Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
Study on Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate by Fenton ProcessIRJET Journal
This study examines the treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate using the Fenton process. The Fenton process uses hydrogen peroxide and swarf (metal shavings) to oxidize pollutants in landfill leachate. Experiments were conducted with varying depths of swarf (5cm, 10cm, and 15cm) to determine the most efficient depth for removing contaminants. Testing of raw and treated leachate found that a 10cm depth of swarf was most effective at reducing pollutant levels. The treated effluent met standards for discharge to irrigation, demonstrating the Fenton process can successfully treat landfill leachate.
Feasibility study on treatment plan of scouring wastewater in the printing an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the rapid development of printing and dyeing industry, the total emissions of printing and dyeing wastewater growing day by day, the components are more and more complex. At present, comprehensive treatment method to sewage treatment is used primarily in printing and dyeing wastewater. This not only increases the area, but also increases the processing cost. In this article, scouring wastewater in the printing and dyeing wastewater is treated separately. Meanwhile, compared the two kinds of processing methods in terms of economy and technology,demonstrated the feasibility of scouring wastewater treated separately, provided theoretical basis for diversified treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.
Keywords: Comprehensive treatment, economic comparison, feasibility study, individual treatment, printing and dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluids with the objective of the development of environmentally acceptable non-damaging and inhibitive drilling fluid system to drill sensitive formations. Initially, different drilling fluids combinations were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (low viscosity grade), polyanionic cellulose, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride. The rheological properties as well as filtration properties of these drilling fluids were measured by API recommended methods. These drilling fluids show very good rheological behavior but poor filtration loss characteristics. When fly ash was added in these drilling fluid combinations, a nanoparticles fluid system was established which has better control on filtration properties without affecting the rheological properties and has good potential for the drilling of sensitive formations. Index Terms: Filtrate Loss Properties, Rheological Properties, Wellbore Instability, Inhibitive Drilling Fluid, Nanoparticles, Shale.
Study on Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate by Fenton ProcessIRJET Journal
This study examines the treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate using the Fenton process. The Fenton process uses hydrogen peroxide and swarf (metal shavings) to oxidize pollutants in landfill leachate. Experiments were conducted with varying depths of swarf (5cm, 10cm, and 15cm) to determine the most efficient depth for removing contaminants. Testing of raw and treated leachate found that a 10cm depth of swarf was most effective at reducing pollutant levels. The treated effluent met standards for discharge to irrigation, demonstrating the Fenton process can successfully treat landfill leachate.
Feasibility study on treatment plan of scouring wastewater in the printing an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the rapid development of printing and dyeing industry, the total emissions of printing and dyeing wastewater growing day by day, the components are more and more complex. At present, comprehensive treatment method to sewage treatment is used primarily in printing and dyeing wastewater. This not only increases the area, but also increases the processing cost. In this article, scouring wastewater in the printing and dyeing wastewater is treated separately. Meanwhile, compared the two kinds of processing methods in terms of economy and technology,demonstrated the feasibility of scouring wastewater treated separately, provided theoretical basis for diversified treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.
Keywords: Comprehensive treatment, economic comparison, feasibility study, individual treatment, printing and dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluids with the objective of the development of environmentally acceptable non-damaging and inhibitive drilling fluid system to drill sensitive formations. Initially, different drilling fluids combinations were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (low viscosity grade), polyanionic cellulose, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride. The rheological properties as well as filtration properties of these drilling fluids were measured by API recommended methods. These drilling fluids show very good rheological behavior but poor filtration loss characteristics. When fly ash was added in these drilling fluid combinations, a nanoparticles fluid system was established which has better control on filtration properties without affecting the rheological properties and has good potential for the drilling of sensitive formations. Index Terms: Filtrate Loss Properties, Rheological Properties, Wellbore Instability, Inhibitive Drilling Fluid, Nanoparticles, Shale.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Use of Clay and Cemented Clay as Landfill Lin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the use of clay and cement-stabilized clay as landfill liner materials. It describes how two reactors were set up, with one using clay and the other using cement-stabilized clay as liners. Leachate was synthetically prepared and passed through the liners. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the leachate before and after passing through the liners to analyze pH, turbidity, chloride content, and COD over a 28 day period. The study found that both clay and cement-stabilized clay were able to significantly reduce pollutants in the leachate, with the cement-stabilized clay performing slightly better at removing turbidity and COD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on solidifying drilling fluid waste from coalbed methane drilling. Laboratory and field tests showed that treating drilling fluid waste with cement-based solidifying agents can meet pollution standards for burial and reuse. In a field test, 200m3 of drilling fluid waste from a well was solidified into rock within 10 days using this method. Tests found the leachate from the solidified rock met environmental standards and the rock had sufficient strength for further operations. The study concludes this solidifying method provides an affordable and environmentally-friendly way to treat drilling fluid waste from coalbed methane drilling.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Solidification/Stabilization of Zinc Phosphating and AETP Sludge using a Nove...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the solidification/stabilization of zinc phosphating and AETP sludge using a combination of cement and a sintered waste additive. The objectives were to optimize binder mixes for stabilizing the sludges in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way. Experiments were conducted by varying dosages of cement, fly ash, lime and a novel sinter additive over different curing times. Results showed the sinter additive helped reduce heavy metal leaching when combined with cement. The optimum mix was found to be a 70:30 ratio of sludge to additives containing 60% sand and 10% cement, cured for 28 days. This mix achieved a high compressive strength
This document summarizes a study on using coagulation-flocculation with micro sand to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study examined different particle sizes of micro sand in combination with PAC, alum, or ferric chloride coagulants. The highest removal efficiencies for SS, color, COD, and ammoniacal nitrogen were achieved using PAC and cationic polymer with micro sand sizes of 75-90μm or 181-212μm. Removal rates of over 90% were achieved for SS and color, while COD and ammoniacal nitrogen removal rates were over 60% and 50% respectively. Micro sand provided improved removal compared to micro zeolite, though efficiencies were slightly lower
IRJET- A Review on Partial Replacement of Cement by Waste Paper Powder SludgeIRJET Journal
This document reviews the partial replacement of cement with waste paper powder in concrete. It discusses how the paper industry produces large amounts of wastewater treatment sludge which poses disposal issues. The purpose of the study is to explore using paper sludge as a substitute for fine aggregate and cement in concrete production. Concrete mixtures were tested with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 and replaced cement and fine aggregate with varying amounts of paper sludge. The results were then analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of using paper sludge in concrete.
Effect of Iron on Some Geotechnical Properties of ClaysIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of iron contamination on the geotechnical properties of two soils - a high plasticity clay (CH) and a low plasticity clay (CL). Tests were conducted by contaminating the soils with various molarities of ferric chloride solution. The results showed that iron contamination tended to initially reduce the liquid limit and plastic limit of the CH clay, but increased them at higher concentrations. For the CL clay, both the liquid limit and plastic limit increased with increasing iron concentration. The permeability of both soils significantly decreased with iron contamination but increased slightly at higher concentrations. In general, iron contamination altered the key geotechnical properties of the soils.
The document discusses the influence of crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils. It investigates how contamination by kerosene and diesel affects the compressive strength of concrete containing contaminated sand. The objective is to study the reduction in compressive strength with increasing contamination levels. Prior research has shown crude oil contamination decreases the angle of internal friction of sands and increases their compressibility. The document reviews literature on using petroporphyrins as indicators of crude oil contamination in soil and the effects of various crude oil concentrations on mycorrhizal fungi and seedling growth.
The article is devoted to the problem of limiting water inflow in a production well.
The authors consider the main features of the reservoir, which contribute to
premature flooding. This paper presents the basic classification of plugging selective
compositions, outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. Gel composed
of carboxymethylcellulose, chromium acetate and copper sulfate was developed for
water production restriction. An alternative way was offered to determine the optimal
concentrations of plugging compositions on the change of the total porosity and x-ray
density measured in the x-ray tomograph. Dynamics of the effective viscosity on the
magnitude of the gap, simulating the fracture was obtained – the viscosity decreases
logarithmically. Filtration experiments confirmed the selective properties of the gelforming
composition
Analysis on utilization of cement kiln dust stabilized red mud for road const...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing the utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) stabilized red mud for road construction. Red mud is a solid waste from alumina production that is expensive to dispose of. The study mixed red mud with 2-12% CKD by dry weight and tested the unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, and California bearing ratio at curing periods from 1 to 28 days. Results showed strength values increased with higher CKD content up to 8%, beyond which strength decreased. The 8% CKD mixture achieved the highest strength at all curing periods and showed potential for use as sub-base or sub-grade material in road construction.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
This document summarizes a study on heavy metal contamination in soils and crops in peri-urban areas near four cities in Pakistan (Multan, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala). Soil, plant, and wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. Results found lead and chromium levels above permissible limits in soils from all areas, with highest chromium levels in Kasur. Cadmium levels exceeded limits in all areas, with highest contamination in Multan. Copper exceeded limits in Multan and Gujranwala soils. Crop samples also showed heavy metal accumulation. The dominant fungus found was Aspergillus, indicating resistance to heavy metals. Long-term wastewater irrigation was concluded to be
Produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas production and is the largest waste stream, with volumes expected to exceed 300 million barrels per day by 2012. Treating and disposing of this water costs the industry over $40 billion annually. Beneficial reuse of produced water could help address water scarcity issues and reduce costs. Produced water contains high levels of total dissolved solids, oil, grease, solids, metals and other contaminants that require treatment before it can be reused. Reverse osmosis is effective at removing most contaminants but pre-treatment is needed to protect the membranes and remove contaminants that reverse osmosis does not. More research is still needed on the feasibility and costs of treating produced
IRJET- Synthesis and Utilization of a Biodegradable, Novel Carbohydrate-based...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the synthesis and analysis of a novel biodegradable carbohydrate-based polymer and its application in liquid laundry detergent formulation. Key points:
1) A polymer was synthesized from liquid glucose, citric acid, borax, and other ingredients. Its properties like viscosity, surface tension, and biodegradability were analyzed.
2) The polymer was found to be biodegradable based on a BOD/COD ratio of 0.6944 from biodegradation testing.
3) A liquid laundry detergent was formulated using the polymer and tested. Analysis showed it had comparable properties to a commercial detergent in terms of foaming, surface tension, and stain
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using domestic effluent water in concrete. The study analyzed the properties of domestic wastewater, including pH, BOD, COD, solids, temperature, and more. Different mixtures of concrete were prepared by replacing potable water with varying percentages (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of treated domestic wastewater. The concrete samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and then tested. The results showed that replacing potable water with treated wastewater did not significantly affect the slump or density of concrete. Using treated wastewater in concrete production can help conserve potable water resources.
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Use of Clay and Cemented Clay as Landfill Lin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the use of clay and cement-stabilized clay as landfill liner materials. It describes how two reactors were set up, with one using clay and the other using cement-stabilized clay as liners. Leachate was synthetically prepared and passed through the liners. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the leachate before and after passing through the liners to analyze pH, turbidity, chloride content, and COD over a 28 day period. The study found that both clay and cement-stabilized clay were able to significantly reduce pollutants in the leachate, with the cement-stabilized clay performing slightly better at removing turbidity and COD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on solidifying drilling fluid waste from coalbed methane drilling. Laboratory and field tests showed that treating drilling fluid waste with cement-based solidifying agents can meet pollution standards for burial and reuse. In a field test, 200m3 of drilling fluid waste from a well was solidified into rock within 10 days using this method. Tests found the leachate from the solidified rock met environmental standards and the rock had sufficient strength for further operations. The study concludes this solidifying method provides an affordable and environmentally-friendly way to treat drilling fluid waste from coalbed methane drilling.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Solidification/Stabilization of Zinc Phosphating and AETP Sludge using a Nove...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the solidification/stabilization of zinc phosphating and AETP sludge using a combination of cement and a sintered waste additive. The objectives were to optimize binder mixes for stabilizing the sludges in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way. Experiments were conducted by varying dosages of cement, fly ash, lime and a novel sinter additive over different curing times. Results showed the sinter additive helped reduce heavy metal leaching when combined with cement. The optimum mix was found to be a 70:30 ratio of sludge to additives containing 60% sand and 10% cement, cured for 28 days. This mix achieved a high compressive strength
This document summarizes a study on using coagulation-flocculation with micro sand to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study examined different particle sizes of micro sand in combination with PAC, alum, or ferric chloride coagulants. The highest removal efficiencies for SS, color, COD, and ammoniacal nitrogen were achieved using PAC and cationic polymer with micro sand sizes of 75-90μm or 181-212μm. Removal rates of over 90% were achieved for SS and color, while COD and ammoniacal nitrogen removal rates were over 60% and 50% respectively. Micro sand provided improved removal compared to micro zeolite, though efficiencies were slightly lower
IRJET- A Review on Partial Replacement of Cement by Waste Paper Powder SludgeIRJET Journal
This document reviews the partial replacement of cement with waste paper powder in concrete. It discusses how the paper industry produces large amounts of wastewater treatment sludge which poses disposal issues. The purpose of the study is to explore using paper sludge as a substitute for fine aggregate and cement in concrete production. Concrete mixtures were tested with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 and replaced cement and fine aggregate with varying amounts of paper sludge. The results were then analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of using paper sludge in concrete.
Effect of Iron on Some Geotechnical Properties of ClaysIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of iron contamination on the geotechnical properties of two soils - a high plasticity clay (CH) and a low plasticity clay (CL). Tests were conducted by contaminating the soils with various molarities of ferric chloride solution. The results showed that iron contamination tended to initially reduce the liquid limit and plastic limit of the CH clay, but increased them at higher concentrations. For the CL clay, both the liquid limit and plastic limit increased with increasing iron concentration. The permeability of both soils significantly decreased with iron contamination but increased slightly at higher concentrations. In general, iron contamination altered the key geotechnical properties of the soils.
The document discusses the influence of crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils. It investigates how contamination by kerosene and diesel affects the compressive strength of concrete containing contaminated sand. The objective is to study the reduction in compressive strength with increasing contamination levels. Prior research has shown crude oil contamination decreases the angle of internal friction of sands and increases their compressibility. The document reviews literature on using petroporphyrins as indicators of crude oil contamination in soil and the effects of various crude oil concentrations on mycorrhizal fungi and seedling growth.
The article is devoted to the problem of limiting water inflow in a production well.
The authors consider the main features of the reservoir, which contribute to
premature flooding. This paper presents the basic classification of plugging selective
compositions, outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each type. Gel composed
of carboxymethylcellulose, chromium acetate and copper sulfate was developed for
water production restriction. An alternative way was offered to determine the optimal
concentrations of plugging compositions on the change of the total porosity and x-ray
density measured in the x-ray tomograph. Dynamics of the effective viscosity on the
magnitude of the gap, simulating the fracture was obtained – the viscosity decreases
logarithmically. Filtration experiments confirmed the selective properties of the gelforming
composition
Analysis on utilization of cement kiln dust stabilized red mud for road const...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing the utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) stabilized red mud for road construction. Red mud is a solid waste from alumina production that is expensive to dispose of. The study mixed red mud with 2-12% CKD by dry weight and tested the unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, and California bearing ratio at curing periods from 1 to 28 days. Results showed strength values increased with higher CKD content up to 8%, beyond which strength decreased. The 8% CKD mixture achieved the highest strength at all curing periods and showed potential for use as sub-base or sub-grade material in road construction.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
This document summarizes a study on heavy metal contamination in soils and crops in peri-urban areas near four cities in Pakistan (Multan, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala). Soil, plant, and wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. Results found lead and chromium levels above permissible limits in soils from all areas, with highest chromium levels in Kasur. Cadmium levels exceeded limits in all areas, with highest contamination in Multan. Copper exceeded limits in Multan and Gujranwala soils. Crop samples also showed heavy metal accumulation. The dominant fungus found was Aspergillus, indicating resistance to heavy metals. Long-term wastewater irrigation was concluded to be
Produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas production and is the largest waste stream, with volumes expected to exceed 300 million barrels per day by 2012. Treating and disposing of this water costs the industry over $40 billion annually. Beneficial reuse of produced water could help address water scarcity issues and reduce costs. Produced water contains high levels of total dissolved solids, oil, grease, solids, metals and other contaminants that require treatment before it can be reused. Reverse osmosis is effective at removing most contaminants but pre-treatment is needed to protect the membranes and remove contaminants that reverse osmosis does not. More research is still needed on the feasibility and costs of treating produced
IRJET- Synthesis and Utilization of a Biodegradable, Novel Carbohydrate-based...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the synthesis and analysis of a novel biodegradable carbohydrate-based polymer and its application in liquid laundry detergent formulation. Key points:
1) A polymer was synthesized from liquid glucose, citric acid, borax, and other ingredients. Its properties like viscosity, surface tension, and biodegradability were analyzed.
2) The polymer was found to be biodegradable based on a BOD/COD ratio of 0.6944 from biodegradation testing.
3) A liquid laundry detergent was formulated using the polymer and tested. Analysis showed it had comparable properties to a commercial detergent in terms of foaming, surface tension, and stain
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using domestic effluent water in concrete. The study analyzed the properties of domestic wastewater, including pH, BOD, COD, solids, temperature, and more. Different mixtures of concrete were prepared by replacing potable water with varying percentages (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of treated domestic wastewater. The concrete samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and then tested. The results showed that replacing potable water with treated wastewater did not significantly affect the slump or density of concrete. Using treated wastewater in concrete production can help conserve potable water resources.
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH on clay that has been contaminated by various substances. The study artificially contaminated kaolinite clay samples with different concentrations of pore fluids, salts, heavy metals, and non-metals to determine how these contaminants affect the pH level of the clay. The initial pH of the uncontaminated kaolinite clay was 6.5. Tests found that the pH decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride contaminants, but increased with calcium chloride contamination. The changes in clay pH levels due to different contaminants can impact the geotechnical properties and chemical characteristics of the clay.
IRJET- Study of Ammoniacal Nitrogen Removal from Leachate of Sanitary Lan...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on removing ammoniacal nitrogen from leachate produced at sanitary landfill sites located in hilly terrain in India. The study tested the effectiveness of using brick dust and activated carbon individually and in combination as adsorption materials to remove ammoniacal nitrogen, which is present in high concentrations in landfill leachate. Batch adsorption experiments showed that a mixture of brick dust and activated carbon in a ratio of 1:7 was most effective at removing 40-80% of ammoniacal nitrogen from leachate samples containing around 1000 mg/L of ammoniacal nitrogen. Using this cost-effective combination of locally available brick dust with activated carbon could provide an economically viable option for treating land
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The study assessed groundwater pollution potential in and around Ranipet, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu. 35 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells and dug wells in July 2012 and analyzed. Several parameters such as pH, TDS, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, fluoride and nitrate exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. The high values are likely due to discharge of untreated effluents from over 240 tanneries and other industries in the area into nearby water bodies, contaminating groundwater. Long-term pollution of groundwater in the area has rendered it unsuitable for drinking and domestic use for local communities. Proper monitoring and treatment of industrial effluents is needed to prevent further deterioration of
Laboratory compaction study of fly ash mixed with lime precipitated electropl...eSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes a study on the compaction properties of fly ash mixed with lime precipitated electroplating waste sludge. Laboratory modified Proctor compaction tests were conducted on mixtures of fly ash and the waste sludge ranging from 5% to 60% sludge by weight of fly ash. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the mixtures were evaluated. The results showed that mixtures containing 30-45% sludge by weight of fly ash had effective compaction properties. Specifically, mixtures containing 55% fly ash and 45% sludge were found to have compaction properties suitable for geotechnical and highway engineering applications like embankments.
Laboratory compaction study of fly ash mixed with lime precipitated electropl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This study aims at to utilize two industrial wastes like fly ash and electroplating waste sludge in various geotechnical and highway engineering applications such as filling of embankments, construction of highways, replacement of poor soil etc., by conducting laboratory modified compaction tests on plain fly ash (control specimen) and fly ash mixed with lime precipitated electroplating waste sludge. The lime precipitated waste sludge was mixed with fly ash from 5 to 60% with an increment of 5% by weight of fly ash. The combinations of each mixture were investigated in this study in order to evaluate the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the mix by modified Proctor compaction tests. The effects of fresh and remoulded samples, waste sludge and compactive effort on compaction properties of fly ash and fly ash-waste sludge mixes were also investigated in the present study. On the basis of modified compaction tests, the effective percentages of waste sludge were found between 30%–45% by weight of fly ash. Therefore, for practical consideration the results of 70%–55% fly ash and 30%–45% lime precipitated electroplating waste sludge have been considered in this study. Keywords: Fly ash; Lime Precipitated Electroplating Waste Sludge; Geotechnical and Highway Engineering; Modified Proctor Compaction Test; Compactive Effort
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
IRJET- Multi Layered Soil Column Analysis for WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effectiveness of using a multi-layered soil column system to treat domestic wastewater. The system consists of layers of soil, charcoal, sawdust and iron scraps placed in acrylic tubes. Greywater is passed through the layers, where various physical, chemical and biological processes help treat pollutants. Key pollutants like BOD, COD, nutrients and microbes are reduced as the greywater percolates through the soil mixture and permeable filter layers. The document describes the experimental setup, materials used, treatment mechanisms involved and design of the soil column apparatus used in the study.
A reaserch on cocoa pod husk activated carbon for textile industrial wastewat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A case study on characteristics of solid waste & leachate treatment of ok...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade was almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently Delhi generating about 6500 tonnes/day of MSW out of which only 70-75% wastes are able to collect by the MSW management authority and rest amount of wastes are not possible to collect for the habit of people to thrown the wastes in empty places. At present three main landfill sites of Delhi are Bhalaswa at north Delhi, Ghazipur at east Delhi, and Okhla at south Delhi. But not a single landfill are sanitary landfill rather wastes are dumping crudely as a heap of wastes in open landfill. As a result the leachate generated due to percolation of rain water and squeezing of wastes itself posing a great threat in the surrounding soil structure of the landfill. Around the periphery of landfill, soils gets highly contaminated and toxic and degraded it’s essential nutrients [4,6]. In this paper a case study on characteristics of solid wastes of Okhla landfill and performance of it’s leachate treatment is carried out for future planning and proper management of soil structure around the periphery of landfill site.
Keywords: BOD, COD, E-coli, leachate, solid waste, TDS, etc
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IRJET- Comparative Evaluation of Fuller’s Earth & China Clay for the Control ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the effectiveness of fuller's earth and china clay for controlling leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. An experiment was conducted by filling containers with soil, fuller's earth clay, and china clay. Equal amounts of water were added to each container over several days. Then, 500ml of leachate was added to each container for two more days. It was observed that leachate passed through the soil and a small amount passed through the fuller's earth, but no leachate passed through the china clay. China clay performed best due to its low permeability and strong hydrogen bonding between clay units, making it less permeable than fuller's earth. The document concludes that china clay
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET - Study on Site Soil Treated with Bagasse Ash as a Liner MaterialIRJET Journal
The document studies the use of sugarcane bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, as an additive to site soil to improve its properties for use as a liner material in waste containment facilities. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of bagasse ash addition to determine optimal moisture content, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that bagasse ash improved the geotechnical properties of the soil, with hydraulic conductivity decreasing and strength increasing, indicating its potential as an effective and sustainable liner material.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY USING INNOVATIVE FILTRATION TECHNIQUEIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on wastewater treatment using an innovative filtration technique. Researchers designed a filtration system using various construction waste materials as the filter media. The system consisted of 3 treatment units with different filter media in each. Greywater was treated through the system and significant reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, TDS, and hardness were observed. Overall, the innovative filtration technique proved effective at treating greywater while also reusing construction waste materials.
IRJET- Effect of Chrome Tanning Effluent on Cohesive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chrome tanning effluent on cohesive soils. The researchers collected chrome tanning effluent from a tannery in India and mixed it with natural clay soil at different percentages to test how the effluent impacts the soil properties. Their results showed that the liquid limit and plastic limit of the clay soil increased as the percentage of tannery effluent added increased. They also tested how adding waste stone powder and lime to the contaminated soil could increase its unconfined compressive strength. The goal of the study was to evaluate how tannery effluent impacts engineering properties of soil and how industrial byproducts can be used to stabilize contaminated soils.
IRJET- Treatment of Landfill Leachate by NanofiltrationIRJET Journal
- The document discusses using nanofiltration to treat landfill leachate. Landfill leachate contains high levels of organic matter, color, heavy metals and toxins that can contaminate groundwater and water bodies.
- Nanofiltration is able to remove both organic and inorganic dissolved particles in leachate. It can remove 60-70% of COD and has been shown to be an efficient and promising method for treating leachate to meet discharge standards.
- The study involved collecting leachate from a landfill in Chennai, India. The leachate was then treated using nanofiltration after first being passed through an alumina bed to absorb contaminants. Analysis was performed
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
Similar to A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its impact on water bodies (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
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New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its impact on water bodies
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 68
A STUDY ON LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS GENERATED FROM
WASTE FOUNDRY SAND AND ITS IMPACT ON WATER BODIES
Deepak Rotti1
, R B. Gadag2
1
M.Tech, student, Environmental Engineering, KLE’s Dr. MSSCET, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
2
R B. Gadag, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, KLE’s Dr. MSSCET, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
Abstract
Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which
mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared
by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than
1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry
Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the
metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall
around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing
heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake,
5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy
metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when
it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study
includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals
like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese.
Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the
metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries
which mould the metal castings, the castings are casted by
using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds
prepared by the sand, and here the foundry sand is subjected
to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the
moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting,
cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand
(WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is
known as waste foundry sand. WFS comprise of high silica
content and thus is the by-product of the ferrous and non-
ferrous metal castings. Metal castings are based on the type
of the metal to be manufactured/casted in the industry, to be
precise, iron and steel from ferrous metal group and
aluminium, copper, brass and bronze from non-ferrous metal
group. [1]
As the quantity of Waste Foundry Sand is generated in huge
amount, only a part of WFS is considered as the hazardous
waste and the rest of the part is considered as non-hazardous
industrial waste foundry sand. As the WFS is generated 06-
10 million metric tons annually, only some part of the WFS
is reused as the construction material, in various applications
such as construction field, as sub-base material in road beds
and parking lots and as in pipe beddings.[2]
1.1 Waste Foundry Sand
The large amount of users or generators of the WFS are the
automobile manufacturing industries and the spare parts
manufacturing industries. Waste foundry sand is composed
of uniformly sized, high quality silica sand, which is used in
making moulds for casting the ferrous and non-ferrous metal
moulds. The raw foundry sand used in the foundry industry
exhibits high quality than the normal sand, which is used for
the construction purpose. The WFS which is processed in
mould making is reused by recycling it again the casting
process and thus the recycled sand gradually looses its
property and gets degraded when used multiple times. Thus
the degraded sand or poor quality sand (many times used or
recycled) cannot be used further in the industry and hence it
is discarded as a waste material, this may be termed as
Waste Foundry Sand. The properties of the foundry sand
such as physical and chemical properties, depends on the
type of binder used or type of the process involved and
depending upon the industry type.[3]
1.1.1 Physical properties of WFS
Considering the appearance of the waste foundry sand, the
clay bonded or green sand appears in black or grey colour,
and the chemically binded foundry sand appears in whitish
tan colour. The shape of the foundry sand is usually semi-
angular to round in the appearance. The waste foundry sand
has uniform grain distribution, in which 85% to 95% of the
particles are between 0.6mm to 0.15mm and 5% to 12%
may be tiny in size than 0.075mm.[4]
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 69
1.1.2 Chemical properties of WFS
The waste foundry sand chemical composition is dependent
on the type of the binder used, and the type of the
combustible used and the type of the metal castings which
are been casted in the foundry industry. The chemical
composition of the foundry sand may influence the
efficiency of the foundry sand. After the casting of the
moulds, the burnt foundry sand mainly consists of silica
sand, which is bounded by a thin layer of burnt carbon
traces, and it also contains the residual binder, namely
bentonite and the foundry dust. Above mentioned factors
contribute to the chemical composition of the waste foundry
sand. [4]
1.1.3 Leachate
“Leachate may be defined as the liquid which drains/leaches
from the solid wastes which are disposed” (Henry and
Heinke, 1996).
The principle which is involved in the formation of leachate
is by precipitation and percolation. The leachate is
formed/generated from the wastes which are disposed
openly and indiscriminately in the open spaces or
environment or which are disposed in the landfills. The
composition of leachate varies with respect to the type of the
waste disposed and depending on the age of the waste
disposed. The leachate may be composed of the dissolved
particulate matter or suspended particulate matter. If the
leachate comes in contact with the ground water bodies or
surface water bodies present in the environment, the water
gets contaminated and the quality of the water degrades,
thus the contaminated water will be unfit for the usage in the
domestic purposes.[5]
1.1.4 Composition of leachate
Leachate may be characterized as the water based solution,
the leachate coming out from the typical landfill is strongly-
offensive odour and it appears to be yellow or dark grey
colour. The odour of the leachate is acidic and pervasive
because of the presence of sulphur, organic compounds,
nitrogen and hydrogen.
Leachate may be differentiated into four categories of
contaminants, they are
[1]. Dissolved oxygen matter.
[2]. Inorganic macro compounds
[3]. Heavy metals
[4]. Xenobiotic organic compounds
In the above mentioned categories, the dissolved organic
matter may be composed of aldehydes, acids, alcohols, short
chain sugars etc. And in the category of inorganic macro
compounds it may have the composition of common cations
and common anions including sulphate, iron, chloride,
ammonia, zinc and aluminium. In the third group of heavy
metals, it may contain iron, nickel, copper, lead etc. Lastly
in the fourth group of xenobiotic organic compounds it may
contain the compounds of halogenated organics. [5]
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Leachate Extraction by Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method.[6]
TCLP is a commonly used test to determine the leaching
characteristics. The TCLP test is the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) leaching
procedure for determining the characteristics of hazardous
waste. Many state regulatory agencies have adopted the
TCLP for characterization of solid wastes. TCLP involves a
20:1 liquid to solid ratio, test was designed to simulate
leaching under waste disposal conditions. The test involves
two leaching solutions, alkaline materials use a solution that
has a pH of 2.88, which is buffered using acetic acid and the
less alkaline materials use a solution with a pH of 4.93
which is buffered using sodium hydroxide (Douglas, 2003).
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 70
Figure 2.1: Extraction fluid filtered through 0.6-0.8µm
glass fibre filter paper.
2.2 Heavy metal analysis
In flame atomic absorption spectrometry, an aqueous sample
containing metal analyte is aspirated to a flame and
atomized. Flame causes the evaporation of the solvent and
accelerates the vaporization of the free metal atoms, and this
is named as atomization, here, a light beam is directed
through a flame into a monochromator/filter/slit and which
is directed towards a photoelectric detector, which measures
the amount of light absorbed by the freely atomized element
in the flame. For some metals, this method exhibits superior
sensitivity over flame emission, because each metal will be
having its own characteristic absorption wavelength. A light
source (hollow cathode lamp) composed of that element is
used in the process.[7]
Figure 2.2: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
2.3 Sample Collection [7]
Sampling technique for sample collection.
Generally there are two types of sampling technique, which
is used for the collection of the water and wastewater
samplings for examining their physical and chemical
characteristics. The two types of sampling are
Grab sampling.
Composite sampling.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The following tables gives the analyzed results of the entire
experimental work, that is, leachate analysis for heavy metal
concentrations from raw leachate extract and samples
collected from surface and subsurface water bodies, and the
effects of open dumping of the waste foundry sand on
surface water bodies and subsurface water bodies.
Table 3.1: Heavy metal concentrations in leachate.
Sl.No Parameters April May June Avg
1 Arsenic BDL BDL BDL ---
2 Barium 0.0088 0.0091 0.0097 0.0092
3 Chloride 66.33 66.96 67.02 66.77
4 Cadmium BDL BDL BDL ---
5 Chromium 0.0150 0.0169 0.0160 0.0159
6 Iron 34.83 35.29 35.53 35.21
7 Lead 0.075 0.079 0.077 0.77
8 Manganese 3.169 3.453 3.621 3.41
9 Mercury BDL BDL BDL ---
10 Selenium BDL BDL BDL ---
11 Zinc 0.5996 0.6010 0.6170 0.6058
3.1 Water sample analysis.
The Physico-chemical analysis and heavy metal analysis
was carried out for the water samples, collected from
surface water body and subsurface water bodies, the tests
were conducted for the water samples taken from
Lake water (LW)
Open Well (OW) water
Bore Well (BW) water
3.1.1 Physico-Chemical and heavy metal analysis
for lake water.
The Physico-chemical analysis and heavy metal
concentrations of the sample obtained from the lake water
are given below in the table.
Table 3.2: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
lake water.
Sl.No Parameters May June July Avg
DL
as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
23 20 21 21.33 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
4.2 3.6 3.9 3.9 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
571.61 624.13 673.40 623.04 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 342.96 374.47 404.04 373.82 500
7 pH 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.6
6.5-
8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
57.42 57.51 58.16 57.69 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for lake water in mg/L
9 Barium 0.8623 0.8713 0.8727 0.8687 0.7
10 Chromium BDL BDL BDL --- 0.05
11 Iron 0.0289 0.0312 0.0351 0.0317 0.3
12 Lead 0.0016 0.0021 0.0028 0.0021 0.01
13 Manganese 0.0018 0.0020 0.0026 0.0021 0.1
14 Zinc BDL BDL BDL --- 5.0
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 71
Figure 3.1: Chloride concentration in lake water.
Figure 3.2: Manganese concentration in lake water.
Figure 3.3: Iron concentration in lake water.
Figure 3.4: Lead concentration in lake water.
From the above figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 it is seen that
the samples of lake water, which is located at Sahyadri
nagar, Udyambag, Belagavi, are well within the desirable
limits of BIS during the study period. Hence the
concentrations of Chloride, Manganese, Iron and Lead may
not affect the health of the people.
Figure 3.5: Barium concentration in lake water.
From the above figures 3.5 it is seen that the samples of lake
water, which is located at Sahyadri nagar, Udyambag,
Belagavi, is greater than the desirable limits of BIS during
the study period. Hence it can be said that the water sample
can closely affect the people who use it for drinking
purposes. The long-time usage of this water can affect the
people leading to cardiovascular problems.
3.1.2 Physico-Chemical and heavy metal analysis
for open well water.
Table 3.3: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
open well water.(2)
Sl.
No
Parameters May June July Avg
DL as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
18 19 17 18 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
2.82 2.79 2.84 2.81 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
459.3 455.8 453.5 456.2 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 275.58 273.48 272.10 273.72 500
7 pH 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.5-8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
74.33 75.17 76.07 75.19 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for open well water in mg/L
9 Barium 0.036 0.041 0.062 0.046 0.7
10
Total
Chromium
0.0019 0.0023 0.0029 0.0023 0.05
11 Iron 0.0076 0.0082 0.0090 0.0082 0.3
12 Lead BDL BDL BDL -- 0.01
13 Manganese BDL BDL BDL -- 0.1
14 Zinc BDL BDL BDL -- 5.0
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 72
Table 3.4: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
open well water.(3)
Sl.
No
Parameters May June July Avg
DL as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
17 18 16 17 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
2.91 2.89 2.92 2.90 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
489.2 493.6 490.8 491.2 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 293.52 296.16 294.48 294.72 500
7 pH 6.9 7.2 6.8 6.96 6.5-8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
73.26 74.03 74.88 74.05 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for open well water in mg/L
9 Barium 0.029 0.047 0.058 0.044 0.7
10
Total
Chromium
0.0017 0.0022 0.0028 0.0022 0.05
11 Iron 0.0080 0.0086 0.0094 0.0089 0.3
12 Lead BDL BDL BDL -- 0.01
13 Manganese BDL BDL BDL -- 0.1
14 Zinc BDL BDL BDL -- 5.0
Table 3.5: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
open well water.(4)
Sl.
No
Parameters May June July Avg
DL as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
16 17 15 16 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
2.74 2.72 2.78 2.74 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
439.6 430.3 443.8 437.9 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 263.76 258.18 266.28 262.74 500
7 pH 7.5 7.4 6.9 7.2 6.5-8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
76.43 77.15 77.63 77.07 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for open well water in mg/L
9 Barium 0.042 0.067 0.078 0.062 0.7
10
Total
Chromium
0.0026 0.0032 0.0038 0.0032 0.05
11 Iron 0.0082 0.0091 0.012 0.0097 0.3
12 Lead BDL BDL BDL -- 0.01
13 Manganese BDL BDL BDL -- 0.1
14 Zinc BDL BDL BDL -- 5.0
Table 3.6: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
open well water.(5)
Sl.
No
Parameter May June July Average
DL
as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
18 16 15 16.3 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
2.89 2.86 2.88 2.87 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
478.7 481.3 477.6 479.2 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 287.22 288.78 286.56 287.52 500
7 pH 7.2 6.6 6.9 6.9
6.5-
8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
74.71 75.21 75.83 75.25 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for open well water in mg/L
9 Barium 0.031 0.044 0.057 0.044 0.7
10
Total
Chromium
0.0014 0.0019 0.0020 0.0017 0.05
11 Iron 0.0082 0.0089 0.0098 0.0089 0.3
12 Lead BDL BDL BDL -- 0.01
13 Manganese BDL BDL BDL -- 0.1
14 Zinc BDL BDL BDL -- 5.0
The Barium, Chloride, Total Chromium and iron
concentration values obtained for the Open well water
samples collected during the study period are given below.
Figure 3.6: Barium concentration in Open Well water.
Figure 3.7: Chloride concentration in Open well water.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 73
Figure 3.8: Total Chromium concentration in Open well
water.
Figure 3.9: Iron concentration in Open well water.
From the above figures 5. it is seen that the samples of Open
well water, the Barium Chloride, Total Chromium and Iron
concentrations is well within the the desirable limits of BIS
during the study period. Hence the concentrations of
Barium, Chloride, Total Chromium and Iron may not affect
the health of the people. Lead, Manganese and Zinc
concentrations in the open well water are below detectable
level Hence the Concentrations of above mentioned Heavy
metals does not affect the water and the health of the people
using it for their daily usage.
3.1.3 Physico-Chemical and heavy metal analysis
for bore well water.
Table 3.7: Physico-Chemical & Heavy metal analysis for
Bore well water.(1)
Sl.
No
Parameter June July Aug Avg
DL as
per
BIS,
mg/L
1
Temperature
(°C)
15 17 16 16 NG
2
Colour
(Hazen)
-- -- -- -- 5
3 Odour -- -- -- -- A
4
Turbidity
(NTU)
2.13 2.09 2.19 2.13 1
5
Specific
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
292.6 296.3 294.5 294.46 NG
6 TDS (mg/L) 175.56 177.78 176.7 176.68 500
7 pH 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5-8.5
8
Chloride
(mg/L)
57.1 58.6 57.4 57.7 250
Heavy metal Concentrations for bore well water in mg/L
9 Barium 2.00 2.32 2.12 2.14 0.7
10 Zinc 2.16 2.09 1.95 2.06 0.05
11 Iron 136.54 141.2 143.4 140.38 0.3
12 Manganese 5.26 5.41 5.52 5.40 0.01
13 Lead BDL BDL BDL -- 0.1
14 Chromium BDL BDL BDL -- 5.0
From the above table 3.7 it is seen that the samples of bore
well water, barium, iron & manganese concentration is
greater than the desirable limits of BIS during the study
period. Hence it can be said that the water sample can
closely affect the people who use it for drinking purposes.
The long-time usage of this water can affect the people
leading to cardiovascular problems, taste/appearance
including affects on water supply structures and cause
adverse effects on human health respectively.
4. CONCLUSIONS.
The leachate extracted from the WFS contains the
concentrations of heavy metal, the examined
concentrations when compared to the drinking water
standard limits as per BIS 10500:2012. The heavy
metal concentrations of iron-35.21 mg/L, lead-0.77
mg/L and manganese-3.41 mg/L are extremely high in
their values from the leachate extracted from WFS,
when percolated through the ground, it contaminates
the ground water quality. Other heavy metal
concentrations such as barium, total chromium and
zinc are not exceeding the values which could affect
the water quality.
The other Physico-chemical parameters such as
temperature, colour, odour, turbidity, specific
conductivity, total dissolved solids are all well within
the limits of BIS 10500:2012.
The concentration of heavy metal barium having the
value in the range 2.001-2.321 mg/L and manganese in
the range of 5.265-5.524 mg/L for bore well water
sample, which exceeds the DL – 0.7 mg/L for the
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 74
drinking water limits of BIS 10500:2012. The long
term usage of this water for drinking purposes may
lead to cardiovascular problems in human beings and it
affects the taste/appearance of the water.
The concentration of heavy metal iron having the value
in the range of 136.54-143.4 mg/L for bore well water
sample, which exceeds extremely higher than the DL –
0.3mg/L for the drinking water limits of BIS
10500:2012. The long term usage of this water
taste/appearance and it affects the sewer systems when
used for longer duration.
The concentrations of heavy metal such as barium,
total chromium, iron for open well water sample, are
well within the DL for the drinking water limits of BIS
10500:2012.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
This acknowledgement is intended to be thanks giving to all
those people who have been involved directly or indirectly
with my work. The satisfaction that accompanies the
successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of my guide Associate Professor R B.
Gadag, Department of Civil Engineering, KLE’s Dr.
M.S.Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology,
Belagavi, who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crowned me all the efforts with success.
I would like to express my thanks and indebtedness to
Principal B G. Katageri, Smt. B V. Chiniwalar H.O.D, and
other professors, KLE’s Dr. M.S.Sheshgiri College of
Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, for their deep
involvement, invaluable and continuous motivation
throughout this work. I am highly obliged to them for being
there always whenever I needed them.
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