The document discusses the different states of matter, including solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates, along with their characteristics and examples. It also explains the distinction between pure substances and mixtures, details on acids and bases according to various theories, and the types of mixtures including solutions, suspensions, and colloids, specifying their properties and differences. Finally, it highlights the Tyndall effect, which describes the scattering of light by particles in a medium.

6. A liquid is a state of matter in which a substance
has a defined volume but no defined shape.
Liquids are characterized by their ability to flow
and take the shape of their container. Examples
of liquids include water, oil, and juice.
A solid is a state of matter in which a substance
has a defined shape and volume. Solids are
characterized by their rigidity and resistance to
changes in shape. Examples of solids include
rocks, metals, and plastics.

7. A gas is a state of matter in which a substance
has no defined shape or volume. Gases are
characterized by their ability to expand and fill
any container they occupy. Examples of gases
include air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Molecules are the smallest units of compounds or
pure substances that retain their chemical
properties. Molecules are composed of atoms
that are chemically bonded together. Examples
of molecules include water (H2O), oxygen (O2),
and glucose (C6H12O6).

8. Plasma, the fourth phase of matter, consists of electrically-charged
particles called ions. Plasma is said to be similar to gas in terms of volume
and density, but, unlike gas, plasma can serve as an electrical conductor
because of its electrical charge. The sun, stars, and neon lights are all
examples of objects that contain plasma. Furthermore, the fifth state of
matter is called Bose-Einstein Condensate. In this phase, the atoms and
molecules of an object are cooled down to a temperature near absolute
zero or -273.15°C, which causes the separate particles to undergo the
process of condensation and become whole. Hence, the atoms of a Bose-
Einstein Condensate lose all energy, clump together, and amalgamate into
one large substance.

10. Matter is classified into two major groups:
pure substances and mixtures.

11. A pure substance is composed of one kind of
element or one kind of compound. Pure
substances have consistent composition in every
physical state of matter they exist in. They are
further categorized into elements and compounds;
an element is composed of only one kind of atom,
while a compound consists of two or more
chemically-combined atoms.

13. METALS
any of a class of substances characterized
by high electrical and thermal
conductivity as well as by malleability,
ductility, and high reflectivity of light.
Metals excel at conducting electricity and
heat. Their free electrons allow efficient
flow of electrical current and transfer of
thermal energy.

14. non-metals are chemical elements which
do not have the properties of a metal.
They gain electrons when reacting with a
metal. They are generally not lustrous and
are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are gases including: hydrogen,
helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or
radon and others. An example of a solid
that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and
not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that
is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non-
metal is a good insulator for heat and cold.
Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-
metals.
Non-metals exhibit very low electrical conductivities. The
low or non-existent electrical conductivity is the most
important property that distinguishes non-metals from
metals. They are not sonorous and do not produce a deep
ringing sound when they are hit with another material. They
are also bad conductors of heat and electricity except for
graphite. Under normal conditions of temperature and
pressure, some non-metals are found as gases, some found
as solids and one is found as liquid. In contrast, except
mercury, all metals are solids at room temperature. The fact
that so many non-metals exist as liquids or gases means
that non-metals generally have relatively low melting and
boiling points under normal atmospheric conditions.

15. Images help us know the differences.

17. Inorganic compounds come from nonliving organisms and
do not contain carbon atoms, except for the
aforementioned.
Organic compounds come from living things and contain
carbon atoms in their formula, except for carbonates,
oxides, cyanides, cyanates, carbide, and thiocyanates.

18. Both organic and inorganic compounds are further
classified into acids and bases. The pH scale, which ranges
from 0 to 14, determines the acidity or basicity of a
substance. Acids have a pH level that is less than 7, and
bases hold a pH level higher than 7. A substance with a pH
level equal to 7 is considered neutral. A LITMUS PAPER
test can help determine whether a substance is acidic or
basic. Blue litmus paper changes into red when soaked in
an acidic liquid but remains the same color when put in a
basic or neutral substance. Oppositely, a red litmus paper
turns blue when it touches a basic substance but remains
red if the substance is acidic or neutral.

20. The Arrhenius theory explains acids and bases. Acids
release H+ in water, while bases release OH-. They undergo
ionization and neutralize each other. However, the theory
has limitations and doesn't cover non-aqueous solvents or
substances that act as acids or bases without dissociation.
It influenced later theories like Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis.
The Brønsted-Lowry theory, proposed by Brønsted and
Lowry in 1923, defines acids as proton donors and bases as
proton acceptors. It introduces the concept of conjugate
acid-base pairs and emphasizes proton transfer in
reactions. Unlike the Arrhenius theory, it applies to various
solvents. The theory is widely used in chemistry, including
organic chemistry and biochemistry.

21. The Lewis theory, proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, defines acids as
electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. It focuses on
electron pair transfer instead of proton transfer. Lewis bases have lone
pairs and can form coordinate covalent bonds with Lewis acids. The theory
enhances our understanding of chemical reactions involving electron
interactions and has broad applications in various chemistry fields. It
complements the Brønsted-Lowry theory, providing a comprehensive
understanding of acids and bases.

23. Mixtures are combinations of two or more
substances that are physically mixed together
but not chemically bonded. In a mixture, the
individual components retain their own
properties and can be separated by physical
means. Mixtures can be classified into two
main types: homogeneous mixtures and
heterogeneous mixtures.

24. Mixtures can be formed between solids,
liquids, or gases, and the proportions of the
components can vary. They can be created
deliberately or occur naturally. Mixtures are
encountered in numerous aspects of daily life.
Mixtures are classified into heterogeneous
and homogeneous.
Homogeneous mixtures have more uniformly
consistent composition and appearance.

25. Homogeneous mixtures exist in one
phase of matter at a time. You will not
see liquid water and solid water together
in a homogeneous mixture. That means
your glass of ice water, with ice cubes
floating in it, is a heterogeneous mixture
of homogeneous mixtures.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of
substances blended so thoroughly that
you cannot see individual substances.
Every sample of the mixture will show
the same amounts of each substance.
Homogeneous mixtures can be solid,
liquid, gas, or plasma mixtures.

26. A heterogeneous mixture is defined as a
mixture that has a non-uniform
composition. In other words, its
composition varies from one location to
another. In contrast, a homogeneous
mixture has a uniform composition. Its
appearance and composition are the
same, no matter where you take a
sample.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of
substances blended so thoroughly that you
cannot see individual substances. Every
sample of the mixture will show the same
amounts of each substance. Homogeneous
mixtures can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
mixtures.

28. SOLUTI
ON
Solutions are homogeneous
mixtures where solutes are
uniformly dispersed in solvents.
They can be formed with solids,
liquids, or gases. Examples
include saltwater, sugar in tea,
and air. Solutions appear
transparent and have consistent
composition. Concentrations
vary and can be measured in
units like grams per liter.
is a homogeneous mixture made up of
two or more components, and can be a
solid, liquid or gas. Common solutions
include steel, air and salt water. Solutions
are made up of one major component --
called a solvent -- and at least one other
component: A solute. In the glass of soda,
the water would be the solvent, and the
other minor ingredients like carbon
dioxide or sugar would be the solutes.

29. Suspensions are heterogeneous
mixtures with solid particles or
droplets dispersed in a liquid or gas.
The particles don't dissolve and can
settle over time, causing a separation.
They're found in various disciplines
and everyday life, like in chemistry
and medicine. Suspensions differ
from solutions, requiring agitation to
disperse particles.
Suspensions mixtures in which liquid and
solid are mostly combined, but some solid
particles remain visible, settling at the
bottom of the container. For example,
when sand is mixed with water inside a
container and the container is shaken, the
sand particles disperse but do not dissolve.
Instead, they sink to the bottom.

30. COLLOI
D
Colloids are mixtures where
microscopic particles of one
substance are dispersed in
another substance. They have
unique properties, like scattering
light (Tyndall effect). Examples
include milk, gelatin, fog,
whipped cream, and paint.
are a mixture of two substances, in which
one substance is divided into minute
particles aka colloidal particles (ranging
from 1 to 1000 nm in diameter) and
dispersed or suspended over another
substance. These insoluble particles are
inseparable either by filtering or
centrifuging. Types of Colloids are Sol,
Emulsion, Foam, and Aerosol.
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of
microscopically dispersed insoluble particles
are suspended throughout another substance.
Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is
called the colloid. The colloid consists of a
dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Some
colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall
effect, which is the scattering of light by
particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be
opaque or have a slight color.

31. The process of scattering a beam
of light is known as the Tyndall
Effect. This happens because of
the size of the dispersed
particles in the mixture; the
minute particles of a solution
cannot scatter light because
they combine well with the
solvent, preventing the light's
visibility as it passes through the
container.
TYNDALL
EFFECT
The Tyndall effect is the scattering of
light by particles or suspensions in a
transparent medium. When light passes
through a medium with small particles, it
becomes visible due to scattering. This
effect is observed in various fields and
everyday situations, like sunlight passing
through dust-filled air or the blue color of
the sky. It is used in scientific research to
detect and analyze suspended particles in
different disciplines.

32. kung mabilis si flash, edi dapat mabagal si minus.