Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that work by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), preventing bacteria from synthesizing folic acid and inhibiting DNA/RNA formation. They are bacteriostatic against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Common sulfonamides include sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and cotrimoxazole. Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication and transcription. Common fluoroquinolones include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Both classes are used to

1. Sulfonamides/ Sulfa drugs
• Sulfonamides are the antibiotics that have structural similarity with
p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) containing sulphonamide (SO2NH2)
groups in their chemical structure.
• They have bacteriostatic action against gram +ve & gram –ve
bacteria.
• e.g: Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, cotrimoxazole, trimethoprim
MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Sulfonamides compete with PABA which is an essential
precursor in the synthesis of folic acid, required for
the synthesis of DNA and RNA in bacteria.
• They inhibit bacterial folate synthetase and lead to impairment of
DNA formation.

3. • Sulfa drugs were discovered when a red dye
called Prontosil had shown in-vivo
antibacterial activity against streptococcal
infection. Later it was found that prontosil was
broken down in the body to release
Sulfanilamide which was responsible for
antibacterial action.

4. Sulphonamides Examples Dose
1. Short Acting (4-8h)
Rapidly Absorbed
Sulfadiazine
Sulfisoxazole
0.5-1g q.i.d
Child 150mg/kg (4-6
doses)
2. Intermediate acting
(8-12h)
Absorbed Slowly
Sulfamethoxazole 1g b.i.d for 2 days then
0.5 g b.i.d
3. Long acting (7days) Sulfadoxine
Sulfamethopyrazine
(used in combination
with Pyrimethamine in
malaria)
4. Special Purpose
sulphonamides
Sulfacetamide sodium
Sulfasalazine
Silver sulfadiazine
Eye drops 10%, 20%,
30% (eye infection)
2-4g in divided dose
(ulcerative colitis)
Cream 1% (for burns)

5. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole combination
(Cotrimoxazole)
• Cotrimoxazole causes sequential blocking of
purine synthesis (synergism).
• Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
enzyme so inhibits tetrahydrofolic acid
synthesis.
• The combination is bactericidal.
• It is the combination of trimethoprim &
sulfamethoxazole in the ratio 1:5.

7. Sulfonamides (MOA)
Dihydropteridine + PABA
Sulfonamides (PABA analogues)
Sulfomethoxazole (Bacterial)
Sulfadiazine (Bacterial)
Sulfodoxine (Malarial)
Dihydropteroic acid Synthetase
Dihydropteroic acid
Glutamate
Dihydrofolic Acid
Timethoprim (Bacterial) /
Pyrimethamine (Malarial)
Dihydrofolate Reductase
Tetrahydrofolic Acid
Nucleic Bases
Amino Acids
RNA
DNA
Proteins
Folic
Acid
Dihydrofolate
Reductase
(Mammalian)
+ Cotrimoxazole
Cotrimazine
Static
Cidal
Static

8. Triple sulfa
• It is the combination of 3 sulfonamides together.
• Triple sulfa is an antibacterial medication that
fights bacteria in the body.
• Triple sulfa vaginal is used to treat vaginal
infections caused by the bacteria Gardnerella
vaginalis.

9. Therapeutic Use
1. Toxoplasmosis (infection caused by Toxo plasma gondii -
Mild flu like infection ( Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine)
2. Nocardiasis ( infection caused by Nocardia) Chronic infection on
lungs, cutanious part etc. (High dose for prolonged period)
3. Trachoma and Inclusion Conjuctivitis
4. Lympho Granuloma Venereum (infection of
genitals) and Chancroid (Sexual infection Disease)
5. Malaria (Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine)
6. Burn ( Silver sulfadiazine)
7. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
8. Upper respiratory tract infections

10. Contraindication
• Should not be given for
• Infants
• Renal impaired patients
• Pregnancy

11. Adverse Effects
• Abdominal Discomfort: Nausea, Vomoting, diarrhea etc.
• Hypersensitivity reaction: Allergy, Rash, Inflammation etc.
• Nephotoxicity: formation and deposition of crystalline
aggregate in the kidney, Ureters and Bladder
• Hematopoietic Disorders: Aplastic Anaemia (Anemia due
to deficiency of RBC), Thrombocytopenia, Granulocytosis
(Decrease granulosyte in RBC), Bone marrow depression
etc.
• Kernicterus: displacement of bilirubin in infant specially
premature baby. These free bilirubin cross the BBB and
becomes deposited in basal ganglia and sub-thalamic
nuclei of brain which is leading to parkinsonism.

12. Doses
• Sulfadiazine: 500-1000 mg 8 hourly oral for adult and
150mg/kg/day for children
• Sulfadimidine: Initial 2 gm and then 1gm 6-8 hourly
orally
• Sulfacetamide: Locally used as eye drop or eye ointment
as the concentration of 10, 20 and 30%
• Sulfamethoxazole: 1gm BD for 2 days and then 0.5gm
BD upto 10 days
• Silver Sulfadiazine: Used as a 1% cream topically in
burning area

13. Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones
• Quinolones are synthetic antibiotics having quinolone
structure & broad spectrum antibacterial activity.
• The important quinolones are synthetic fluorinated
analogs of nalidixic acid.
• Also known as floroquinolones, which have a fluoro
group attached the central ring system.
• Examples:
• Ciprofloxacin,
• Levofloxacin,
• Ofloxacin,
• Norfloxacin, etc.

14. Classification
• The Quinolones are divided into generation based
on their antibacterial spectrum.
• The earlier generation agents are generally narrow
spectrum than the later ones.
1st generation Nalidixic acid
2nd generation Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin,
Norfloxacin
3rd generation Levofloxacin,
Baclofloxacin
4th generation Moxifloxacin,
Gatifloxacin

15. Mechanism of Action
• Quinolones exert their antibacterial effect by
preventing bacterial DNA from unwinding and
duplicating.
• Fluroquinolones enter bacterial cells via porins and
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase in many gram-ve
bacteria or topoisomerase IV in many gram+ve
bacteria.
• Thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
• Fluoroquinolones also cause the cessation of cellular
respiration and disruption of membrane integrity.

18. Indications
1. Urinary tract infections (Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin)
2. Bacterial diarrhoea caused by shigella, salmonella, toxigenic E coli,
and campylobacter.
3. Ciprofloxacin is a drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of
anthrax (infection by Bacillus anthracis)
4. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are effective for gonococcal
infection
5. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin is occasionally used for
treatment of tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infections.
6. Levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, so-called
respiratory fluoroquinolones, with their enhanced gram-positive
activity and activity against atypical pneumonia agents (eg,
chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella), are effective and used
increasingly for treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract
infections.

19. • Ciprofloxacin eye drop 3mg/ml eye drops used for eye infections

20. Adverse Effects
1. The most common effects are nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
2. Occasionally, headache, dizziness, insomnia, skin rash,
or abnormal liver function tests develop.
3. Photosensitivity has been reported.
4. Rarely, hallucinations, delirium, and seizures have
occurred, predominantly in patients who also were
receiving theophylline or NSAIDS.
5. Leucopenia, eosinophilia, and mild elevations in
serum transaminases occur rarely.

21. Contraindication and Precaution
• Pregnancy
• Quinolones should be used with caution in patients
receiving class III (amiodarone) and class IA
(quinidine, procainamide) antiarrhythmics.
• Fluoroquinolones may damage growing cartilage and
cause an arthropathy. Thus, these drugs are not
routinely recommended for patients under 18 years
of age.