Laser
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The document discusses the basics of how lasers work. It describes stimulated emission and population inversion, which are necessary for laser amplification of light. It also explains the three main processes involved in laser operation: pumping to invert the population, spontaneous emission of initial photons, and stimulated emission which produces coherent, amplified light.
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Here are some additional examples of practical applications of different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum:
Radio waves:
- Wireless communication (WiFi, Bluetooth, mobile networks)
- Radio broadcasting
Microwaves:
- Satellite communication and television
- Cell phone networks
- Microwave ovens
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- Infrared cameras and thermometers
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- Photography
- Displays (LCD, LED screens)
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- Fluorescence microscopy
- Dermatology treatments
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Raman Spectra 2nd ppt.pptx
Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* HCl molecule is irradiated with mercury line of wavelength 434.8 nm
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Nanotechnology involves engineering systems at the molecular scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. Dr. K. Eric Drexler popularized the term nanotechnology in the 1980s and described how nanomachines could manufacture products through molecular assembly. Nanotechnology is now an interdisciplinary field where scientists are experimenting with nanoscale substances to understand their unique properties and potential applications in areas like medicine, electronics, and materials. While offering many benefits, nanotechnology also presents challenges like ensuring the safety of nanoparticles and addressing ethical concerns about human enhancement and economic impacts.
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The document provides information on laser fundamentals, components, operation, hazards, safety classifications, and control measures. It discusses how lasers emit coherent, monochromatic, directional light and describes common laser components like the active medium and mirrors. Hazards from laser exposure include eye, skin, electrical, and fire risks. Lasers are classified based on these risks, from Class 1 being not hazardous to Class 4 posing significant skin and fire hazards. Control measures include engineering controls, administrative procedures, training, and personal protective equipment like laser safety eyewear.
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A ruby laser was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium and produces red light at 694.3 nm. Ruby lasers were used for early laser experiments including measuring the distance to the moon and producing holograms, though newer laser media have replaced them. The ruby crystal provides population inversion needed for stimulated emission through its chromium dopant atoms.
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The document discusses the helium-neon (He-Ne) laser, which was the first continuous laser invented by Javan et al. in 1961. It operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the red portion of the visible spectrum. The He-Ne laser consists of a glass tube containing a mixture of helium and neon gases that is excited by an electrical discharge. When an excited helium atom collides with a neon atom, the neon atom becomes excited and subsequently decays, emitting a photon that stimulates further photon emissions to generate the laser beam. He-Ne lasers have various applications including reading barcodes and producing holograms.
Touch screen
Touch screens come in different technologies including resistive, acoustic wave, and capacitive. Resistive touch screens work by pressing down on the screen to complete a circuit and are inexpensive but have low clarity. Capacitive touch screens use the human body's electricity and have the best clarity and durability but at a higher price. New technologies are developing touch screens with enhanced resolution, sealing, and sensitivity to the environment.
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Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool, is often so called.[1][2]
In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.
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Laser
- 2. Stimulated emission Spontaneous emission L ight A mplification by S timulated E mission of R adiation
- 5. T he operation of the Laser
- 6. T he operation of the Laser (Pumping the Laser)
- 7. T he operation of the Laser absorption
- 8. T he operation of the Laser Spontaneous emission
- 10. T he operation of the Laser
- 11. T he operation of the Laser Stimulated emission
- 12. T he operation of the Laser Light: Coherent, polarized The stimulating and emitted photons have the same: frequency phase direction
- 13. Two level system absorption Spontaneous emission Stimulated emission h h h E 1 E 2 E 1 E 2 h =E 2 -E 1
- 15. Einstein’s coefficients Probability of stimulated absorption R 1-2 R 1-2 = ( ) B 1-2 Probability of stimulated and spontaneous emission : R 2-1 = ( ) B 2-1 + A 2-1 assumption: n 1 atoms of energy 1 and n 2 atoms of energy 2 are in thermal equilibrium at temperature T with the radiation of spectral density ( ): n 1 R 1-2 = n 2 R 2-1 n 1 ( ) B 1-2 = n 2 ( ( ) B 2-1 + A 2-1 ) E 1 E 2
- 19. How to realize the population inversion? Thermal excitation: Optically, electrically . impossible. The system has to be „pumped” E 1 E 2
- 20. Measurement disturbes the system The Uncertainty Principle
- 24. E 1 E 3 E 2 szybkie przejścia akcja laserowa - optical pumping - occupation of E3 of a short life time, 10-8s. It is a band, the metastable and ground states are narrow : - electrons are collected on E2: population inversion - stimulated emission (one photon emitted spontaneously starts the stimulated radiation ) - Beam of photons moves normally to the mirrors – standing wave. The laser operation
- 28. Ruby laser First laser: Ted Maiman Hughes Research Labs 1960