The document describes substances, including elements (pure substances made of one kind of atom) and compounds (formed from the combination of different atoms). It distinguishes between mixtures, which are blends of substances not chemically bonded, and outlines the types of mixtures (heterogeneous and homogeneous). Furthermore, it explains how compounds and mixtures differ in terms of properties and methods of separation.

1. Chapter 11 Lesson 1

2. s u b s t a n c e s

3. • A substance is matter that is always made up of
the same combination of atoms.
• There are two types of substances — elements and
compounds.
• The composition of elements and compounds
doesn’t change. Therefore, all elements and
compounds are substances.
s u b s t a n c e s

4. s u b s t a n c e s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olNaHLbd8zg

5. Elements
• An element is a type of matter made of just one
kind of atom.
• Elements are pure substances.

6. Elements
• All atoms of an element have the same
number of protons.
• For example, boron is an element.
• Every atom of boron contains exactly
five protons.
• No other element has atoms with
exactly five protons.
Examples of elements include
neon, mercury, chlorine,
silver, and copper.
Boron
Carbon

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
• Elements are arranged in the periodic table.

8. What information is contained in each square
on the periodic table?
• Each square contains an element’s chemical
name, atomic number, chemical symbol, and
atomic mass.
• The atomic number is placed at the top of each
square.
Number of protons
Number of protons + neutrons

9. • A compound is a pure substance formed when
two or more different atoms combine.
• The properties of a compound are often different
from the properties of the atoms that form it.
• For example, atoms of carbon and oxygen will
react, forming the compound carbon dioxide.
• This compound has its own properties that are
different than those of carbon or oxygen.

10. Putting It All Together
• Which substances are elements? Which
substances are compounds?

11. m i x t u r e
• A mixture is two or more substances that are physically
blended but are not chemically bonded together.

12. • Air is also a mixture. Air contains
about 78 percent nitrogen, 21
percent oxygen, and 1 percent
other substances.
m i x t u r e
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13. h e t e r o g e n e o u s /
h o m o g e n e o u s
m i x t u r e s
• Two types of mixtures—
heterogeneous and homogeneous.

14. h e t e r o g e n e o u s m i x t u r e s
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which
substances are not evenly mixed.
• Often, you can see the different substances and parts of
a heterogeneous mixture with unaided eyes. Sometimes
you can see them only with a microscope.

15. h o m o g e n e o u s m i x t u r e s
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which two or
more substances are evenly mixed.
• Air is a homogeneous mixture.
• Another name for a homogeneous mixture is solution.

16. h o m o g e n e o u s m i x t u r e s
A.Solvent--a substance in which another substance is
dissolved (Ex: water)
B.Solute--the substance that is dissolved in the solvent (Ex:
sugar)

17. h e t e r o g e n e o u
s m i x t u r e
h o m o g e n e o u
s m i x t u r e
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-XSY-jUwig

18. h o w d o c o m p o u n d s
a n d m i x t u r e s
d i ff e r ?
• The substances that make up a mixture are not
chemically bonded.
• Mixing is a physical change. The substances that exist
before mixing still exist in the mixture.

19. h o w d o c o m p o u n d s
a n d m i x t u r e s
d i ff e r ?
SUBSTANCES KEEP THEIR PROPERTIES
• Substances that make up a mixture are not changed
chemically.
• You can observe some of their properties in the
mixture.
• Sugar water is a mixture of two compounds—sugar
and water. After the sugar is mixed in, you can’t
see the sugar in the water, but you can
• still taste its property of sweetness. You can
also observe some properties of the water,
such as its liquid state.

20. h o w d o c o m p o u n d s
a n d m i x t u r e s
d i ff e r ?
COMPOUNDS DO NOT KEEP THEIR PROPERTIES
• The properties of a compound can be different from the
properties of the elements that make it up.
• Sodium and chlorine bond and form table salt. Sodium
is a soft, opaque, silvery metal. Chlorine is a greenish,
poisonous gas. You cannot observe any of these
properties in table salt.

21. h o w d o c o m p o u n d s
a n d m i x t u r e s
d i ff e r ?
MIXTURES CAN BE SEPARATED
• The substances that make up a mixture are not chemically
bonded together.
• As a result, you can separate them from each other
using physical methods.
• The physical properties of one substance are different
from those of another. You can use these differences to
separate the substances.
• In contrast, you can separate compounds only by a chemical
change that breaks the bonds between the elements.

22. Ways of separating mixtures:
• 1-A sieve, or mesh screen, has holes that matter can
pass through. Smaller matter passes through the screen
while larger matter stays in the sieve.

23. Ways of separating mixtures:
• 2-A magnet : attracts matter that contains iron,
separating it from the other parts of the mixture.
Ex. Separating iron filings –sand mixture.

24. 3-Evaporation:
• Boiling changes a liquid to a gas at the liquid’s boiling
point. Evaporation changes a liquid to a gas below the
liquid’s boiling point.
• During boiling and evaporation, liquid particles leave
the solution while dissolved particles stay behind.

25. 4-Filteration:
• Filters have tiny openings, or pores, where only the
smallest bits of matter, like water particles, can pass
through.

26. m i x t u r e s