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This document provides information about lasers, including their characteristics and production. It discusses Einstein's theory of stimulated emission and the three possible interactions of radiation and matter: induced absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It describes the Nd:YAG laser and its components, including the YAG crystal doped with neodymium ions, the resonator cavity, and optical pumping using a flash lamp.
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Lasers
Lasers produce a very narrow, intense beam of coherent light through the process of stimulated emission of radiation. Key characteristics of laser light include high monochromaticity, directionality, intensity, and coherence. Einstein's theory of stimulated emission explains how excited atoms or molecules can emit photons when stimulated by an incoming photon, leading to amplification of the light beam. Population inversion, where more atoms are in an excited state than a lower state, must be achieved for lasing to occur. Common laser types include solid-state, gas, liquid/dye, and semiconductor lasers, which use different active media and pumping mechanisms to produce stimulated emission. A notable example is the Nd:YAG laser, which uses a neody
LASER
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A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
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This document discusses solid state lasers. It begins by explaining what a laser is and how it produces light through stimulated emission. It then describes the common components of all lasers including the active medium, excitation mechanism, and high reflectance mirrors. Solid state lasers use a crystalline or glass host material doped with ions like neodymium or ytterbium as the active medium. Examples given are ruby and Nd:YAG lasers. Solid state lasers have advantages like simple construction and lower cost compared to gas lasers, though their output power is not as high. Applications include drilling metals, endoscopy, and military targeting systems.
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The document discusses the principles and properties of lasers. It begins by defining what a laser is, explaining that it stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". It then covers the basic principle of how atoms absorb and emit photons at specific wavelengths, and the three processes that can occur in a laser medium: stimulated absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. The document emphasizes that population inversion is needed to favor stimulated emission over absorption, and that pumping is required to create this inversion. It also outlines the key components of a laser and some common laser types and their wavelengths.
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A He-Ne laser produces coherent red light through stimulated emission. It works by electrically exciting a gas mixture of helium and neon atoms. Energy from excited helium atoms is transferred to neon atoms, producing population inversion between neon energy levels. When excited neon atoms drop to a lower energy level, they emit photons of 632.8 nm wavelength that stimulate additional photon emissions, producing a coherent laser beam. He-Ne lasers operate continuously and are commonly used for applications like barcode scanning and holography due to their low cost and narrow visible beam.
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Lasers produce a very narrow, intense beam of coherent light through the process of stimulated emission of radiation. Key characteristics of laser light include high monochromaticity, directionality, intensity, and coherence. Einstein's theory of stimulated emission explains how excited atoms or molecules can emit photons when stimulated by an incoming photon, leading to amplification of the light beam. Population inversion, where more atoms are in an excited state than a lower state, must be achieved for lasing to occur. Common laser types include solid-state, gas, liquid/dye, and semiconductor lasers, which use different active media and pumping mechanisms to produce stimulated emission. A notable example is the Nd:YAG laser, which uses a neody
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He ne lasers 1
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LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It produces an intense, monochromatic, and directional beam of light. Lasers work through the process of stimulated emission, which was first theorized by Einstein in 1917. This involves exciting atoms to a higher energy state and inducing them to emit photons of the same wavelength and phase through stimulation rather than spontaneously. When there are more excited atoms than unexcited atoms, a condition known as population inversion, stimulated emission dominates over absorption and spontaneous emission, allowing for the generation of a coherent laser beam. Lasers have many applications in fields such as medicine, science, industry, communications, and military.
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Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
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X ray crystallography
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths shorter than visible light. They have typical wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. There are two main production methods - bremsstrahlung and characteristic line emission. Bremsstrahlung produces a continuous X-ray spectrum, while characteristic lines produce peaks at specific wavelengths. X-ray diffraction is used to determine crystal structures by analyzing the diffraction pattern produced when X-rays interact with a crystalline material. Bragg's law describes the angles at which diffraction occurs based on the wavelength and crystal plane spacing.
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This document discusses the applications of lasers in mining. It mentions that lasers are used for airborne scanning to detect mine subsidence over large areas, and for 3D scanning underground to create digital mine plans. Lasers are also used for distance measurement between points that are difficult to access, for shaft deepening, measuring shaft depths, underground surveying, and large hole drilling while maintaining orientation.
XRD(X RAY DIFFRACTION).pptx
X-ray crystallography uses X-ray diffraction to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. Monochromatic X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube and directed at a crystalline sample. The regular arrangement of atoms in the crystal causes the X-rays to diffract into specific patterns determined by Bragg's law, providing information about the crystal structure. X-ray diffraction is widely used in fields like biochemistry, materials science, and engineering to study the structure of molecules, crystals, and solid materials.
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study on laser
- 1. Gandhinagar Institute Of Technology Subject : engineering Physic Sub Code:2110011 topic name : laser Prepared by: Jani Parth U.(150120119051) Jerin Sibi.(150120119052) gothi dhairya.(150120119047) Guided By : sanket Sir
- 2. Laser Originally LASER Was An Acronym For Light Amplification By The Stimulated Emission Of Radiation. Now Laser Is A Word Used To Identify This Type Of Equip- pment Or The Light It Produces.
- 3. Characteristics Of Laser 1.Coherence 2.High Intensity 3.High Directionality 4.High Monochromaticity laser light is highly powerful and is capable of propagating over long distances and is not easily absorbed by water.
- 4. Einstein’s Theory Production Of Laser Light Is A Particular Consequence Of Interaction Of Radiation With Matter. Albert Einstein First Broached The Possibility Of Stimulated Emission In A 1917 On Paper. Radiation Interacts With Matter Under Appropriate Cond- ition And Transition Of An Atom Or A Molecule From One Enrgy Atate To The Onther.
- 5. There Are Three Possible Ways Through Which Interaction Of Radiation And Matter Can Take Pace. 1.Induced Absorption 2.Spontaneous Emission 3.Stimulated Emission
- 6. The Atom Different electron orbits represent different energy levels.
- 7. (A) Induced absorption in this process atom be initially in the lower state E1. if a photon of energy hv is incident on the atom in the electron and excited to the higher energy state E2
- 8. The Electron Applying energy to an electron causes it to jump to a higher orbit.
- 9. (b)Spontaneous emission it is a process in which there is an emisiion of a photon whenever an atom transits from a higher energy state to a lower energy state without the aid of any external agency.
- 10. The Electron in process
- 11. (c) Stimulated emission it is process in which there is an emission of a a photon whenever an atom transits from a higher energy state to a lower under the influence of an external agency.
- 13. ND: YAG LASER 1.WHAT IS FULL FORM OF YAG ? YAG :- YTTRIUM ALUMINIUM GARNET ( Y3AL5O12 ) DOPED WITH NEODYMIUM IONS ND+3 IN CRYSTAL FROM • RESONATOR CAVITY THE END FACES OF THE ND: YAG ROD ARE GROUND POLISHED AND SILVERED TO ACT AS THE OPTICAL RESONATOR MIRRORS, OR THE OPTICAL CAVITY CAN BE FORMED BY USING TWO EXTERNAL REFLECTING MIRRORS M1 AND M2
- 14. OPTICAL PUMPING A XENON FLASH LAMP OR A KRYPTON FLASH LAMP IS USED AS A PUMPING SOURCE.
- 16. Pumping pumping is the mechanism of exciting atoms from the lower energy state to a higher energy state by supplying energy from an external source. Optical pumping Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one.
- 17. Electricalpumping Electrical pumping is the second most commonly used pumpingscheme. It is commonly used to pump gas and semiconductor lasers. Here we will only consider gas laser pumping. In gas lasers a DC, RF or pulses current discharge is formed in the gas tube. The discharge can be longitudinal or transverse.