Psychology for Language Teachers: A Social Constructivist Approach (Cambridge Language Teaching Library)_ Marion Williams
Chapter 4_ What can teachers do to promote learning?
Introduction
Feuerstein’s theory of mediation
Conclusion
The learning process starts as an inter-mental activity, by the more skilled individual sharing through talk, and ends as an intra-mental activity, with the shared knowledge taken in by the unskilled individual. According to Vygotsky, learning includes two stages: shared understanding in a social context through symbolic mediation (mainly in the form of dialogue) and internalization of the shared knowledge by an individual. The learning process is described as “new concepts continue to be acquired through social/interactional means” (Mitchell & Myles, 2004).
Psychology for Language Teachers: A Social Constructivist Approach (Cambridge Language Teaching Library)_ Marion Williams
Chapter 4_ What can teachers do to promote learning?
Introduction
Feuerstein’s theory of mediation
Conclusion
The learning process starts as an inter-mental activity, by the more skilled individual sharing through talk, and ends as an intra-mental activity, with the shared knowledge taken in by the unskilled individual. According to Vygotsky, learning includes two stages: shared understanding in a social context through symbolic mediation (mainly in the form of dialogue) and internalization of the shared knowledge by an individual. The learning process is described as “new concepts continue to be acquired through social/interactional means” (Mitchell & Myles, 2004).
Good grammar is a vital skill for advanced language proficiency: Knowing how words work and how they fit together is critical for putting foreign words to proper use. The need to learn grammar is always going to be part of language learning, and should not be neglected. Even when using an approach that emphasizes the acquisition of vocabulary, ways can and should be found to incorporate grammar into the learning process. The right strategies and technologies can overcome any objections about possible boredom or difficulty by making grammar learning appealing, efficient, and effective. This webinar explains the methodology of Lexical Functional Grammar and demonstrate how to integrate it into lesson planning.
Good grammar is a vital skill for advanced language proficiency: Knowing how words work and how they fit together is critical for putting foreign words to proper use. The need to learn grammar is always going to be part of language learning, and should not be neglected. Even when using an approach that emphasizes the acquisition of vocabulary, ways can and should be found to incorporate grammar into the learning process. The right strategies and technologies can overcome any objections about possible boredom or difficulty by making grammar learning appealing, efficient, and effective. This webinar explains the methodology of Lexical Functional Grammar and demonstrate how to integrate it into lesson planning.
Talking about some metods of education language created by Nurul Rizky Amaliah, Sumayya, Zian Aji Pratama, Naili Ismatun Nisa and Ika Dwi Hartiningsih.
Unisnu Jepara.
THE ESSAY OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
The behaviorism is primarily associated with Pavlov (classical conditioning)in Russia and J.B Watson. While, B.F Skinner in United States(operant conditioning). The two types of possible conditioning that are classical and operant conditioning are explained as follows.
THIS IS A METHOD OF APPLIED LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS. IT HAS BOTH MANY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. WE WORKED ON HARDLY WITH MY GROUP. HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR EVERYONE.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. 1.1 Introduction
What is education?
Education, as many people believe, is
something that is carried out by one person, a
teacher, standing in front of a class and
transmitting information to a group of learners
who are all willing and able to absorb it.
4. Nevertheless, education is a highly complex process
involving:
an intricate interplay between the learning process itself,
the teacher’s intentions and actions,
the individual personalities of the learners,
their culture and background,
the learning environment and a host of other variables.
5. Teachers, esp. language teachers, have to link those
aspects based on psychological theories.
Social constructivism, an approach to psychology, is
adopted to build a coherent perspective in different
aspects of language learning. This approach will be the
core discussion in Chapter 2 of the book later on.
6. 1.2 Education psychology
Kaplan (1990) defines educational psychology
as the application of psychology to education
by focusing on the development, evaluation and
applications of theories and principles of
learning and instruction that can enhance
lifelong learning.
But, do learning and education correspond to
each other?
7. Learning and education are fundamentally different.
Learning is certainly part of the process of education,
while education must give broader value and meaning to
the learner’s life.
Further, education concerned with educating the person
holistically.
Thus, one consequence of failing to make the distinction
between learning and education is that many learning
activities which take place in schools are not necessarily
educative: they lack a real value to the life of the learner.
8. 1.3 Approach to educational psychology
Educational psychology theory has passed through
changes and fashions.
In the late nineteenth century, the fledging discipline of
psychology was particularly keen to establish itself as a
science.
As a science, it adopted what so-called called ‘scientific
method’ as a means of gathering data about human
behavior.
9. This chapter will begin with the positivist school and
one of its main offshoots, behaviorism, and the influence
this has had in language teaching.
It is then followed by cognitive psychology and the way
different developments in this field have left their mark on
language teaching.
10. 1.4 The positivist school
Early psychologists sought to find the principles of human
learning by investigating the behavior of animals lower
down the biological hierarchy of the animal kingdom.
For instance, how rats learned their way through mazes
to obtain food.
Psychologists assumed that the lessons learned from this
could then be fairly easily applied to order human
learning.
11. However, they did not give any focus on the human mind
in their attempts to understand and predict human
behavior.
This led to an adherence to an experimental methodology
which is part of a philosophical form of enquiry known as
‘logical positivism’.
Basically, this approach begins with the premise that
knowledge and facts exist within the real world and can
be discovered by setting up experiments in which
conditions are carefully controlled and where hypotheses
are set up and tested.
12. 1.4.1 Behaviorism
Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that
has it roots within positivism.
This approach arose out of the ideas of early
learning theories who attempted to explain all
learning in terms of some form of conditioning.
Do you know who is this?
13. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (14
September 1849 – 27 February 1936)
was a Russian physiologist.
Pavlov demonstrated dogs’ response
(e.g. salivation) generated by one
stimulus (e.g. food) could be produced
by introducing a second stimulus (e.g. a
bell) at the same time.1849-1936
14. Pavlov learned this concept when examining the rates of
salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned then when a buzzer
or metronome was sounded in subsequent time with food being
presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog will
initially salivate when the food is presented. The dog will later
come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food
and salivate upon the presentation of that stimulus.
Thus, this came to be known as S-R (Stimulus-Response)
theory or classical conditioning.
One of Pavlov's dogs, preserved at The Pavlov Museum, Ryazan, Russia
15. 1.4.2 B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic "B. F." Skinner (March 20, 1904
– August 18, 1990) was an American
psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and
social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce
Professor of Psychology at Harvard University
from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
B. F. Skinner, the founder of modern behaviorism,
introduces operant-conditioning.
Operant i.e. the range of behaviors that
organisms performed or were capable of
performing.
Operant-conditioning also emphasizes on the
important of reinforcement (i.e. reward or
1904 – 1990
16. An individual will respond to a
stimulus by behaving in a particular
way. Whatever happens afterwards
will affect the likelihood of that
behavior recurring. If the behavior is
reinforced (e.g. rewarded or
punished) then the likelihood of that
behavior occurring later will be
increased or decreased.
17. In other words, any human action was the result
of the consequences of that same action. If the
consequences were bad, there was a high
chance that the action would not be repeated;
however if the consequences were good, the
actions that lead to it would be reinforced. He
called this the principle of reinforcement.
The Skinners' grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery
18. Skinner’s theory is the basis of the audiolingualism. Thus,
language is seen as a behavior to be taught.
A small part of the foreign language, such as structural
pattern, is presented as a stimulus, to which the learner
responds, for example by repetition or substitution. This is
then followed by reinforcement by the teacher.
Thus, the role of the teacher is to develop good language
habits of the learner by giving pattern drills, memorization of
dialogues or choral repetition of structural patterns.
In sum, it is TEACHER-ORIENTED.
19. Thus it can be seen that the approach has a number of weaknesses.
They are;
The role of the learners is a fairly passive since they are merely
directed to respond correctly to stimuli.
There is little concern of the cognitive processes involved in learning
something. The relationship of how the cognitive processes can
enhance learning will be discussed in Chapter 7.
Audio-lingual drills can be carried out with little attention to the
meaning that the language conveys.
There is no room for the actual process of interaction and negotiation
of meanings which is important feature of communicating in a
language.
The making of mistakes is an important part of learning. However,
audiolingualism, with its emphasis on correct responses, does not
allow for learning from mistakes.
20. Despite its weaknesses, audio-lingual approach has a number
of practicalities. They are;
All teachers, including those who have inadequate or even
no professional training, can use this approach. It can be
quicker and easier to teach teachers to use the steps involved
in audio-lingual approach: presentation, practice, repetition,
and drills in a fairly mechanical way.
Teachers who lack confidence tend to be less frightened of
these techniques.
This approach can be used by teachers whose own
knowledge of the target language is limited.
21. Perhaps the strongest indictment of behaviorism has been
that it is only concerned with observable behavior.
Thus, it denies the importance the fundamental element in
the learning process.
The sense that learners themselves seek to make of their
worlds, and the cognitive or mental processes that they bring
to the task of learning.
22. 1.5 Cognitive Psychology
▪ Cognitive psychology is concerned with the way in which
human mind thinks and learns, or it is commonly called as
mental processes that are involved in learning.
▪ Here the learners are required to use their minds to
observe, think, categorize, and hypothesize, and in this
way gradually work out how the language operates.
24. Attention
▪ Klatzky (1980) suggests that attention should be
seen as a process of filtering out an overwhelming
range of incoming stimuli and selecting out only
those stimuli which are important for further
processing.
▪ Best (1986) claim that attention as a cognitive
resource which can be drawn upon as a means of
concentrating our mental efforts.
25. 1.5.2 Memory
▪ Stimuli are initially recorded for a brief amount of time
before being passed into short-term (or working) memory
if attention is given to them.
▪ It is necessary to find ways of breaking down complex
material into related ‘chunks’ before consigning these to
the long-term memory store.
26. Memorizing Problems
▪ The “Linkword” Method (Gruneberg, 1987; Gruneberg and Jacobs, 1991)
This technique involves linking words in both the first and second
language to construct a picture in the mind.
▪ Advance Organizer (Ausubel, 1968)
This technique gives a bridge between what learners already know and
what they need to know.
27. 1.5.3 Intelligence and IntelligenceTesting
▪ intelligence, most people would probably refer to some
inborn, general ability which enables some of us to learn
better than the others.
▪ Such a view would tend to assume that intelligence is fixed
at birth and unlikely to change after about the age of five.
▪ This belief in the unchanging nature of intelligence has led
to the development of intelligence (IQ) test and their use
for the purposes of prediction or placement and even as
diagnostic tools to explain learning failure.
30. JeanWilliam Fritz Piaget
▪ The Constructive Nature of the Learning Process
▪ The stages of learners’ development:
1. Sensori-motor stage
2. Intuitive or pre-operational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational thinking stage
(9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980)
31. Some central aspects from Piaget’s theory
which could be significant to language teacher:
▪ Learners should be helped and encouraged to be actively
involved in constructing meaning in learning new language.
▪ The central focus of learning is on the development of
thinking and its relationship to language and experience.
▪ The tasks should be appropriate with the learners’ cognitive
level.
▪ Accommodation and assimilation must be applied in learning
new language.
32. Jerome Seymour Bruner
▪ Three Different Modes ofThinking according to Burner:
1. Enactive level, learning takes place by means of direct
manipulation of objects and materials, (e.g. the use of
drama, play, total physical response, and the handling of
the real objects),
2. Iconic level, objects are represented by visual images one
step removed from the real thing (e.g. the use of pictures,
or words in color),
3. Symbolic level, symbols can be manipulated in place of
objects or mental images (e.g. paralanguage to express
ideas in context).
(born 1 October, 1915)
33. George Alexander Kelly
▪ Kelly’s famous premise is “man-as-scientist”
▪ Kelly notes some important implications of taking
personal construct approach to teaching and learning.
1. Meaningful activities must be used in teaching and
learning process.
2. Learning should be based on shared understanding
with others.
3. The syllabus or curriculum should be adjusted to the
learners need.
(28 April 1905 – 6 March 1967)