Summary of topic 1.3
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This document discusses key concepts in environmental systems and societies, including: 1. Ecosystems can range from small self-contained communities to the entire biosphere of the planet. Biomes are large open ecosystems that span stable climates. 2. The laws of thermodynamics state that energy is conserved but tends towards disorder, so systems seek equilibrium. There are several types of equilibrium including static, steady state, stable, and unstable. 3. Feedback mechanisms can be positive or negative, with negative feedback restoring equilibrium and positive feedback driving a system to a new state. Examples of feedback in maintaining human body temperature are provided.
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Summary of topic 6.2
The document discusses stratospheric ozone and its depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It explains that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet light and protects life from its harmful effects. CFCs were used widely but break down ozone when they reach the stratosphere. This led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. Increased UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage and lower crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out CFC use, reducing ozone depletion, though some developing nations still use CFCs and a black market exists.
Summary of topic 6.1
The document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon. The atmosphere is divided into layers based on altitude and temperature. The troposphere, located closest to the surface, is where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass, water vapor, and dust. It is also where most human pollution accumulates and affects climate change through increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
Summary of topic 4.2
This document discusses access to freshwater around the world. Only a small percentage of Earth's total water is freshwater, and its distribution is inequitable with many less economically developed countries lacking access. The turnover time, or time it takes for water to cycle from one part of the hydrologic cycle to another, varies significantly from 10,000 years for ice caps to just 12 days for rivers and the atmosphere. Increasing water usage in many areas is threatening sustainability as populations rise without adequate conservation efforts. The case study of Mexico City illustrates some of these challenges as groundwater is overexploited and wastewater is increasingly reused to try and meet the needs of the large population.
1.3 Energy and equilibria
A rough draft of the 1.3 energy and equilibria presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 5.1
This document discusses soils and soil systems. It describes soils as the interface between the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Soils are comprised of regolith, organic matter, air and water. Soils exist in solid, liquid and gas states and take a long time to develop, making them a non-renewable resource. The document outlines the inputs, outputs, storages and transformations that occur within soil systems and describes the role of soils in terrestrial food production systems and societies.
Summary of topic 1.4
Natural capital refers to the resources available for human exploitation including renewable, replenishable, and non-renewable resources found in the biosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Renewable resources like timber can be replaced through natural processes like photosynthesis, while replenishable resources like solar energy are continually replaced through abiotic processes. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be naturally replaced within human timescales. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations by limiting use of non-renewables and switching to renewables. However, there is debate around balancing environmental, economic, and social factors.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Summary of topic 7.2
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and maintain a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, raising global temperatures beyond natural levels and threatening severe environmental and social consequences. While debates continue over the scale and solutions, most experts agree that reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon pricing can mitigate the risks of climate change.
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Summary of topic 6.2
The document discusses stratospheric ozone and its depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It explains that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet light and protects life from its harmful effects. CFCs were used widely but break down ozone when they reach the stratosphere. This led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. Increased UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage and lower crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out CFC use, reducing ozone depletion, though some developing nations still use CFCs and a black market exists.
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Summary of topic 4.2
This document discusses access to freshwater around the world. Only a small percentage of Earth's total water is freshwater, and its distribution is inequitable with many less economically developed countries lacking access. The turnover time, or time it takes for water to cycle from one part of the hydrologic cycle to another, varies significantly from 10,000 years for ice caps to just 12 days for rivers and the atmosphere. Increasing water usage in many areas is threatening sustainability as populations rise without adequate conservation efforts. The case study of Mexico City illustrates some of these challenges as groundwater is overexploited and wastewater is increasingly reused to try and meet the needs of the large population.
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Summary of topic 5.1
This document discusses soils and soil systems. It describes soils as the interface between the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Soils are comprised of regolith, organic matter, air and water. Soils exist in solid, liquid and gas states and take a long time to develop, making them a non-renewable resource. The document outlines the inputs, outputs, storages and transformations that occur within soil systems and describes the role of soils in terrestrial food production systems and societies.
Summary of topic 1.4
Natural capital refers to the resources available for human exploitation including renewable, replenishable, and non-renewable resources found in the biosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Renewable resources like timber can be replaced through natural processes like photosynthesis, while replenishable resources like solar energy are continually replaced through abiotic processes. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be naturally replaced within human timescales. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations by limiting use of non-renewables and switching to renewables. However, there is debate around balancing environmental, economic, and social factors.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Summary of topic 7.2
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and maintain a habitable temperature on Earth. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, raising global temperatures beyond natural levels and threatening severe environmental and social consequences. While debates continue over the scale and solutions, most experts agree that reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon pricing can mitigate the risks of climate change.
Summary of topic 4.4
This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
File 2 ess-important essay question asnwer
This document contains 10 essay questions related to environmental systems and societies. The first question asks the student to describe a method for measuring changes in abiotic components in a named ecosystem affected by human activity. The second question asks the student to describe ecocentric and technocentric responses to global warming and justify which may be more effective. The third question asks the student to outline the environmental impact of two named food production systems.
Summary of topic 4.1
This document discusses water systems and the global water cycle. It describes the three main types of ecosystems - marine, freshwater, and terrestrial - and notes that most global ecosystems are water-based. It then explains the key components of the water cycle, including storages like oceans, groundwater, and glaciers, and flows like evaporation, precipitation, melting, and streams. It notes that the ocean conveyor belt and Gulf Stream play an important role in distributing heat and affecting climate. Finally, it discusses some human impacts like unsustainable water use, changes to flows and storages, and water pollution.
1.2 Systems and models
A rough draft of the 1.2 systems and models presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 7.1
Here are some key points to consider in your response:
1. The range of energy resources includes renewable (solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, tidal, wave) and non-renewable (coal, gas, oil, nuclear).
2. Advantages and disadvantages of resources will vary but may include factors like environmental impacts, costs, existing infrastructure, resource availability, and public perception.
3. Choice of resources is influenced by factors such as economic development, historical dependence, infrastructure, public attitudes, policy, energy demands, and environmental concerns. MEDCs tend to rely more on non-renewables due to higher energy demands while LEDCs traditionally use more renewable resources. Transitioning energy systems requires overcoming
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Summary of topic 4.3
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
1.4 Sustainability
A rough draft of the 1.4 sustainability presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 5.2
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
Summary of topic 8.3
This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
Topic 3.3
This document discusses threats to biodiversity, including current extinction rates and causes of past mass extinction events. It notes that the current extinction rate among mammals is 45 times the natural background rate, indicating we may be in the midst of a sixth mass extinction event caused primarily by human activities. Key threats include habitat loss, pollution, overharvesting, and introduction of invasive species. Species are more vulnerable if they have small populations, specialize in limited resources, reproduce slowly, face human or natural predators, or occupy high positions in food chains. Conservation status is determined by population size trends, habitat quality and fragmentation. Examples are given of extinct, critically endangered, and recovering species.
Summary of topic 5.3
The document discusses two case studies of soil degradation: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US and the drying of the Aral Sea in Central Asia by the Soviet Union. Both events were caused by unsustainable farming and water use practices that removed protective vegetation from the soil, leading to widespread dust storms and desertification. The document also discusses the global issue of soil degradation, its causes like erosion, pollution, overgrazing and mismanaged farmland, and techniques to conserve soil like reducing erosion, managing nutrients, limiting compaction, and preventing overgrazing.
Summary of topic 1.1
Environmental value systems are sets of paradigms that shape how individuals and societies perceive environmental issues. They are influenced by cultural, religious, economic, and development factors and function similarly to other systems by having inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback loops based on the flow of information. Different environmental value systems can come into conflict over issues. The main categories are ecocentric (nature-centered), technocentric (technology-centered), and anthropocentric (human-centered). These differing philosophies can affect political decisions on topics like water exploitation, climate change, fossil fuel use, and ecological footprints.
Summary of topic 2.5
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Topic 3.2
This document discusses the origins of biodiversity through the process of evolution by natural selection. It explains that over long periods of time, organisms gradually change through beneficial mutations that allow better adaptation to the environment, and these adapted traits get passed down through reproduction. Variation exists within species, and individuals with variations better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their beneficial genes. This gradual process of evolution through natural selection over millions of years has led to the diversity of life we see today. Plate tectonics further influenced biodiversity by splitting land masses and isolating previously connected populations, allowing them to evolve separately into new species through allopatric speciation.
Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)
Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies (16 hours)
Big questions: This topic may be particularly appropriate for considering big questions A, C, D and E.
Sub-topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Significant ideas:
• Historical events, among other influences, affect the development of environmental value systems (EVSs) and environmental movements.
• There is a wide spectrum of EVSs, each with its own premises and implications.
Knowledge and understanding:
• Significant historical influences on the development of the environmental
movement have come from literature, the media, major environmental disasters,
international agreements and technological developments.
• An EVS is a worldview or paradigm that shapes the way an individual, or group
of people, perceives and evaluates environmental issues, influenced by cultural,
religious, economic and socio-political contexts.
• An EVS might be considered as a system in the sense that it may be influenced
by education, experience, culture and media (inputs), and involves a set of
interrelated premises, values and arguments that can generate consistent
decisions and evaluations (outputs).
• There is a spectrum of EVSs, from ecocentric through anthropocentric to
technocentric value systems.
• An ecocentric viewpoint integrates social, spiritual and environmental
dimensions into a holistic ideal. It puts ecology and nature as central to humanity
and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency
of societies. An ecocentric viewpoint prioritizes biorights, emphasizes the
importance of education and encourages self-restraint in human behaviour.
• An anthropocentric viewpoint argues that humans must sustainably manage the
global system. This might be through the use of taxes, environmental regulation
and legislation. Debate would be encouraged to reach a consensual, pragmatic
approach to solving environmental problems.
• A
Summary of topic 2.4
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Summary of topic 6.3
The document discusses photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. It explains that (1) emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation produce pollutants like NOx and VOCs that react with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere. (2) High temperatures and concentrations of these pollutants near the equator exacerbate ozone formation. (3) Photochemical smog results from a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs in cities without wind dispersing the pollutants. It causes eye, skin and respiratory irritation in humans and damage to plants. Management strategies aim to reduce vehicle use and encourage public transport to lessen emissions.
Summary of topic 7.3
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Methods of mitigation mentioned include reducing energy consumption, emissions from agriculture and deforestation, switching to renewable energies, carbon sequestration, and geoengineering techniques. Policy strategies are outlined at national and individual levels, including limiting carbon emissions and increasing renewable energy and forestation. The Kyoto Protocol is summarized as an international agreement for countries to reduce greenhouse gases through emissions trading and carbon offsetting via forestation. It was extended until 2020 and strengthened by the Paris Accords.
1.5 Humans and pollution
A rough draft of the 1.5 humans and pollution presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 1.2
The document discusses systems and models. It defines a system as consisting of storages, flows, processes, and feedback mechanisms. A model is defined as a simplified version of reality that can be used to see how a system works and predict how it will respond to change, though models involve some loss of accuracy. The document also discusses open, closed, and isolated ecosystems and asks questions about representing systems using diagrams and whether certain types of ecosystems truly exist.
Summary of topic 1.5
Pollution is defined as the addition of substances that harm the environment at a rate faster than it can be rendered harmless. Pollution can be natural or anthropogenic and come from point sources like factories that can be mapped, or non-point sources like vehicle emissions that are more dispersed. Major sources of pollution include sewage, mining, agriculture, industry, and waste. Pollution can seriously harm public health, water quality, soil quality, and lead to death in some cases. DDT was a widely used pesticide that was banned in many countries after being found to cause harm by weakening bird egg shells and linking to birth defects and cancer in other animals.
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This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
File 2 ess-important essay question asnwer
This document contains 10 essay questions related to environmental systems and societies. The first question asks the student to describe a method for measuring changes in abiotic components in a named ecosystem affected by human activity. The second question asks the student to describe ecocentric and technocentric responses to global warming and justify which may be more effective. The third question asks the student to outline the environmental impact of two named food production systems.
Summary of topic 4.1
This document discusses water systems and the global water cycle. It describes the three main types of ecosystems - marine, freshwater, and terrestrial - and notes that most global ecosystems are water-based. It then explains the key components of the water cycle, including storages like oceans, groundwater, and glaciers, and flows like evaporation, precipitation, melting, and streams. It notes that the ocean conveyor belt and Gulf Stream play an important role in distributing heat and affecting climate. Finally, it discusses some human impacts like unsustainable water use, changes to flows and storages, and water pollution.
1.2 Systems and models
A rough draft of the 1.2 systems and models presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 7.1
Here are some key points to consider in your response:
1. The range of energy resources includes renewable (solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, tidal, wave) and non-renewable (coal, gas, oil, nuclear).
2. Advantages and disadvantages of resources will vary but may include factors like environmental impacts, costs, existing infrastructure, resource availability, and public perception.
3. Choice of resources is influenced by factors such as economic development, historical dependence, infrastructure, public attitudes, policy, energy demands, and environmental concerns. MEDCs tend to rely more on non-renewables due to higher energy demands while LEDCs traditionally use more renewable resources. Transitioning energy systems requires overcoming
Getting to the Core of Paper 2 - ESS.pdf
How important are the 9 mark questions in IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies?
Where do those questions come from?
How do you teach to answer those questions?
Summary of topic 4.3
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
1.4 Sustainability
A rough draft of the 1.4 sustainability presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
Summary of topic 5.2
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
Summary of topic 8.3
This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
Topic 3.3
This document discusses threats to biodiversity, including current extinction rates and causes of past mass extinction events. It notes that the current extinction rate among mammals is 45 times the natural background rate, indicating we may be in the midst of a sixth mass extinction event caused primarily by human activities. Key threats include habitat loss, pollution, overharvesting, and introduction of invasive species. Species are more vulnerable if they have small populations, specialize in limited resources, reproduce slowly, face human or natural predators, or occupy high positions in food chains. Conservation status is determined by population size trends, habitat quality and fragmentation. Examples are given of extinct, critically endangered, and recovering species.
Summary of topic 5.3
The document discusses two case studies of soil degradation: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US and the drying of the Aral Sea in Central Asia by the Soviet Union. Both events were caused by unsustainable farming and water use practices that removed protective vegetation from the soil, leading to widespread dust storms and desertification. The document also discusses the global issue of soil degradation, its causes like erosion, pollution, overgrazing and mismanaged farmland, and techniques to conserve soil like reducing erosion, managing nutrients, limiting compaction, and preventing overgrazing.
Summary of topic 1.1
Environmental value systems are sets of paradigms that shape how individuals and societies perceive environmental issues. They are influenced by cultural, religious, economic, and development factors and function similarly to other systems by having inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback loops based on the flow of information. Different environmental value systems can come into conflict over issues. The main categories are ecocentric (nature-centered), technocentric (technology-centered), and anthropocentric (human-centered). These differing philosophies can affect political decisions on topics like water exploitation, climate change, fossil fuel use, and ecological footprints.
Summary of topic 2.5
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Topic 3.2
This document discusses the origins of biodiversity through the process of evolution by natural selection. It explains that over long periods of time, organisms gradually change through beneficial mutations that allow better adaptation to the environment, and these adapted traits get passed down through reproduction. Variation exists within species, and individuals with variations better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their beneficial genes. This gradual process of evolution through natural selection over millions of years has led to the diversity of life we see today. Plate tectonics further influenced biodiversity by splitting land masses and isolating previously connected populations, allowing them to evolve separately into new species through allopatric speciation.
Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)
Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies (16 hours)
Big questions: This topic may be particularly appropriate for considering big questions A, C, D and E.
Sub-topic 1.1: Environmental value systems
Significant ideas:
• Historical events, among other influences, affect the development of environmental value systems (EVSs) and environmental movements.
• There is a wide spectrum of EVSs, each with its own premises and implications.
Knowledge and understanding:
• Significant historical influences on the development of the environmental
movement have come from literature, the media, major environmental disasters,
international agreements and technological developments.
• An EVS is a worldview or paradigm that shapes the way an individual, or group
of people, perceives and evaluates environmental issues, influenced by cultural,
religious, economic and socio-political contexts.
• An EVS might be considered as a system in the sense that it may be influenced
by education, experience, culture and media (inputs), and involves a set of
interrelated premises, values and arguments that can generate consistent
decisions and evaluations (outputs).
• There is a spectrum of EVSs, from ecocentric through anthropocentric to
technocentric value systems.
• An ecocentric viewpoint integrates social, spiritual and environmental
dimensions into a holistic ideal. It puts ecology and nature as central to humanity
and emphasizes a less materialistic approach to life with greater self-sufficiency
of societies. An ecocentric viewpoint prioritizes biorights, emphasizes the
importance of education and encourages self-restraint in human behaviour.
• An anthropocentric viewpoint argues that humans must sustainably manage the
global system. This might be through the use of taxes, environmental regulation
and legislation. Debate would be encouraged to reach a consensual, pragmatic
approach to solving environmental problems.
• A
Summary of topic 2.4
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Summary of topic 6.3
The document discusses photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. It explains that (1) emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation produce pollutants like NOx and VOCs that react with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere. (2) High temperatures and concentrations of these pollutants near the equator exacerbate ozone formation. (3) Photochemical smog results from a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs in cities without wind dispersing the pollutants. It causes eye, skin and respiratory irritation in humans and damage to plants. Management strategies aim to reduce vehicle use and encourage public transport to lessen emissions.
Summary of topic 7.3
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Methods of mitigation mentioned include reducing energy consumption, emissions from agriculture and deforestation, switching to renewable energies, carbon sequestration, and geoengineering techniques. Policy strategies are outlined at national and individual levels, including limiting carbon emissions and increasing renewable energy and forestation. The Kyoto Protocol is summarized as an international agreement for countries to reduce greenhouse gases through emissions trading and carbon offsetting via forestation. It was extended until 2020 and strengthened by the Paris Accords.
1.5 Humans and pollution
A rough draft of the 1.5 humans and pollution presentation for the new 2015 syllabus. I figure teachers can use it and improve it.
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Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)
Ess topic 1 foundations of environmental systems and societies(first exam 2017)
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Summary of topic 1.2
The document discusses systems and models. It defines a system as consisting of storages, flows, processes, and feedback mechanisms. A model is defined as a simplified version of reality that can be used to see how a system works and predict how it will respond to change, though models involve some loss of accuracy. The document also discusses open, closed, and isolated ecosystems and asks questions about representing systems using diagrams and whether certain types of ecosystems truly exist.
Summary of topic 1.5
Pollution is defined as the addition of substances that harm the environment at a rate faster than it can be rendered harmless. Pollution can be natural or anthropogenic and come from point sources like factories that can be mapped, or non-point sources like vehicle emissions that are more dispersed. Major sources of pollution include sewage, mining, agriculture, industry, and waste. Pollution can seriously harm public health, water quality, soil quality, and lead to death in some cases. DDT was a widely used pesticide that was banned in many countries after being found to cause harm by weakening bird egg shells and linking to birth defects and cancer in other animals.
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I analyzed the code of TensorFlow XLA.
This document pertains to JIT part of TensorFlow XLA.
Ib ess exam notes
This document provides summaries of key topics related to systems and models, ecosystems, and human population dynamics.
1) It defines systems, models, laws of thermodynamics, and equilibrium concepts. It also discusses feedback, transfers and transformations of matter and energy.
2) It defines ecosystem components and processes like biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. It also summarizes different biomes and their characteristics.
3) It discusses human population dynamics concepts like exponential and logistic growth models, r/K selection strategies, and factors affecting population size. It also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food supply.
Ecology and niche
The document discusses niches and competitive exclusion in ecology. It defines key terms like ecology, habitat, population, niche, and competitive exclusion. It then presents a fictional story where Brother Gregory is investigating which microbe species is competitively excluding the yeast and preventing wine fermentation at a winery. Data on the temperature and pH niches of different microbe species is collected. Based on comparing the yeast's niche to the data, one can determine which microbe species is responsible for the contamination. The document also explains that while niches can overlap, the principle of competitive exclusion states that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche indefinitely.
Ecosystems - Succession and Key Terms
The document provides definitions and concepts related to ecosystems, including:
1. Definitions of ecosystems and their structure, including biomass and dead organic matter.
2. Functions of ecosystems, including energy and nutrient flows through photosynthesis, trophic levels, and nutrient recycling.
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Topic 1 – systems and models
A system consists of storages, flows (inputs and outputs), processes (transfer or transformation), and feedback mechanisms to maintain stability. Ecosystems are examples of systems that are generally self-contained communities of living things and their environment. The Earth can be considered a single, closed ecosystem (the biosphere) made up of various biomes defined by similar climates. All systems aim for equilibrium, either static, steady-state, stable, or unstable, with feedback mechanisms regulating inputs to maintain the equilibrium state.
Energy and equilibria
1. Systems can exist in alternative stable states or equilibria, with tipping points between them driven by positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback maintains stability.
2. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy flow and work potential in systems. Energy is transferred but not created or destroyed, and entropy increases over time as available energy decreases.
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Homeostasis depends on the ability of your body to detect and oppose these changes. Maintenance of homeostasis usually involves negative feedback loops. ... The control center will process the information and activate effectors ..
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A system is an organized collection of interdependent components that work together to perform a function through the transfer of energy and/or matter. Examples include ecosystems and organizations. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether matter and/or energy are exchanged with the external environment. Key components of systems include inputs, flows within the system, outputs, and storage areas. Positive feedback reinforces change while negative feedback brings a system back into equilibrium. Models are used to represent and simulate real-world systems.
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This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, such as reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, and reducing deforestation. Geoengineering techniques are also mentioned. Adaptation refers to accepting climate impacts and changing lifestyles accordingly, for example through flood prevention infrastructure, relocating communities threatened by rising seas, and altering agricultural practices as climates shift. The Kyoto Protocol established emissions targets among signatories to mitigate climate change.
Topic 4
This document contains topics and questions about water and aquatic food production systems. It includes definitions for terms like turnover time, hydrological flows, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and more. It also outlines how interception loss and evaporation rates vary and defines advection. There are sections about the relationship between human activities and their impacts on water systems, the role of salinity, temperature, and density in ocean circulation, and how access to fresh water varies globally and may be influenced by climate change. Diagrams are requested on the global water stores, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation system.
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This document outlines key topics related to climate change and energy production including definitions of terms like fossil fuels and renewable fuels. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources such as fossil fuels, fracking, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, tidal, solar, wind, and biofuels. The document also covers global energy consumption patterns, factors influencing energy security and supply, and case studies on topics like the Arctic and energy conservation. Finally, it outlines climate change effects, evidence, and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Topic 8
This document provides an overview of key topics related to human systems and resource use, including:
1. Definitions of terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and natural increase.
2. Factors that influence population growth and birth rates, such as education, standard of living, and economic prosperity.
3. Models for population growth and carrying capacity, and how concepts like ecological footprints are measured.
4. Challenges of resource management and waste, including mismanagement of renewable and non-renewable resources and problems with landfills and electronic waste.
5. Strategies for more sustainable management of issues like population growth and solid domestic waste.
Topic 2
This document covers topics related to ecology, including niches, species, habitats, populations, communities, ecosystems, energy and matter cycles, succession, and human impacts. It defines key terms, outlines concepts, and asks questions about topics such as limiting factors, population growth curves, pyramids of numbers/biomass/productivity, photosynthesis, respiration, primary/secondary productivity, carbon/nitrogen/nutrient cycles, pioneer/climax communities, r- and K- selection, and pollutants. Methods for studying ecosystems such as measuring population size, biomass, and productivity are also outlined.
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The document outlines key topics in environmental studies including:
1. The history of the environmental movement and the role of environmental disasters, media, international agreements, and technology.
2. Environmental value systems including technocentric, ecocentric, and anthropocentric views and examples of societies with contrasting systems.
3. Concepts in ecology including open/closed/isolated systems, equilibrium, resilience, diversity, and pollution.
4. Specific issues like acid rain, fossil fuel use, water demand, DDT, and approaches to pollution management.
Topic 5
1. The document discusses topics related to soil systems, terrestrial food production systems, and their impact on societies. It covers concepts like soil profiles, ecosystem services provided by soil, and factors that influence agricultural potential and limit plant growth.
2. The document also discusses topics like agribusiness, factors leading to unsustainable food production, and ways to increase sustainability. It outlines issues like decreasing land for agriculture, impacts of different farming methods, and soil conservation measures.
3. Additional topics covered include food waste, shifting cultivation practices, reasons for inequalities in global food supply, and the role of organic matter and animals in maintaining soil fertility.
Topic 6
This document outlines topics related to atmospheric systems and societies, including changes to atmospheric composition over time, the layers and composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, the natural and enhanced greenhouse effect, how human activities alter the atmosphere, cloud formation, ozone formation and depletion, photochemical smog formation, acid deposition formation, and management of issues like ozone depletion, smog, and acid deposition. Diagrams and definitions are provided for many of the atmospheric concepts. International and national organization efforts to reduce ozone depleting substances are also discussed.
Topic 3
This document defines key terms related to biodiversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity, habitat diversity, and species richness and evenness. It also defines evolution, natural selection, speciation, and reproductive isolation. Additionally, it outlines the role of plate tectonics and isolation in forming new species, examples of mass extinctions, and the mechanism of natural selection. Finally, it discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction and loss, sustainable development versus conservation, and strategies for conserving biodiversity including habitat and species approaches.
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This document discusses the structure and energy flow within ecosystems. It describes the three main biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like plants perform photosynthesis to produce food, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. The document also discusses food webs, energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and respiration, and how sunlight is the main source of energy but deep-sea vent communities use chemosynthesis. It notes the inefficiencies of energy transfer between trophic levels and how energy is eventually lost as heat.
Summary of topic 2.1
There are three types of ecological pyramids: number, biomass, and productivity. The pyramid of productivity is most useful as it represents the flow of biomass or energy over time rather than just a snapshot. Top predators are most at risk from toxic pollutants due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification. DDT and mercury pollution caused severe environmental and health impacts by biomagnifying up food chains. Population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are examples of biotic factors that influence populations and communities.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Sample calculations are provided to illustrate NPP and NSP values. Biomes are compared in terms of their mean NPP.
Summary of topic 6.4
Acid rain is caused by NOx and SOx emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels which react with water vapor and oxygen in the air to form acids. These acids can fall to earth long distances from the source as wet or dry deposition, damaging lakes and forests. Lakes experience decreased biodiversity and fish mortality while forests show needle loss, inhibited growth, and increased soil acidity. Management strategies include reducing emissions through cleaner fuels and regulations, adding neutralizing agents to smokestacks, and remediating ecosystems. However, regulations are costly to implement and maintain, and international agreements are difficult to enforce.
Summary of topic 8.4
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
Topic 3.4 conservation of biodiversity
The document discusses arguments for conserving biodiversity, including that nature has inherent value, many natural products have economic value, and ecosystems provide free services to humans. It also covers case studies on how conserving genetic diversity in food stocks has helped crops, and the importance of conserving biodiversity to discover drugs. The document examines criteria for designing protected areas to effectively conserve species and biodiversity.
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This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, components, and methods for measuring it. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, habitats, and genetic diversity in an area. It can be measured by species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity. Methods for measuring biodiversity include counting species richness, calculating Simpson's Diversity Index using population data from quadrats, mark-recapture studies using the Lincoln Index, and chemical fogging to sample canopy insects. Global patterns of biodiversity are also addressed.
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Summary of topic 1.3
- 1. Topic 1 Foundations of Environmental Systems and Societies 1.3 Energy and Equilibria
- 2. Ecosystems • Most of the systems we will look at are ecosystems (self contained communities of living things and their surrounding environment) • Very large ecosystems which span a fairly stable climate are biomes • Many biologists say the whole planet is a single ecosystem (e.g. Gaia Theory). Some of them call it a CLOSED ecosytem
- 3. Biomes and Biospheres • Biome – An open ecosystem in a geographically defined area with similar climatic conditions throughout – eg, desert, grassland (savannah), tropical rainforest • Biosphere – A closed ecosytem – generally made up of a range of biomes (i.e. the entire Earth)
- 4. A Climograph Meanannualtemperature(oC) Rainfall (mm/year) -15 -10 -5 -0 5 10 15 20 25 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 desert grassland Tropical rainforest
- 5. The Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st Law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It is conserved and transformed from one form to another • 2nd Law: Entropy of a system always increases i.e. energy always changes to a less concentrated, less useful form, and therefore disorder increases
- 6. Equilibrium • A system needs to be in equilibrium • If not, entropy will increase so much the system will destroy itself by becoming too disordered • There a 4 kinds of equilibrium: – Static – Steady State – Stable – unstable
- 7. Static Equilibrium time State of the system Note: this is not realistic – it could only occur in an isolated system
- 8. Steady State Equilibrium time State of the system
- 9. Stable Equilibrium time State of the system disturbance Weebles wobble but they don’t fall down!
- 10. Unstable Equilibrium time State of the system disturbance He’s going down!
- 11. Feedback Mechanisms • This is a way that the INPUT is affected by the OUTPUT • In a stable equilibrium, feedback returns the equilibrium to its original state • In an unstable equilibrium, feedback returns the equilibrium to a different state • Feedback can be – POSITIVE – input changes to bring the system to a new equilibrium – NEGATIVE – input changes in order to bring the system back to its original equilibrium Positive and negative feedback loops
- 12. Negative Feedback • Your (stable) equilibrium body temperature is 37oC • Sensors in the skin detect your skin temperature is rising (you are in Cancún) • Show what happens in a system diagram
- 13. Positive Feedback • Your (stable) equilibrium body temperature is 37oC • Sensors in the skin detect your skin temperature is decreasing (you are locked in a freezer) • Your body is unable to maintain its stable equibilibrium and therefore you enter a state of hypothermia • Show what happens in a system diagram