This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Role of Coating in Improving High Temperature Oxidation of SteelIJERD Editor
Oxidation is the major degradation mechanism of failure for various components operating at high
temperature. Protective coatings are used to improve the oxidation resistance of such component. In the present
investigation, Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coatings have been deposited on SAE431 boiler steel by Detonation Gun
Spraying Method. The oxidation performance of Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coated as well as uncoated SAE-431 steel
has been evaluated in air under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8000C. Al2O3 coating on
SAE431 boiler steel has shown approximately 26% improvement in the oxidation resistance of SAE431 steel
whereas Ni-20Cr coating on SAE431 boiler steel has indicated about 21% improvement in the oxidation
resistance as compared to the uncoated SAE431 boiler steel.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Role of Coating in Improving High Temperature Oxidation of SteelIJERD Editor
Oxidation is the major degradation mechanism of failure for various components operating at high
temperature. Protective coatings are used to improve the oxidation resistance of such component. In the present
investigation, Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coatings have been deposited on SAE431 boiler steel by Detonation Gun
Spraying Method. The oxidation performance of Al2O3 and Ni-20Cr coated as well as uncoated SAE-431 steel
has been evaluated in air under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8000C. Al2O3 coating on
SAE431 boiler steel has shown approximately 26% improvement in the oxidation resistance of SAE431 steel
whereas Ni-20Cr coating on SAE431 boiler steel has indicated about 21% improvement in the oxidation
resistance as compared to the uncoated SAE431 boiler steel.
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Effect of artificial aging temper t6 on tensile properties of aluminum alloy ...FreddyTaebenu
Penjelasan mengenai efek dari proses artificial aging untuk melihat perilaku dari properti material paduan aluminium pada pengujian uji tarik, ditujukan untuk teman-teman yang mengambil bidang atau konsentrasi serupa dalam ilmu material engineering guna untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas terbaik
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Comparative studies on mechanical properties of aisi 4340 high strength alloy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanical properties and microstructures of AISI 4340 high strength alloy steel under different conditions are investigated. Generally time quenching is substituted for surface hardening wherein martensite structure is formed in the case of the softer products towards core but austempering gives always uniform grained bainitic structure without any residual stresses and retained austenite. Austempering is given to hot working dies and springs to obtain maximum elastic limit. To assure uniform finer grains in the specimen normalizing treatment is given prior to other treatments. Samples were prepared and all of them were normalized at 9000C for 2 hrs and then air cooled to room temperature. After normalizing specimens are separated into 2 groups, timed quenching is performed on one set and austempering heat treatment is performed on another set of specimens. During timed quenching, the specimens are heated to 9000C. After reaching 900 0C, the specimens are soaked at that temperature for two hours. The specimens are then taken out of the furnace and quenched in engine oil for less than 4 seconds followed by air cooling. Hardness, microstructure and impact tests were performed on the timed quenched specimens to analyze the hardness value, grain size distribution and the energy absorbed respectively. Another set of the normalized specimens were taken and austempering was carried out on them. During austempering the specimens were heated at 9000C for 2 hrs in one furnace followed by transferring the specimens to the second furnace immediately within 10 seconds, which was maintained at 3200C and the specimens were soaked in the second furnace for 2 hrs and 45 min and then furnace cooling was done.
Hardness, microstructure and impact tests were again performed and obtained values were compared with timed quenched specimens. Difference in the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel at timed quenched and austempered conditions was observed. It is found that grain size of the austempered specimen is higher than the time quenched specimen. It is also observed that the austempered specimen has maximum strength and very good impact energy as compared to that of the timed quenched specimen. As a result mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength are improved in the austempered specimens than the timed quenched specimens..
Keywords: Microstructure, Impact energy, Ductility, Austempering, Hardness, Grain size
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
ML for identifying fraud using open blockchain data.pptx
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 Steel
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 2 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 32-38
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of
Aisi1040 Steel
Ashish Vermaa
, Pravin Kumar Singhb
a. University Institute of Technology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026
b. University Institute of Technology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026
Abstract: This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of
AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon
in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature
(650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly,
ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while
the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result
shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an
increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of
quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time.
Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing
temperature and increasing time.
I. Introduction
Steel is an alloy of iron with definite percentage of carbon ranging from 0.15-1.5%. These plain carbon
steels are classified on the basis of their carbon content, as their major alloying element is carbon [1]. Steels
with carbon content varying from 0.30% to 0.60% are classified as medium carbon steel, while those with
carbon content less than 0.30% are termed as low carbon steel [1]. The carbon content of high carbon steels
usually ranges within 0.60-1.5%. Steel is mainly an alloy of iron and carbon, where other elements are present
in quantities too small to affect its properties [2]. The other alloying elements alloyed in plain-carbon steel are
manganese, silicon and phosphorus [2]. Steel with low carbon content has the same properties as iron i.e. soft
but easily formed. As carbon content rises, the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile [3]. Medium
carbon steels are used for fabrication. In addition, machined parts such as bolts, turbine casing and concrete
reinforcing bars are made of this class of carbon steel. Gears, wire rods, seamless tubing, hot-rolled/cold-
finished bars and forging products are also some objects constructed from medium carbon steel [4]. Although
the number of steel specifications runs into thousand, plain carbon steel accounts for more than 90% of the total
steel output. The reason for its importance is that it is a tough, ductile and cheap material with reasonable
casting, working and machining properties, and also amenable to simple heat treatments to produce a wide
range of properties [5].
Heat treatment is a combination of controlled heating and cooling applied to a particular metal or alloy
in the solid state in such ways so as to produce certain microstructure and desired mechanical properties
(hardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation) [11]. Annealing, normalizing,
hardening/quenching and tempering are the most important heat treatments often used to modify the
microstructure and desired mechanical properties in steel [6]. Heat treatment process leads to change in phase
microstructural and crystallographic changes in material [3]. The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to
obtain mechanical properties of steel usually ductility. The standard strengths of steels used in engineering
purposes are prescribed from their yield strength [7]. Most of engineering calculations for structure are based on
yield strength. The heat treatment develops hardness, softness and improves the mechanical properties such as
ductility [8]. This process also helps to improve machining effect, and make them versatile [7]. Heat treatment
is also used to increase the strength of materials and to relieve stresses induced in material after manufacturing,
forging and welding [16]. Hardened/quenched specimen has the highest tensile strength and hardness with
lowest ductility and impact strength when compared to other heat treated specimen [15]. Hardening/quenching
is strongly recommended when the strength and hardness are the prime desired properties in design. Quenching
in water resulted in higher tensile strength and hardness possibly due to the formation of martensite structure
which is one of the strengthening phases of steel [15].
The steel developed by quenching followed by tempering process at a desired temperature has the
highest ultimate tensile strength with excellent combination of impact strength, ductility and hardness which is
very attractive for industrial use [9]. On the basis of above survey it is very much clear that heat treatment is not
a new area in fact most of the researchers look at the process in general. But it has not been localized for an
2. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
improvement in desired mechanical properties of this material i.e. AISI1040 steel which is used in fabrication
industries for massive production. Hence there is need to carry out this work for the further enhancement of
desired mechanical properties in material which in turn increases the durability and performance of components
made by this material.
Present work deals with influence of heat treatment on mechanical properties of AISI1040 steel with the
objective of improving its mechanical properties.
II. Experimental set-up and procedure
2.1 Selection of Material
Steel of grade AISI1040 is being chosen for investigation. It is one of the American standard
specifications of the plain carbon steel having 0.40% carbon in its composition, so it is called medium carbon
steel. The chemical composition of AISI1040 is given in the table below:
Table1. Chemical Composition of AISI1040
C Mn Si P S Cr Fe
0.40 0.77 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.04 Balance
2.2 Specimen Preparation
The specimens of following dimensions, as shown in figure 2.1, were then prepared for test using a
standard format of ASTM for heat treatment.
Fig. 2.1 Test specimen for AISI1040 steel
2.3 Heat Treatment Processes
After preparation, specimens were heated in muffle furnace at a temperature of 900℃, and were held
for 120minutes and then the specimens were quenched into water. After quenching the specimens were again
heated for tempering, in this they were tempered at different temperature (650,450 & 250℃). At each
temperature three specimens were heated but each was held for different tempering time i.e. first one for
60minutes, second one for 90minutes and third one for 120minutes respectively.
2.4 Mechanical Testing
After successful heat treatment operations, the heat treated specimens were taken for the hardness and
tensile test to determine the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness properties.
Hardness test was conducted on Rockwell hardness testing machine, while the tensile test was conducted on
universal testing machine.
III. Results and discussion
The mechanical properties i.e. hardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation has
been measured as a function of tempering temperature and tempering time. For every measurement, a specimen
has been used which is quenched in water and tempered at different temperatures (650, 450 and 250℃) for 60,
90 and 120 minutes respectively. The results obtained from testing were described below:
3.1 Hardness testing results
The hardness property of tempered specimens is measured as function of tempering temperature and
tempering time using Rockwell hardness tester. The results obtained from testing of specimens quenched at
900℃ and tempered at temperature 650, 450 and 250℃ for different tempering time i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes
were shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 respectively.
3. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Fig. 3.1 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of specimens tempered for different tempering time
Fig. 3.2 Effect of tempering time on hardness of specimens tempered for different tempering temperature
In relation with Fig. 3.1, in which hardness is plotted against tempering temperature and Fig. 3.2, in which
hardness is plotted against tempering time; it has been seen that hardness of tempered specimen decreases with
an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the effect
of tempering temperature is more significant than that of tempering time. The decrease in hardness with
increasing temperature is due to the decomposition of the martensite and coagulation of carbides of the
cementite which precipitate from martensite [11].
3.2 Ultimate tensile strength testing results
The ultimate tensile strength property of tempered specimens is measured as function of tempering
temperature and tempering time using universal testing machine. The results obtained from testing of specimens
quenched at 900℃ and tempered at 650, 450 and 250℃ for different tempering time i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes
were shown in Fig. 3.3 and Fig. 3.4 respectively.
Fig. 3.3 Effect of tempering temperature on ultimate tensile strength for different tempering time
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
0 150 300 450 600 750
U.T.S.(MPa)
Temperature (0C)
U.T.S. vs Temperature
Tempered at 60
minutes
Tempered at 90
minutes
Tempered at 120
minutes
4. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Fig. 3.4 Effect of tempering time on ultimate tensile strength for different tempering temperature
From the Fig. 3.3 in which ultimate tensile strength is plotted against tempering temperature for different
tempering time of 60, 90 and 120 minutes and the same is plotted against tempering time at different tempering
temperature 650, 450 and 250℃ in Fig. 3.4. Both the figure shows that ultimate tensile strength of tempered
specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. This can be explained by the
fact that with an increase in tempering temperature carbon concentration of the matrix present in tempered
martensite decreases due to the diffusion of carbon atoms to the cementite which leads to decrease in its
ultimate tensile strength. Furthermore, ultimate tensile strength of quenched specimens tempered at 250℃ for
90 minutes shows the same relationship as obtained by other investigators [19].
𝜎UTS (MPa) = 859 – 0.75Ttempering (℃) . . . . . . (1)
3.3 Yield strength testing results
The yield strength property of tempered specimens is measured as function of tempering temperature
and tempering time using universal testing machine. The results obtained from testing of specimens quenched at
900℃ and tempered at 650, 450 and 250℃ for different tempering time i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes were shown
in Fig. 3.5 and Fig. 3.6 respectively.
Fig. 3.5 Effect of tempering temperature on yield strength for different tempering time
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
U.T.S.(MPa)
Time (minutes)
Ultimate Tensile Strength v/s Time
Tempered at 650
Tempered at 450
Tempered at 250
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
0 150 300 450 600 750
YieldStrength(MPa)
Temperature (0C)
Yield Strength v/s Temperature
Tempered at 60
minutes
Tempered at 90
minutes
Tempered at 120
minutes
5. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Fig. 3.6 Effect of tempering time on yield strength for different tempering temperature
The Fig. 3.5, in which yield strength is plotted against tempering temperature for different tempering time and
Fig. 3.6 in which yield strength is plotted against tempering time for different tempering temperature shows that
yield strength of tempered specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time
because of dual phase strengthening mechanics which results in grain re-arrangement due to subsequent
increase in tempering temperature and time. However, it also indicates that the effect of tempering temperature
is more significant than that of tempering time.
3.4 Elongation testing results
The elongation property of tempered specimens is measured as function of tempering temperature and
tempering time using universal testing machine. The results obtained from testing of specimens quenched at
900℃ and tempered at 650, 450 and 250℃ for different tempering time i.e. 60, 90 and 120 minutes were shown
in Fig. 3.7 and Fig. 3.8.
Fig. 3.7 Effect of tempering temperature on elongation for different tempering time
Fig. 3.8 Effect of tempering time on elongation for different tempering temperature
6. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
The above mentioned figure i.e. Fig. 3.7 and Fig. 3.8 in which elongation is plotted against tempering
temperature and tempering time respectively. It has revels that elongation of tempered specimen increases with
an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. This can be explained on the basis of established
theory that with an increase in tempering temperature the concentration of carbon content in tempered
martensite decreases continuously due to diffusion of carbon atom in cementite and also the formation of
microstructure of ferrite and pearlite leads to induce ductility in specimen.
3.5 Discussion
As expected that mechanical behaviour of medium carbon steel i.e. AISI1040 steel is quite sensitive to
tempering temperature and tempering time [11]. AISI1040 steel has a microstructure of ferrite and pearlite.
Under quenched condition when specimens are heated at a temperature 900℃, held for two hour at that
temperature than quenched rapidly in water at that time phase transformation of steel takes place, where the
lattice structure of steel changes immediately from a face centered cubic (𝛾 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) to body centered
tetragonal martensite [15]. Furthermore, large amount of distortion occured during the formation of platelets of
martensite, which in turn leads to rapid increase in its hardness [18]. The hardness of steel increases rapidly as
the martensite percentage is increased because it is one of the most common strengthening phases in steel [1]. In
general, the microhardness increases because of the refinement of the primary phases after rapid cooling [16]. It
is well known that the water quenching creates a supersaturated solid solution and increase vacancies with
carbon content in quenched specimens. Thus high hardness correlates with high resistance to slip and
dislocation. In martensite, the carbon dependence of hardness is attributed to carbon atoms trapped in the
octahedral interstitial sites of martensitic crystal structure [17].
But martensite is also brittle, highly stressed, low ductility and unstable phase [1]. During quenching
one more unstable phase has been obtained i.e. retained austenite. The resultant microstructure after quenching
process are observed as martensite with small amount of retained austenite while after tempering process the
resulting optimum mechanical properties are found at bainitic structure [11].
Heating hardened/quenched steel to a temperature below lower critical temperature is called tempering.
Tempering reaction can be pictured as the change of carbon atom dispersed in the martensite to precipitated
carbide particle of increasing size and involve processes, such as precipitation of carbides, decomposition of
retained austenite and recrystallization of martensite structure.
As the temperature of hardened steel is raised for tempering the mobility of atoms increases and the phase tends
to pass into a stable/equiliberium state. For this change to occur both temperature and time are variable but
temperature is more important variable than time, because lowering temperature and increasing time can usually
produces same results as increasing temperature and decreasing time. During tempering, martensite decomposes
into a mixture of ferrite and cementite with a resultant decrease in volume of martensite platelets as tempering
temperature increase which in turn leads to change in its physical and mechanical properties.
When the specimens are tempered at temperature 650℃ the phase transformation takes place from an unstable
martensite to a mixture of ferrite and cementite. At this temperature cementite (Fe3C) agglomerates and
coalesces. The structure becomes an aggregate with ferrite and cementite in quite fine spheres, referred to as
tempered martensite and tempered bainite. Further increase in tempering time and tempering temperature leads
to develop sorbite structure, consist of ferrite and finely divided cementite which imparts high ductility and low
hardness.
The microstructure of specimens tempered at 650℃ consists of equiaxed grain of ferrite and small rod
shaped carbides that distribute within the ferrite matrix in specific direction. Also the dislocation cell boundaries
and random dislocations situated between these cells disappear, whilst a fine cellular structure is developed
when tempered at 650℃ for 120 minutes [18].
When the specimens are tempered at temperature 450℃, phase transformation takes place from
retained austenite to bainite. Bainitic structure consist of ferrite and epsilon carbide which are formed at
temperature ranging between 400℃ − 450℃ for each tempering time while maximum elastic properties has
been developed during one hour tempering treatment. Also cementite precipitate and ferrite matrix are found in
range 500℃-550℃ [12]. Furthermore, low carbon martensite changes to cubic ferrite and develop toorsite
structure, which consists of radial lamellae of ferrite and cementite differs from pearlite only in degree of
fineness and carbon content [15]. At this temperature a mixture of ductility and hardness is found but also
temper brittleness i.e. notch impact intergranular brittleness is observed by researchers at this temperature with
increasing time [11].
Also at this temperature a sudden drop in hardness and tensile strength is observed while yield strength
has also decreased rapidly. But elongation in specimens has been observed which shows that they have gain
ductility with loss of hardness. Furthermore, material has also observed some brittleness at this temperature
which may be due to the presence of temper brittleness.
7. Influence Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties Of Aisi1040 Steel
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Also at a temperature 250℃, a hexagonal close packed carbide (epsilon carbide) begin to form i.e. precipitation
epsilon carbide due to decrease of tetragonality of martensite and decomposition of retained austenite which
leads to formation of rod or plates of cementite with complete loss of tetragonality of martensite and dissolution
of epsilon carbide [11], with this rejection of carbon the crystal structure martensite changes ultimately from
tetragonal to the body centered cubic characteristics of ferrite. Now with the increase in tempering time at
tempering temperature 250℃ retained interlath austenite and carbide films that are decomposed from the lath
boundary retained austenite are formed. Furthermore, dendritic carbide (Fe3C, orthorhombic) forms and its
initial morphology in martensite is platelike. The nucleated site of the carbide is frequently martensite lath
boundaries at low temperature, and ferrite grain boundaries at higher temperature [18]. As the tempering
temperature increases to 350℃ the epsilon iron carbide is replaced by cementite and the martensite loses its
tetragonality. The matrix structure of the tempered martensite transforms to body centre cubic (B.C.C.) and the
carbon concentration of the matrix approaches that of ferrite. Furthermore, when the tempering temperature is
higher than 350℃ the cementite in the tempered martensite coarsens and spheroidises thus the strength
difference between the ferrite and the tempered martensite is reduced which in turn leads to decrease in ultimate
tensile strength and increases the elongation [12]. With an increase in the tempering temperature the carbon
concentration of the matrix in the tempered martensite still decreases due to the diffusion of carbon atoms into
cementite therefore, the strength and hardness of the tempered specimen decreases and its ductility increases.
IV. Conclusion
1. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength and to some extent the yield strength decrease, whereas the
elongation increases with increase in tempering temperature and tempering time.
2. For a given tempering time, the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease, whereas the
elongation and hence the ductility i.e. elongation increases by increasing the tempering temperature.
3. Ultimate tensile strength decreases continuously by increasing tempering temperature and time. The ductility
of the specimen is measured by the tensile test. The elongation increases with the increase in tempering
temperature and time.
4. The higher is the tempering temperature, the lower is the hardness or the more is softness (ductility) induced
in the previously quenched specimen.
5. The longer is the tempering time (keeping the temperature constant), the higher is the ductility induced in the
specimen as a result of the grain re-arrangement.
References
[1] Rajan, T.V. Sharma, C.P Sharma, “Heat treatment – Principles and Techniques”, Prentice- Hall of India Private Limited, New
Delhi, India, pp36-42, 1988.
[2] Oberg, E; et al., “Machinery’s Hand book” (25thed.) Industrial Press Inc, 1996.
[3] Smith, W.F. and Hashemi, J., “Foundations of materials science and Engineering”, 4thEdition; McGraw’s- Hill Book.pp.28-36,
2006.
[4] Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass, and Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt, ”The Science and Engineering of Materials“(Fourth Edition):
Donald R. Askland and Pradeep P. Phule: Brooks/Cole copyright 2003.
[5] Dell, K.A., “Metallurgy Theory and practical Text book “, American Technical Society, Chicago, pp.351-353, [6] Raymond A.,
Higgins B., “Properties of Engineering Materials”, Hooder and Stonghton,
[7] Rao P.N, ”Manufacturing Technology”, Vol.1, the McGraw Hill Companies –New Delhi, pp.11-53, 2011.
[8] Adnan calik, Effect of cooling rate on Hardness and Micro structure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 steels, Int .J. of
Physics Sciences, Vol. 4(9), pp. 514-518, 2009.
[9] Daramola O.O Adewuyi B.O, Oladele I.O, Effects of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Rolled Medium Carbon
Steel, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol.9, N0.8, pp.693-708, 2010
[10] Lakhtin.Y, Engineering Physical Metallurgy, MIR Publishers, Mascow, pp.14-55, 1998.
[11] Min Shan HTUN, Si Thu KYAW, Kay Thi LWIN, Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of
Spring Steel, Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, Vol.18 No.2, pp.191-197, 2008 [12] X. Fang, Z. Fan, B. Ralph, P. Evans,
R. Underhill, Effects of tempering temperature on tensile and hole expansion properties of a C–Mn steel, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 132 (2003), 215–218
[13] Jamiu Kolawole odusote, Tajudeen Kolawole Ajuboye, Abdulkarim Baba Rabiu, Evaluation of mechanical properties of medium
carbon steel quenched in water and oil, AU J.T.15 (14), pp 218-224, 2010.
[14] Ahmet Kaynar, Suleyman Gunduz, Mustafa Turkmen, Investigation on the behavior of medium carbon and vanadium micro
alloyed steels by hot forging test, Materials and Design, Elsevier, 51 (2013), 819–825.
[15] O. P. Khanna, “Material Science and Metallurgy”, Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) LTD, New Delhi, India, 110002, pp43-1 –
43.51,2004.
[16] Wang x, HMLU, XL Li, Zheng Yf, Microscopic phase field simulation coupled with elastic strain energy for precipitation process
of Ni-Cr-Al alloy with low Al content, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 17:22, 2007
[17] Kurdjumov GV, Khachaturyan AG, Phenomena of carbon atom redistribution in martensite, Metallurgical and materials trans.,
B3,5, 1972.
[18] Woei Shyan Lee, Tzay Tian Su, Mechanical properties and microstructural features of AISI4340 high strength alloy steel under
quenched and temperedcondition, Journal of Materials Processing Technology,198–206, 1999
[19] S.S.M. Tavares, P.D. Pedroza, J.R. Teodosia, T. Gurova, Mechanical properties of a quenched and tempered dual phase steel,
Scripta Mater. 40 (1999) 887-892.