This study examines the treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate using the Fenton process. The Fenton process uses hydrogen peroxide and swarf (metal shavings) to oxidize pollutants in landfill leachate. Experiments were conducted with varying depths of swarf (5cm, 10cm, and 15cm) to determine the most efficient depth for removing contaminants. Testing of raw and treated leachate found that a 10cm depth of swarf was most effective at reducing pollutant levels. The treated effluent met standards for discharge to irrigation, demonstrating the Fenton process can successfully treat landfill leachate.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
Nordic experiences of soil and groundwater in situ remediationJarno Laitinen
Nordic experiences of soil and groundwater in situ remediation. Presented in Tallinn, 29.2.2012 on "Contaminated Sites Remediation in Estonia" seminar.
Different methods used in waste water treatment (conventional and biological method) summarizes various waste water treatment processes. Conventional methods include preliminary treatment like screens and grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filters. Biological treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste aerobically or anaerobically. Anaerobic processes like anaerobic digestion and UASB reactors produce biogas and reduce sludge. The document provides details on the microbial life and processes involved in waste water treatment.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
This document provides information about a study on treating wastewater from a personal care products industry using the Fenton process. It begins with background on industrial wastewater generation and treatment in India. It then discusses the characteristics of wastewater from personal care products industries. The objectives of the study are outlined as characterizing the raw wastewater, evaluating the existing treatment plant, attempting to modify the process with Fenton treatment, and comparing treatment efficiencies and costs. Literature on Fenton treatment of various wastewaters is reviewed. Experimental methods, results, and future work are presented.
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
Nordic experiences of soil and groundwater in situ remediationJarno Laitinen
Nordic experiences of soil and groundwater in situ remediation. Presented in Tallinn, 29.2.2012 on "Contaminated Sites Remediation in Estonia" seminar.
Different methods used in waste water treatment (conventional and biological method) summarizes various waste water treatment processes. Conventional methods include preliminary treatment like screens and grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filters. Biological treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste aerobically or anaerobically. Anaerobic processes like anaerobic digestion and UASB reactors produce biogas and reduce sludge. The document provides details on the microbial life and processes involved in waste water treatment.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
This document provides information about a study on treating wastewater from a personal care products industry using the Fenton process. It begins with background on industrial wastewater generation and treatment in India. It then discusses the characteristics of wastewater from personal care products industries. The objectives of the study are outlined as characterizing the raw wastewater, evaluating the existing treatment plant, attempting to modify the process with Fenton treatment, and comparing treatment efficiencies and costs. Literature on Fenton treatment of various wastewaters is reviewed. Experimental methods, results, and future work are presented.
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treating food industry wastewater. It discusses four main AOP groups - electrochemical oxidation, Fenton's process, ozonation, and photocatalytic processes. All generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals to degrade organic pollutants that are resistant to biological treatment. Electrochemical oxidation uses electrodes to produce hydroxyl radicals and has effectively treated various food industry wastewaters. Fenton's process uses ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide to catalytically produce hydroxyl radicals. Photocatalytic processes employ materials like TiO2 and UV light to generate radicals.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wastewater management involves treating various sources of water pollution using advanced oxidation processes like photo-Fenton oxidation. Photo-Fenton oxidation uses UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and iron ions to produce hydroxyl radicals that effectively eliminate organic pollutants through oxidation. The process parameters that affect photo-Fenton oxidation include pH, hydrogen peroxide dose, irradiation time, and initial iron ion concentration. Photo-Fenton oxidation shows potential for treating industrial wastewater for reuse in fertilizer production after further treatment.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
This document summarizes the use of solar photo catalytic degradation to treat industrial effluents and purify water. It discusses how this process uses solar energy and photo catalytic reactions on semiconductor materials like TiO2 to generate hydroxyl radicals that degrade environmental contaminants into harmless byproducts like CO2 and H2O. Potential applications of this solar detoxification method mentioned include destroying organic compounds, removing trace metals and inorganic compounds from water, disinfecting water, and degrading natural organic matter for waste water treatment.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
UV Oxidation has been successfully employed for many difficult-to-treat contaminants in drinking water. This presentation is an overview of some those applications.
Treatment of matchbox industry waste water by solar photo-fenton K.MAHESH KUMAR
The document discusses the treatment of wastewater from match box industries using the solar photo-Fenton process. Match box production generates wastewater high in biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, toxicity and color. The solar photo-Fenton process uses sunlight, ferrous ions, and hydrogen peroxide to degrade pollutants in the wastewater. Experiments found that a pH of 5, 1 g/L ferrous ions, 5 ml/L hydrogen peroxide, and a reaction time of 1 hour removed 92% of chemical oxygen demand from the wastewater. Liquid depth also influenced degradation rates, with shallower depths producing faster rates. The solar photo-Fenton process coupled with
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
Lecture 1 unit i environmental pollutantVikesh Lade
This document provides an overview of environmental pollutants and wastewater characteristics from a lecture by Dr. Vikesh G. Lade. It defines pollution and describes the main pathways by which pollutants enter the environment. It also outlines the typical composition of wastewater and the sources of various contaminants. Key concepts discussed include the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewage, as well as biomagnification, biosorption, and the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus cycles.
Omni Solutions provides water treatment systems that use advanced oxidation processes to purify water. Their CBW system uses counter flow mixing, an advanced oxidative gas generator, and UV irradiation lamps to reduce bacteria and other contaminants by 99.9% without chemicals. The system injects oxidative gas generated on-site and exposes the water to UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals that safely and effectively treat the water.
The document provides an overview of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the objectives of water treatment being to produce water that is safe, appealing, reasonably priced, and free of pathogens. The major operations discussed include physical processes like screening, mixing, and sedimentation as well as chemical processes like coagulation and biological processes like activated sludge. It then describes various treatment processes like primary treatment using sedimentation, pre-treatment involving screening and grit removal, and secondary/biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filtration. Tertiary treatment methods like nutrient removal, disinfection, and filtration are also summarized. Finally, it discusses sludge treatment processes involving thickening and digestion.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
TiO2 and ZnO as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Wastewater TreatmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of TiO2 and ZnO as heterogeneous photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction stating that industrial effluents cause environmental pollution and dyes from textile industries are toxic and difficult to degrade. It then provides details on the Z-scheme and heterojunction mechanisms for combining multiple photocatalysts to more effectively treat wastewater using solar light. The key advantages of these photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes are that they can mineralize organic pollutants under mild conditions and use solar energy.
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treating food industry wastewater. It discusses four main AOP groups - electrochemical oxidation, Fenton's process, ozonation, and photocatalytic processes. All generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals to degrade organic pollutants that are resistant to biological treatment. Electrochemical oxidation uses electrodes to produce hydroxyl radicals and has effectively treated various food industry wastewaters. Fenton's process uses ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide to catalytically produce hydroxyl radicals. Photocatalytic processes employ materials like TiO2 and UV light to generate radicals.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wastewater management involves treating various sources of water pollution using advanced oxidation processes like photo-Fenton oxidation. Photo-Fenton oxidation uses UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and iron ions to produce hydroxyl radicals that effectively eliminate organic pollutants through oxidation. The process parameters that affect photo-Fenton oxidation include pH, hydrogen peroxide dose, irradiation time, and initial iron ion concentration. Photo-Fenton oxidation shows potential for treating industrial wastewater for reuse in fertilizer production after further treatment.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
This document summarizes the use of solar photo catalytic degradation to treat industrial effluents and purify water. It discusses how this process uses solar energy and photo catalytic reactions on semiconductor materials like TiO2 to generate hydroxyl radicals that degrade environmental contaminants into harmless byproducts like CO2 and H2O. Potential applications of this solar detoxification method mentioned include destroying organic compounds, removing trace metals and inorganic compounds from water, disinfecting water, and degrading natural organic matter for waste water treatment.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
UV Oxidation has been successfully employed for many difficult-to-treat contaminants in drinking water. This presentation is an overview of some those applications.
Treatment of matchbox industry waste water by solar photo-fenton K.MAHESH KUMAR
The document discusses the treatment of wastewater from match box industries using the solar photo-Fenton process. Match box production generates wastewater high in biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, toxicity and color. The solar photo-Fenton process uses sunlight, ferrous ions, and hydrogen peroxide to degrade pollutants in the wastewater. Experiments found that a pH of 5, 1 g/L ferrous ions, 5 ml/L hydrogen peroxide, and a reaction time of 1 hour removed 92% of chemical oxygen demand from the wastewater. Liquid depth also influenced degradation rates, with shallower depths producing faster rates. The solar photo-Fenton process coupled with
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
Lecture 1 unit i environmental pollutantVikesh Lade
This document provides an overview of environmental pollutants and wastewater characteristics from a lecture by Dr. Vikesh G. Lade. It defines pollution and describes the main pathways by which pollutants enter the environment. It also outlines the typical composition of wastewater and the sources of various contaminants. Key concepts discussed include the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in sewage, as well as biomagnification, biosorption, and the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus cycles.
Omni Solutions provides water treatment systems that use advanced oxidation processes to purify water. Their CBW system uses counter flow mixing, an advanced oxidative gas generator, and UV irradiation lamps to reduce bacteria and other contaminants by 99.9% without chemicals. The system injects oxidative gas generated on-site and exposes the water to UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals that safely and effectively treat the water.
The document provides an overview of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the objectives of water treatment being to produce water that is safe, appealing, reasonably priced, and free of pathogens. The major operations discussed include physical processes like screening, mixing, and sedimentation as well as chemical processes like coagulation and biological processes like activated sludge. It then describes various treatment processes like primary treatment using sedimentation, pre-treatment involving screening and grit removal, and secondary/biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filtration. Tertiary treatment methods like nutrient removal, disinfection, and filtration are also summarized. Finally, it discusses sludge treatment processes involving thickening and digestion.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
TiO2 and ZnO as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Wastewater TreatmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of TiO2 and ZnO as heterogeneous photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction stating that industrial effluents cause environmental pollution and dyes from textile industries are toxic and difficult to degrade. It then provides details on the Z-scheme and heterojunction mechanisms for combining multiple photocatalysts to more effectively treat wastewater using solar light. The key advantages of these photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes are that they can mineralize organic pollutants under mild conditions and use solar energy.
REMOVAL OF COPPER AND ZINC USING NEEM AND BABOOL BIOMASS –A REVIEWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of neem and babool biomass for removing copper and zinc from wastewater. It discusses how copper and zinc are used industrially and their health effects from excessive intake. Common wastewater treatment methods like precipitation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis are outlined along with their limitations. Adsorption is identified as a promising lower cost method, with various plant-based adsorbents being studied for metal removal efficiency. The document examines several operating parameters that influence adsorption performance, such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage.
This document discusses the study and process of a sewage treatment plant. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of treating wastewater before releasing it into natural water sources to reduce pollution and disease. It then describes the multi-step treatment process including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using aeration and bacteria to remove organic materials, tertiary treatment using disinfection, and solid waste treatment. Each treatment step is explained in 1-2 sentences. The document also reviews the physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastewater and discusses the various structural elements used in treatment plants like bar racks, grit chambers, and chlorinators. In under 3 sentences, the document outlines the wast
This document discusses photocatalytic materials for water treatment. It provides background on the need for environmentally friendly water treatment methods. Photocatalysis uses light-activated catalysts to generate radicals that break down pollutants like dyes. The document discusses preparation and characterization of various photocatalysts including binary, ternary, and composite materials. It also provides requirements for a course paper on photocatalytic materials including focusing on a specific type of material, comprehensively discussing preparation and modification methods, and writing at least 2000 words.
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
This document summarizes a study of waste water characteristics from paper industries. Samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of an effluent treatment plant at a paper mill. Parameters like pH, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand were analyzed. The untreated waste water had high levels of these parameters that exceeded standards. After treatment, the levels were significantly reduced and met regulatory standards, showing the treatment plant effectively treats the waste water.
IRJET- Dairy Waste Water Treatment using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon and L...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using low-cost adsorbents like coconut shell activated carbon and laterite to treat dairy wastewater. Column chromatography experiments were conducted with the adsorbents in different ratios and contact times to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing various water quality parameters. The results showed that increasing the contact time and using a 2:1 ratio of activated carbon to laterite improved removal efficiencies of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand the most, with over 60% reduction achieved in some cases. The study demonstrated the potential of these natural materials to treat dairy wastewater in a cost-effective manner.
The document analyzes the chemical composition of wastewater from gas stations. It discusses measuring various parameters like pH, BOD, COD, heavy metals, petroleum products, and more. The results showed exceedances of maximum allowable concentrations for several substances like iron and suspended solids. Excess iron and oil products can harm water bodies and aquatic life. Reducing impacts requires measures like proper site selection, protective coatings, spill prevention, and wastewater treatment before discharge.
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on removing hexavalent chromium from water using low-cost adsorbents like rice husk silica, rice husk, and sawdust. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose on chromium removal. Column adsorption experiments studied the effects of flow rate and bed height. Results showed rice husk silica was the most effective adsorbent, removing 64.25% of chromium in batch tests and 98.08% in column tests with optimal conditions of lower flow rate and higher bed height. Column tests provided better removal than batch tests. Comparing to activated carbon, rice husk silica
This document provides an overview of the sewage treatment process. It begins with an introduction to sewage treatment and its importance. It then describes the various stages of treatment - preliminary (screening), primary (settling), secondary (trickling filters or activated sludge), tertiary (additional filtration), and solids processing (digestion or composting). The final effluent is disinfected before discharge while solids are disposed of in landfills. The document outlines the key objectives, processes, and equipment used at each treatment stage.
Treatability Studies On Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate using Up-Flow...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents the results of an experimental study on treating municipal solid waste landfill leachate using up-flow reactors with waste laterite stones and waste brick bats as adsorbent media.
2) Two up-flow reactors were used, one with fine laterite/brick granules and one with coarse laterite/brick granules.
3) The study found that laterite was a more effective adsorbent for removing contaminants from the leachate compared to brick bats, and that adsorbent media surface area influenced removal efficiency in the up-flow reactors.
Removal of Lead from Synthetic Lead Solution by using Orange peel as a low Co...IRJET Journal
This document examines the removal of lead from synthetic lead solutions using orange peel as a low-cost adsorbent. The study involves preparing column filters with different quantities of dried and crushed orange peel and passing synthetic wastewater with an initial lead concentration of 40 mg/L through the columns. Samples are collected from the column outlets at various time intervals and analyzed to determine final lead concentrations and percentage of lead removed from solution. The results show that increasing the quantity of orange peel and retention time in the columns increases the percentage of lead removed, with a maximum removal of 27.5% achieved using 50g of orange peel over 60 minutes.
This document discusses spinel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles as an alternative for wastewater treatment. It begins with an introduction explaining the global challenges of water pollution and scarcity. It then provides details on conventional wastewater treatment methods and their limitations. The document introduces nanotechnology as a promising new approach, specifically highlighting photocatalysis, nanofiltration, and nanoadsorbents using magnetic nanoparticles. It focuses on the properties of spinel ferrite nanoparticles that make them well-suited for wastewater remediation applications like adsorption and magnetic separation.
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry OutletIRJET Journal
The document discusses the treatment of wastewater from galvanized industries using adsorption processes. Natural adsorbents like watermelon rinds, citrus lemon, and hyacinth plants are used to remove heavy metals like iron, ammonium, and chloride ions from the wastewater. Experiments show the adsorption process is effective and economical for reducing the concentration of these contaminants. The optimum parameters for removing iron, ammonium, and chloride are identified as contact time of 90 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 60mg/L, and initial concentrations of 33mg/L, 23mg/L, and 771mg/L respectively. The treated water can be reused for irrigation after the contamin
IRJET- Review on Removel of Heavy Metal using Low - Cost AbsorbentsIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It discusses how agricultural and industrial wastes can be used effectively as adsorbents due to their low cost. Several studies are summarized that prepared activated carbon from rice husk and used composites of rice husk and polyvinylpyrrolidone to adsorb heavy metals. Other research prepared adsorbents from banana peels and grafted acrylonitrile onto them for chromium removal. Agricultural wastes like African spinach stalk and papaya seeds were also effective at removing metals like manganese and lead. The review concludes that adsorbents produced from cheap, locally available materials like rice hus
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating tannery wastewater using plain and punched iron electrodes via electrocoagulation. Tannery wastewater contains high levels of COD, TDS, chromium and other pollutants that are harmful if discharged untreated. The study examines the effect of parameters like pH, voltage, electrolysis time and electrode shape on removal efficiency of COD, TDS and chromium. Optimum removal of 96.56% COD, 96.16% chromium and 94.62% TDS was achieved at pH 9, voltage of 15V, electrolysis time of 90 minutes and using punched iron electrodes. Electrocoagulation using iron electrodes was found to be an effective process for
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
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TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.