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module 10 lesson 1: Mendelian Genetics.ppt
1.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Module 10 Lesson 1: Mendelian Genetics
2.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Inventory of my traits
3.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
4.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu These features you described are called traits. • Traits are observable characteristics that are passed down from parent to offspring. • An individual will have many traits they share in common with others. • An individual's overall combination of traits makes them unique. • Some traits are more common in a population than others.
5.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu When traits are passed from generation to generation it is called inheritance, or heredity. The scientific study of inheritance is called genetics. • (The study of how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring)
6.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu • Answer these questions after the inventory: • Do you think people may have some traits in common? • Do you think traits exist in the same frequency in a certain population or some traits are more common than others?
7.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
8.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
9.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Which traits are stronger & which are weaker? • So which are dominant?& which are recessive • Do you think so that the more popular traits are dominant & the less ones are recessive? • A dominant trait is not necessarily more common and a recessive trait is not necessarily rare in a population.
10.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
11.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
12.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel 7 traits
13.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Gregor Mendel, continued • Mendel’s Garden Peas – Mendel observed characteristics of pea plants. – He studied 7 traits. – Each characteristic occurred in two contrasting traits. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f_eisNPpnc Till 2:44
14.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
15.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Section 1 Mendel’s Legacy Chapter 9 Gregor Mendel, continued • Mendel’s Methods – Mendel used cross-pollination techniques in which pollen is transferred between flowers of two different plants. But let’s examine the flower parts first
16.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Flower Anatomy
17.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Types of pollination
18.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
19.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel’s Experiments • Mendel bred plants for several generations that were true-breeding for specific traits and called these the P generation. • Offspring of the P generation were called the F1 generation. [ F stands for (filial) = generation ] • Offspring of the F1 generation were called the F2 generation.
20.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
21.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Three Steps of Mendel’s Experiments
22.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel’s Results and Conclusions • Recessive and Dominant Traits – Mendel concluded that inherited characteristics are controlled by factors that occur in pairs (genes). – In his experiments on pea plants, one factor in a pair masked the other. – The trait that masked the other was called the dominant trait. The trait that was masked was called the recessive trait. – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWt1RFnWNzk
23.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Allele: The alternative forms of a gene, like the "tall" and "short" versions of the gene for height in garden peas.
24.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
25.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
26.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
27.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Homozygous Vs. Heterozygous
28.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Genotype and Phenotype • The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism (allele pairs). • The phenotype is the appearance of an organism (observable characteristic).
29.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel’s Results and Conclusions, continued • The Law of Segregation – The law of segregation states that the two alleles for each trait is segregated, or separated, during meiosis (the formation of gametes). During fertilization, two alleles for the trait unite.
30.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel’s Results and Conclusions, continued • The Law of Independent Assortment – The law of independent assortment states that a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation. Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis.
31.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Mendel’s Results and Conclusions, continued • The Law of Independent Assortment – The law of independent assortment is observed only for genes that are located on separate chromosomes or are far apart on the same chromosome.
32.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Support for Mendel’s Conclusions • We now know that the factors that Mendel studied are alleles, or alternative forms of a gene. • One allele for each trait is passed from each parent to the offspring.
33.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Probability • Probability is the likelihood that a specific event will occur. • A probability may be expressed as a decimal, a percentage, or a fraction. • The probability of inheritance of genes can be modeled by flipping a coin.
34.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Predicting Results of Monohybrid Crosses • A Punnett square can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses. • A cross in which one characteristic is tracked is a monohybrid cross.
35.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Punnett Square with Homozygous Cross 100% Yellow
36.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Monohybrid Cross of Heterozygous Plants -The genotypic ratio is: 1:2:1 -The phenotypic ratio is: 3:1
37.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Predicting Results of Dihybrid Crosses • A cross in which two characteristics are tracked is a dihybrid cross.
38.
Dihybrid Crosses •Dihybrid crosses
examine two separate traits being inherited at the same time. Plant Height Flower Color
39.
Dihybrid Crosses •Each parent
now has two sets of alleles…one for each trait •(Ex. TtPp x TtPp) X
40.
Dihybrid Crosses •The Punnet
Square will now be a large square separated into 16 boxes. •The traits for the mother will go across the top. •The traits for the father will go across the side.
41.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Dihybrid Crosses
42.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
43.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu
44.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents (Pp), what would the expected genotypes of the offspring be? A. 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp B. 1 pp : 3 PP C. 3 Pp : 1 pp D. all Pp Standardized Test Prep
45.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents (Pp), what would the expected genotypes of the offspring be? A. 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp B. 1 pp : 3 PP C. 3 Pp : 1 pp D. all Pp Standardized Test Prep
46.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is an example of a genotype of a heterozygous individual? A. p B. YY C. Zz D. rr Standardized Test Prep
47.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is an example of a genotype of a heterozygous individual? A. p B. YY C. Zz D. rr Standardized Test Prep
48.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that carry genes for the same characteristics, such as eye color or hair color. Which of the chromosomes in the bottom row could not be the homologous chromosome for the single chromosome in the top row? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Use the diagrams of chromosomes below to answer the question that follows. The single chromosome below has two genes, both of which carry a dominant allele Q and R. Standardized Test Prep
49.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that carry genes for the same characteristics, such as eye color or hair color. Which of the chromosomes in the bottom row could not be the homologous chromosome for the single chromosome in the top row? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Use the diagrams of chromosomes below to answer the question that follows. The single chromosome below has two genes, both of which carry a dominant allele Q and R. Standardized Test Prep
50.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Rr : genotype :: red : A. F1 generation B. heterozygote C. phenotype D. dominant Standardized Test Prep
51.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Rr : genotype :: red : A. F1 generation B. heterozygote C. phenotype D. dominant Standardized Test Prep
52.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. The Punnett square shows the expected results of a cross between two pea plants. R and r represent the alleles for round seed and wrinkled seed traits, respectively. What would the seed texture phenotype of the plant in box 4 be? A. round B. Rr C. wrinkled D. rr Use the diagram of a Punnett square below to answer the question that follows. Standardized Test Prep
53.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. The Punnett square shows the expected results of a cross between two pea plants. R and r represent the alleles for round seed and wrinkled seed traits, respectively. What would the seed texture phenotype of the plant in box 4 be? A. round B. Rr C. wrinkled D. rr Use the diagram of a Punnett square below to answer the question that follows. Standardized Test Prep
54.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Short Response Mendel was able to observe certain traits as they were passed on by carefully controlling how the pea plants were pollinated. Explain why Mendel began his experiments by allowing pea plants to self-pollinate for several generations. Standardized Test Prep
55.
Copyright © by
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter menu Short Response, continued Mendel was able to observe certain traits as they were passed on by carefully controlling how the pea plants were pollinated. Explain why Mendel began his experiments by allowing pea plants to self-pollinate for several generations. Answer: Mendel wanted to ensure that the plants he was studying were true-breeding. Standardized Test Prep
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