The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Sulphonamides Pharmacology For Pharmacy studentsMalay Pandya
This is the PowerPoint presentation of the Antimicrobial drug - SULPHOANMIDE.
Sulphonamide is the first antimicrobial agent
It Can be employed for suppressive therapy of chronic urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis and gum infection.
Combined with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) sulfamethoxazole is used for many bacterial infections.
This will be useful to all Pharmacy Student ...
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Sulphonamides Pharmacology For Pharmacy studentsMalay Pandya
This is the PowerPoint presentation of the Antimicrobial drug - SULPHOANMIDE.
Sulphonamide is the first antimicrobial agent
It Can be employed for suppressive therapy of chronic urinary tract infection, streptococcal pharyngitis and gum infection.
Combined with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole) sulfamethoxazole is used for many bacterial infections.
This will be useful to all Pharmacy Student ...
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
This word document deals with summarized drug profile of cotrimoxazole. Important pharmacological headings, along with important counselling tips and drug catchpoints have also been elucidated.
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim - by Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim is lecturer notes on Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology(Chemotherapy) for B.V.Sc & A.H students of veterinary college.
Sulphonamide and cotrimoxazole pptx-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Lecturer notes on veterinary pharmacology and toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H Seventh semester student for educational purpose.This lecturer notes will be useful for all the veterinary students.Plesae send your comments,jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
Sulfonamides
Are similar to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Sulfonamides with varying physical, chemical, pharmacologic, & antibacterial properties are produced by attaching substituents to amido group (–SO2–NH–R) or to amino group (–NH2) of sulfanilamide nucleus.
Trimethoprim & trimethoprim+ sulfamethoxazole mixtures
Trimethoprim
Its a trimethoxybenzylpyrimidine
Mechanism of action
Selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolic acid reductase that converts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid
To have complete understanding kindly use my other presentations on distribution
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed distribution of drug through BBB, Placenta and Plasma Protein Binding, and redistribution
Pharmacology of Semi synthetic Penicillins Vijay Kevlani
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed various penicillins like acid resistant, beta lactamase resistant penicillins, Beta lactamase inhibitor penicillins, broad spectrum penicillins
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed pharmacology of penicillin G.
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed mecahnism of action of penicillin (all beta lactam antibiotics)
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed all the first to fifth generation cephalosporins.
Histamine: Turnover, Release and Receptor Vijay Kevlani
For better view of content, kindly download the presentation.
Histamine, means 'tissue amine'. It is almost present in all animal tissues and in certain plants e.g. stinging nettle.
Drug Distribution & Factors Affecting DistributionVijay Kevlani
To have the full content of slide, kindly download it and convert it to ppt form.
Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues.
Once a drug has gained access to the blood stream,
it gets distributed to other tissues that initially had no drug, concentration gradient being in the direction of plasma to tissues.
Autacoids: Introduction and classificationVijay Kevlani
Autacoids are diverse substances produced by a wide variety of cells in the body, having intense biological activity,
but generally act locally (e.g. within inflammatory pockets)
at the site of synthesis and release
For better view, kindly download the presentation. The presentation contains information about absorption of drug and various mechanisms which plays role in drug absorption. Additionally it includes factors affecting drug absorption.
These are synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure.
They are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though the newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram positive ones.
The first member Nalidixic acid introduced in mid- l 960s
A breakthrough was achieved in the early 1980s by fluorination of the quinolone structure at position 6 and introduction of a piperazine substitution at position 7 resulting in derivatives called fluoroquinolones (FQs)
In the 1990s, compounds with additional fluoro an other substitutions have been developed, Further extending antimicrobial activity to gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes, and/or conferring metabolic stability (longer t½).
Here is anatomy and physiology of brain stem. Where we will discuss all three parts of brain stem. Starting from medulla, second is pons and third is mid brain. In this video I am presenting anatomy and physiology of medulla. Anatomy of medulla: Medulla Oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. Location of medulla oblongata is superior to spinal cord and inferior to Pons. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. Functions of medulla or what dose medulla do? So medulla controls blood pressure, diameter of wall of arteries, heart rate, basal respiration rate and also vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing.
In this video, we explain you about anatomy and physiology of Pons. The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson. Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum. Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain. Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract. Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle. Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain. Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm. Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
The midbrain or mesencephalon extends from the pons to the diencephalon and is about 2.5 cm (1 in.)long.
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain, connecting the third ventricle above with the fourth ventricle below.
The anterior part of the midbrain contains paired bundles of
axons known as the cerebral peduncles.
The cerebral peduncles consist of axons of Corticospinal, Corticopontine, and Corticobulbar tracts, which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, pons, and medulla, respectively.
The posterior part of the midbrain, called the tectum, contains four rounded elevations.
Two superior elevations: Superior Colliculi
Two inferior elevations: Inferior Colliculi
The superior colliculi serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities.
Visual activities like, eye movements for tracking moving images (such as a moving car) and scanning stationary images (as you are watching this slide).
The superior colliculi are also responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli.
The inferior colliculi are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain.
These two nuclei are also reflex centers for the startle reflex, sudden movements of the head, eyes, and trunk that occur when you are surprised by a loud noise such as a gunshot.
The midbrain contains several other nuclei, which includes the left and right substantia nigra.
Neurons that release dopamine, extending from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia, help control subconscious muscle activities.
Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson disease.
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to Shaking,
Stiffness, Difficulty with walking, Difficulty with balance, Difficulty with coordination.
Also present are the left and right red nuclei, which look reddish due to their rich blood supply and an iron-containing pigment in their neuronal cell bodies.
Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei, which help control some voluntary movements of the limbs.
The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
For the video, Kindly visit my you tube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7xXKrK7pDObSfXvk9aOgDA.
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
You will find Dopamine, Parkinson, Mental Disorders, Antipsychotics, Antidepressants and Antimaniac drugs here with mechanism of drugs, uses, adverse drug reaction and diagrams explaining the mechanisms. In case, if there is any query or update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and
sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Trimethoprim is a diaminopyrimidine related
to the antimalarial drug pyrimethamine which
selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate
reductase (DHFRase).
Cotrimoxazole introduced in 1969 causes sequential
block of folate metabolism.
4. Trimethoprim is >50,000 times more active against
bacterial DHFRase than against the mammalian
enzyme.
Thus, human folate metabolism is not interfered at
antibacterial concentrations of trimethoprim.
individually, both sulfonamide and trimethoprim are
bacteriostatic, but the combination becomes
cidal against many organisms.
5. Maximum synergism is seen when
the organism is sensitive to both the components,
But even when it is
moderately resistant to one component, the action of
the other may be enhanced.
6. Sulfamethoxazole was selected for combining
with trimethoprim because both have
nearly the same t½ (- 10 hr).
Optimal synergy in case of
most organisms is exhibited at a concentration
ratio of sulfamethoxazole 20 : trimethoprim I.
The MIC of each component may be reduced by
3-6 times.
7. This ratio is obtained in the plasma
when the two are given in a dose ratio of
5 : I, because trimethoprim is more lipid
soluble, enters many tissues, has a larger volume
of distribution than sulfamethoxazole and
attains lower plasma concentration.
8. However,
trimethoprim crosses blood-brain barrier and placenta,
while sulfamethoxazole has a poorer entry.
Moreover, trimethoprim
is more rapidly absorbed than sulfamethoxazole
hence
concentration ratios may vary with time.
9. Trimethoprim is 40% plasma protein bound,
while sulfamethoxazole is 65% bound.
10. Spectrum of action
Antibacterial spectra of
trimethoprim and sulfonamides overlap considerably.
Additional organisms covered by the combination are-
Salmonella typhi,
Serratia,
Klebsiella,
Enterobacter,
Yersinia enterocolitica,
Pneumocystis jiroveci
11. Many sulphonamide resistant strains
Staph. aureus,
Strep. pyogenes
Shigella,
Eteropathogenic E. coli,
H.inftuenzae,
Gonococci and
Meningococci.
12. Resistance
Bacteria are capable of acquiring
resistance to trimethoprim mostly through plasmid
mediated acquisition of a DHFRase
having lower affinity for the inhibitor.
Resistance to the combination has been slow to
develop
compared to either drug alone,
but widespread
use of the combination over a long period has
resulted in reduced responsiveness of over 30%
13. Adverse effects
All adverse effects seen
with sulfonamides can be produced by cotrimoxazole.
Nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, headache and
rashes are the usual manifestations.
Folate deficiency (megaloblastic anaemia)
is infrequent, occurs only in patients with
marginal folate levels.
14. Blood dyscrasia occurs rarely.
Cotrimoxazole should not be given during
pregnancy. Trimethoprim being an antifolate,
there is theoretical teratogenic risk.
Neonatal haemolysis and
methaemoglobinaemia can occur
15. Patients with renal disease may develop uremia.
Dose should be reduced in moderately
severe renal impairment.
A high incidence (upto 50%) of fever, rash
and bone marrow hypoplasia has been reported
among AIDS patients with Pneumocystis
jiroveci infection when treated with high
dose cotrimoxazole
16. The elderly are also at greater risk of bone
marrow toxicity from cotrimoxazole.
Diuretics given with cotrimoxazole have produced
a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia.