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Mixtures, solutions, elements, compounds
- 1. Mixture • Two ormore substances that are not chemically combined • All mixtures can be physically separated • Ways to separate mixtures – Distillation-use boiling point – Magnet-uses magnetism – Centrifuge-use density – Filtering-separates large particles from smaller ones
- 2. • Ratio of mixtures are not fixed • Substances keep their identities • Mixtures can be solid, liquid or gas • Examples of mixtures – Chex mix – Raisin bran – Pizza – Mixed nuts – air
- 3. Solutions • Mixture thatappears to be a single substance • Material is evenly distributed by dissolving • Material must be soluble (able to dissolve) • Solute is what is dissolved • Solvent what the solute is dissolved in • Water is the universal solvent
- 4. • Materials thatwill not dissolve (insoluble) forms a mixture that is not a solution • Examples of solutions – Sodas – Gasoline – Ice tea – Salt water – Kool aid
- 5. • In solutionsthe particles are so small they never settle out (sink to bottom), can’t scatter light nor can they be filtered • Solubility is the ability of substances to dissolve at a given temperature and pressure • How much of a solute a solvent can hold is the concentration (grams of solute/milliliter of solvent, g/mL)
- 6. • To increasesolubility you can change temperature, crush, stir, shake • Homogenous solutions– meaning the same • Heterogenous solutions– meaning different
- 7. Suspensions • Suspensions aremixtures where the particles are heavy enough to settle out (sink to bottom) of the solution, scatter light, can be filtered • Examples of suspensions – Snow globe – Italian dressing
- 8. Colloids • Colloids aremixtures where the particles are evenly dispersed but are not heavy enough to settle out, can scatter light, can’t be filtered • Examples of colloids – Mayo – Whip cream – pudding
- 9. Elements • elements arepure substance that can not be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means • Pure substance is a substance with only one type of particle called atoms • All atoms of an element are identical regardless of how much you have
- 10. • Elements canbe identified by their characteristic properties • The properties, both chemical and physical do not depend on the amount of the element present • Elements can have similar properties but each element has some property that makes it unique
- 11. • Elements areclassified by categories • Metals – shiny, good conductors • Nonmetals – dull, poor conductors • Metalloids –has properties of metals and nonmetals depending on conditions • Categories allow unknown elements to be placed in the periodic table based on similar properties
- 12. Compounds • Pure substancecomposed of two or more elements that are chemically combined • Compounds are formed by elements reacting or having a chemical change • A particle of a compound is a molecule • Elements do not form compounds randomly • All compounds are formed from only the elements on the periodic table
- 13. • Compounds formin specific mass ratio • Ex: mass of hydrogen to mass oxygen in water is hydrogen 1 to oxygen 8 which can be written as 1:8. For every molecule of water, the ratio is the same, if the ratio is different, then the compound can not be water
- 14. • When elementsform compounds, new characteristics properties are created • Compounds have properties that differ from the elements that formed them • Na (sodium) reactive alkali metal + Cl (chlorine) poisonous gas → NaCl (table salt)
- 15. • Some compoundscan be broken down into their elements by a chemical change • Other compounds break down into simpler compounds instead of elements • The only way to separate a compound into elements or other compounds is by a chemical reaction which allows for a chemical change • Two ways: is to apply energy or electric current
- 16. • Common compounds •Salt, sugar, water