
connection between the land, the animals and our people”
Lorraine Peter, Gwich’in
“We have carefully studied and taken a position on petroleum
development. We have reached a consensus that we have held
now for over two decades. That consensus is not what most
people think, it is much more complex. The essence of the
Kaktovik position is that we would support oil exploration and
development of the coastal plain provided we are given the
authority and the resources to ensure that it is done properly and
safely. Without the necessary provisions to ensure this
protection, we would not”
Gwich’in People City of Kaktovik
Which Environmental Value Systems are these? How do you know?
Adapted from: Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
13. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Be careful with EVSs
It is very easy to view subsistence societies as ecocentric.
But as O’Riordan (1989, p84), Paavola and Lowe (2005)
points out:
North American and Australian first peoples as well as post
ice age man did not develop environmentally exploitive
technology
They did however alter their environment through fire and
depleted game through over hunting
Nomadic herders in Africa are causing overgrazing in the
Sahel region
O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New
Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London: Unwin Hyman.
Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and
Governance, Routledge
Fire being used by subsistence farmers on Malapascua Island
in the Philippines
14. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Growth of the environmental movement
Growth of environmental pressure groups in
the late 20th Century. (Paavola and Lowe
2005)
Emphasised a shift in view point
e.g. During the Cold War nuclear power was
seen as clean and safe. This view changed
after Chernobyl and more recently Fukushima
Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and
Governance, Routledge
https://flic.kr/p/6qxrsq
Reactor Building Chernobyl: Timm Suess
15. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Historical Influences on the environmental movement
While influences on the way we engage with nature can be traced back throughout history, the
modern environmental movement grew rapidly in the late 20th Century (each tile is a link)
Minimata Bay (1956)
Mercury released from a
factory accumulate along the
food chain and causes
mercury poisoning in the
local population
Silent Spring (1962)
Rachel Carson publishes
Silent Spring which argues
the link between excessive
use of pesticides and its
environmental implications
for ecosystems and food
chains
DDT and Egg Shells
(1970)
Derek Ratcliffe showed the
link between decline in
peregrine falcon numbers
and the effect of DDT on
eggshell thickness in falcons
Greenpeace (1971)
The environmental
campaign group was
established in Canada and
has since grown into an
international organisation
Gaia hypothesis (1972)
James lovelock proposes
the idea that the planet and
its organisms have
developed together as a
symbiotic system
Bhopal (1985)
Release of chemicals from
the Union Carbide plant kills
unto 25000 people in Bhopal
India
Chernobyl (1996)
Failure of the nuclear reactor
at Chernobyl causes the
relocation of over 300000
people in Ukraine (then
Russia) and with fall out
contaminating land as far
away as the UK
16. Case study: Zakouma National Park
shifting Environmental Values
Topic1: Foundations of
Environmental Systems and
Societies
17. Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Zakouma National Park
The Zakouma National Park is a 3000km2 area
created in 1963 in Chad, central Africa.
To make way for the park 6 local villages were cleared
and the villagers relocated
Chad
C.A.R
Sudan
Chad
C.A.R
Sudan
Zakouma
National Park
18. Chad
C.A.R
Sudan
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Zakouma National Park
Zakouma is home to one of Africa’s largest remaining
elephant herds
Because of the civil war and poaching by raiders from
Sudan between 2002 and 2010 the number fell from
4000 to about 400
Civil war in Sudan and the surrounding regions means
that trade in illegal ivory is a big business.
In 2005 it was estimated 75% of this ivory went to
China. (What EVS does this demonstrate?)
19. Chad
C.A.R
Sudan
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Zakouma National Park
The attitude of the villagers displaced to create Zakouma
depends on its economic value. If there is tourism and
Government support in terms of money - local villagers
support the park.
Education of local rangers in the park has helped develop a
stronger link between local community and the park
Luxury ecocamping will provide additional jobs and bring in an
estimated $250000 dollars to the parks budget
One of the camps will be free for locals who, even though they
have lived along side the elephants and other animal may
have never seen them - a total of around 5000 in the first year
20. Chad
C.A.R
Sudan
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Zakouma National Park
The Players in the story
Conservationists Locals Poachers
Which Environmental Value System?
Fay J.M: Ivory Wars: Last Stand in Zakouma (Chad), National Geographic Magazine, March 2007
“The Rare African Park Where Elephants Are Thriving.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 30
Jan. 2017, news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/wildlife-watch-chad-zakouma-elephants-poaching/.
21. Work cited:
Brown A: Extended Essay - Can the reasons for drilling in ANWR Section 1002 outweigh the costs?, 2010, unpublished
Fay J.M: Ivory Wars: Last Stand in Zakouma (Chad), National Geographic Magazine, March 2007
O’Riordan T. (1981) Environmentalism. 2nd edn. London: Prion
O’Riordan, T. (1989) The challenge for environmentalism. In R. Peet and N. Thrift (eds) New Models in Geography (pp. 77–102). London:
Unwin Hyman.
Paavola J; Lowe I (2005) Environmental Values in a Globalising World: Nature, Justice and Governance, Rutledge
“The Rare African Park Where Elephants Are Thriving.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 30 Jan. 2017,
news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/wildlife-watch-chad-zakouma-elephants-poaching/.
NB* Unless stated in the presentation all illustrations, figures and images are the property and copyright of N Gardner. sciencebitz.com
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
22. Extended resources and further reading
Environmental History Timeline: http://environmentalhistory.org
A Journal article about EVS: Dietz, Thomas & Fitzgerald, Amy & Shwom, Rachael. (2005). Environmental Values.
Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30. 335-72. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228624754_Environmental_Values
A research paper evaluating the believe that the Amish culture of Lancaster County reject technology per se https://
kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/59685/1/JAPAS_Reschly_vol2-issue1_pp125-146.pdf
Topic1: Foundations
Topic 1.1: Environmental value systems