1. The document examines the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of cold work tool steels. Cryogenic treatment involves cooling tool steels to very low temperatures after conventional heat treatment to improve properties.
2. Two tool steel grades, D2 and D3, were subjected to different combinations of heat treatment and cryogenic treatment. Their microstructure and hardness were analyzed.
3. Preliminary results showed that cryogenic treatment improved hardness, transformed retained austenite to martensite, reduced residual stresses, and led to finer carbide precipitation compared to conventional heat treatment alone. Further studies are needed to fully understand the impact on mechanical properties.
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of AluminumIJERA Editor
Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue
which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In
this research 70 specimens of aluminum (2 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal
fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures; Th = 100, 300 and 500 ° C. Number of repeated cycles; N
=70. Results are evaluated then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal
fatigue.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of AluminumIJERA Editor
Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue
which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In
this research 70 specimens of aluminum (2 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal
fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures; Th = 100, 300 and 500 ° C. Number of repeated cycles; N
=70. Results are evaluated then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal
fatigue.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Analysis of Cluster Based Anycast Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network.
Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF
transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the
network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to
the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed
for Wireless Sensor Network.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
Finite Element Analysis of Obround Pressure VesselsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Method for Creating and Recognizing User Behavior ProfilesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN24...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
STUDY OF MICRO STRUCTURE OF HEAT TREADTED EN8 STEEL Anis Haider
EN8 is a very popular grade of through-hardening medium carbon steel, which is readily machined able in any condition. EN8 is suitable for the manufacture of parts such as general-purpose axles and shafts, gears, bolts and studs
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...
Ay31149154
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Cold
Work Tool Steels
A D Wale, 1 Prof. V D Wakchaure2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AVCOE Sangamner, Pune University, India
Abstract: In this paper effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of cold work tool steels at various
combination of heat treatment cycle (process sequence) are studied. The material selected for these processes are AISI D2
and D3.Cryogenic treatment is commonly referred as cryotreatment, is an add-on process to the conventional heat treatment
of tool steel. Cryogenic treatment improves hardness, microstructure of metal (retained austenite to marten site),
dimensional stability and decreases residual stresses. The effects of these process sequences of cryotreatment on properties
of tool steel were studied by conducting some laboratory tests. Study of microstructure characterization of different
specimens is carried out using optical microscope. Also hardness measurement was done by using Vickers indentation
method.
Keywords: Cryogenic treatments, hardness, microstructure, Phase transitions, Tool steel.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tool steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools. Their
suitability comes from their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion, their ability to hold a cutting edge, and their
resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures (red-hardness). Tool steels are used in cutting tools, punches, and other
industrial tooling. Different tool steels are developed to resist wear at temperatures of forming and cutting applications.
Tool steels are broadly divided into six categories like cold work, shock resisting, hot work, high speed, water
hardening, plastic mold and special-purpose tool steels. Among them, cold work tool steels are the most important category,
as they are used for many types of tools, dies and other applications where high wear resistance and low cost are needed.[1]
Tool steel is generally used in a heat treated state. Conventional heat treatment gives hardness as well as toughness,
wear resistance and ductility to steel. Even performed properly, conventional heat treating cannot remove all of the retained
austenite (large, unstable particles of carbon carbide) from steel. The retained austenite as a soft phase in steels could reduce
the product life and in working conditions, it can be transformed into marten site. This new marten site could cause several
problems for working tools. This new marten site is very brittle and differs from the tempered one, which is used in tools.
Furthermore, this marten site causes micro cracks and reduces the product life. Regarding the problems mentioned
above, the controlled transformation of retained austenite into marten site is essential to many types of component. In order
to obtain this transformation the cold treatment is used.
Cold treatment is generally classified as either so called “sub-zero treatment” at temperatures down to about -80 ℃
or “deep cryogenic treatment” at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196℃). More recent evidence shows that the wear resistance
is further enhanced by virtue of cryogenic treatment at liquid nitrogen temperature. Most researchers believed that there are
two mechanisms to improve the mechanical properties of the work that has been treated cryogenically. The first mechanism
is attributed to the transformation of retained austenite to marten site. The second is to initiate the nucleation sites for
precipitating a large number of fine carbides in the matrix of marten site. [2, 3]
Cryogenic treatment commonly referred to as cryotreatment, is an add-on process to the conventional heat treatment
of tool/die steel. It consists of controlled cooling of conventionally hardened steel specimens to some selected cryogenic
temperature (–500c to–1960c) and holding there for sufficiently long duration (20 to 75 h) before being heated back to the
ambient temperature at a predetermined rate for subsequent tempering treatment. It is different from the age-old cold
treatment, which is carried out in between – 600c and - 800 and without any significant duration of soaking at the lowest
temperature of treatment. [4, 5, 6]
Due to the cryogenic treatment, the problems occurred in conventional heat treatment is reduced by controlled
transformation of the retained austenite into marten site, which is essential to many types of component. Cryogenic treatment
in tool steels causes the precipitation of finely dispersed carbides in marten site and also converts soft unstable austenite to
martensite. Cryogenic treatment improves wear resistance, hardness, toughness, resistance to fatigue cracking,
microstructure of metal (retained austenite to marten site), dimensional stability and decreases residual stresses. Also reduces
tool consumption and down time for equipment setup thus leading to cost reduction of about 50%.Cryogenic treatment gives
machining, grinding and polishing finish due to little soft austenite. The greatest improvement in properties is obtained by
selecting proper heat treatment process sequence (cryogenic treatment in between quenching and tempering), soaking time
(cryoprocess time), stabilization (keep at room temperature for one week after quenching), hardening temperature, heating
and cooling rate. [7, 8, 9, 10].
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
2.1 Material selection
AISI D2 and D3 tool steel materials are select for studying effect of process sequence on behavior of cryotreated
cold work tool steel at different process cycles. The chemical composition of specimen (dia.10mm, Height 35mm) was
www.ijmer.com 149 | Page
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
analyzed in optical emission spectroscope (OES). The machine used for the analysis of raw material chemical composition
was named as Spectrophoto Analyzer [AS 200(Switzerland)].
2.2 Treatments
The material chosen in this work was given various treatments and treatment cycles indicated in fig.1 and table I.
Specimens were subjected to conventional heat treatment and deep cryogenic treatment separately. Conventional heat
treatment consist of hardening and tempering, while deep cryogenic treatment involve an additional low temperature
treatment cycle to conventional heat treatment process.
TABLE I: Process sequence for both tool steel D2 & D3
Sr. No. Group Name Process Sequence
1 Group A Conventional Heat Treated
specimens (CHT)
2 Group B Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic
(AQC)
3 Group C Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic
tempering (AQCT)
4 Group D Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic
tempering tempering (AQCTT)
5 Group E Austenitizing Quenching tempering
Cryogenic tempering (AQTCT)
Figure 1: Flow chart for process sequence
2.2.1 Hardening
Pre heating at 7200C was done before hardening and Hardening at 10200C was done in electrically heated protected
atmosphere type furnace, for both the specimens of tool steel D2 & D3.Hardening was done at 1020 0C to achieve the
austenitization point & grain uniformity (Structural balance).
2.2.2 Quenching
Quenching is done at 5000C in oil, with continuous agitation, to avoid thermal shocks.
2.2.3 Tempering
Tempering was done in electrically heated protected atmosphere type furnace at 5200C to relieve the stresses.
2.2.4 Cryogenic Treatment
Cryogenic treatment was done on tool steel D2 & D3 at -1850C, for 10 hrs. The cryogenic treatment box was made
by America Cryogenics.
III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR CRYOGENIC HEAT TREATMENT
Fig. 2 shows the schematic representation of Cryogenic Treatment equipment is used to obtain -125°C to -196°C
temperature. It comprises an insulated box (Cryo-box), one motor with a circulating fan, one thermocouple to measure the
www.ijmer.com 150 | Page
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
cryogenic temperature inside the box connected to a temperature controller and programmer, a liquid nitrogen tank and a
solenoid valve for the gas inlet. The actual temperature of the mass loaded in the box is recorded by a thermocouple.
Figure 2: Block diagram of the cryogenic treatment equipment
IV. RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The composition of the raw material was analyzed in optical emission spectroscope (OES). The machine used for
the analysis of raw material chemical composition was named as Spectrophoto Analyzer [AS200 (Switzerland)].
V. MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION
Microstructure examinations were carried out by using inverted optical microscope of Carl Zeiss AL350 at
magnification 450X. Different phases like retained austenite, untendered marten site, tempered marten site were checked.
Also secondary carbide sizes & shapes were checked.
VI. HARDNESS MEASUREMENT
For all hardness measurement, Vickers indentation method was used. The flat surface was prepared by polishing
paper on 1/0. For D-2 and D3 steel material HV scale was used.
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 Results of chemical analysis of D2 and D3 raw material
The material considered for the study was obtained in the form of 10mm diameter rod & length 40mm of D2 & D3 tool steel.
TABLE II: The result of chemical analysis of D2 raw material
Carbon Chromium Manganese Vanadium Molybdenum Iron
1.5 12.53 0.36 1.04 0.83 Remaining
TABLE III: The result of chemical analysis of D3 raw material
Carbon Chromium Manganese Silicon Iron
2.23 12.31 0.49 0.26 Remaining
7.2 Hardness study
The hardness values for all samples are shown in table no. IV. It is clear from the table that for D2 material CHT
specimen has less hardness than cryotreated specimen but there is gradual decrease in hardness observed from AQC to
AQTCT. For D3 material CHT specimen has less hardness than cryotreated specimen but there is gradual increase in
hardness observed from AQCT to AQTCT. The AQC specimen of D3 material has highest hardness.
TABLE IV: The hardness (HV) of the heat-treated D2 & D3 tool steel samples
Hardness (HV)
Process
D2 D3
Conventional Heat Treated specimens (CHT) 805 811.8
Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic (AQC) 927 1022.3
Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic 916 724.3
tempering (AQCT)
Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic 841 731.5
tempering tempering (AQCTT)
Austenitizing Quenching tempering 828.7 767.3
Cryogenic tempering (AQTCT)
www.ijmer.com 151 | Page
4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
7.3 Microstructure analysis
7.3.1 D2 Tool steel
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 3 : Microstructure of various combinations of treatments for the specimen of D2 steel
a) CHT b) AQC c) AQCT d) AQCTT e) AQTCT
Microstructure of various combinations of treatment for the specimen of D2 steel is shown in fig. 3(a-e). Fig 3(a)
shows microstructure of CHT in which Globular shape carbides up to 9 micron and nodular shape carbides of 11X 4 micron
size. Martensite etches dark .Untempered martensite observed is more up to 10% and retained austenite is seen up to 50%.
Fig 3 (b) shows microstructure of AQC. The structure consists of globular carbides are up to 2 micron and nodular carbide
are of 2x5 micron in size. Untempered martensite observed is below 2%. Massive carbides not seen and 95% unstable
austenitic structure seen. Fig 3 (c) shows microstructure of AQCT. Globular and nodular shape carbide up to 10% is
observed in 5 micron and 10x3 micron in size respectively. Untempered martensite observed is more up to 4 %. Retained
austenite is present up to 20% under tempered structure. Fig 3 (d) shows microstructure of AQCTT. Globular and nodular
shape carbide up to 12% is observed in matrix of tempered martensite. Globular carbides are upto3 micron and nodular
carbide is of 14x5 micron in size. Untempered martensite observed is more up to 5 % and retained austenite up to 50% under
tempered structure. Fig 3 (e) shows microstructure of AQTCT. Nodular shape carbide up to 7% is of 13x6 micron in size,
observed in matrix of tempered martensite. Untempered martensite observed is more up to 4%. Retained austenite up to
50%.under tempered structure. Microstructure of all combination treatment shows globular and nodular carbides are
uniformly distributed in the austenite matrix.
7.3.2 D3 Tool Steel
Microstructure of various combinations of treatment for the specimen of D3steel is shown in fig. 4(a-e). Fig. 4(a)
shows microstructure of CHT in which Elliptical Globular shape carbide upto 20% of 3x6 micron in size are observed in
matrix of tempered martensite. Untempered martensite observed is up to 7%.The structure is well distributed. Martensite
etches dark. Globular and nodular carbides uniformly distributed in the tempered martensite matrix. 20% Retained austenite
seen slightly under tempered structure. Fig 4 (b) shows microstructure of AQC. Globular and erratic shape carbide upto 4%
are observed in matrix of tempered martensite. Globular carbides are up to 8 micron and erratic carbide are of 10x3 micron
in size. Untempered martensite observed in trace amount. Martensite not etches dark. Globular and nodular carbides
uniformly distributed in the austenite matrix. Massive carbides are not seen. Micro cracks visible.95% unstable austenitic
structure. Fig 4(c) shows microstructure of AQCT .More nodular shape carbide upto 15% are of 2x4 micron in size,
observed in matrix of tempered martensite. Untempered martensite observed is more upto 20%. Martensite etches dark.
Globular and nodular carbides uniformly distributed in the tempered matrix. Retained austenite not seen. Fig 4 (d)
shows microstructure of AQCTT. Nodular shape carbide up to 10% is of 3x5 micron in size, observed in matrix of tempered
martensite. Untempered martensite observed is more upto 7%. Martensite etches dark. Globular and nodular carbides
uniformly distributed in the tempered martensite matrix. Retained austenite not seen. Fig 4 (e) shows microstructure of
AQTCT. Globular and erratic shape carbide upto 10% of 2x4 micron in size is observed in matrix of tempered martensite.
Untempered martensite observed is upto 5%. Martensite etches dark. Globular and nodular carbides uniformly
distributed in the tempered martensite matrix. Retained austenite is not seen.
www.ijmer.com 152 | Page
5. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 4 : Microstructure of various combinations of treatments for the specimen of D3 steel
a) CHT b) AQC c) AQCT d) AQCTT e) AQTCT
Microstructure of tool steel D2 & D3 were subjected to various combinations of treatments as described in table 1.
In the process sequence Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic tempering (AQCT), Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic
tempering tempering (AQCTT) & Austenitizing Quenching tempering Cryogenic tempering (AQTCT) for tool steel D3
retained austenite was not seen. For D2 tool steel in process sequence Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic tempering
(AQCT) retained austenite is up to 20%. In process Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic tempering tempering (AQCTT) and
Austenitizing Quenching tempering Cryogenic tempering (AQTCT) retained austenite is up to 50%. For D2 tool steel
massive carbides not seen and 95% unstable austenitic structure is seen. Also the general shape of carbides observed was
Globular, Nodular or elliptical.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Cryogenic treatment is add on process to conventional heat treatment process of tool steel. Cryogenic treatment
improves microstructure of metal i.e. controlled transformation of retained austenite into martensite. For D3 tool steel
retained austenite was not seen in the process sequence Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic tempering (AQCT),
Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic tempering tempering (AQCTT) and Austenitizing Quenching tempering Cryogenic
tempering (AQTCT). For D2 tool steel retained austenite is up to 20% in process sequence Austenitizing Quenching
Cryogenic tempering (AQCT). Also retained austenite is up to 50% in process Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic
tempering tempering (AQCTT) and Austenitizing Quenching tempering Cryogenic tempering (AQTCT). The effect of
cryogenic treatment on hardness shows that for D2 and D3 tool steel CHT specimen has less hardness than cryotreated
specimen. But for D2 tool steel there is gradual decrease in hardness observed from AQC to AQTCT. For D3 tool steel there
is gradual increase in hardness observed from AQCT to AQTCT and AQC specimen has highest hardness. The multiple
tempering decreases hardness in D2 tool steel where as increases hardness in D3 tool steel. For D2 and D3 tool steel in
process sequence Austenitizing Quenching Cryogenic (AQC) massive carbides not seen and 95% unstable austenitic
structure is seen. But both tool steel have maximum hardness value for this process sequence. In D3 tool steel the micro
cracks were observed on the untempered samples. The general shape of carbides observed was Globular, Nodular or
elliptical. In D2 tool steel retained austenite is not totally converted to martensite where as in D3 tool steel retained austenite
is totally converted to martensite.
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author thanks Dr. G.J. Vikhe Patil (Principal), Prof. A. K. Mishra HOD (Mech. Dept.), Prof. V.S. Aher PG I/C.
Prof. V.D.Wakchuare, Amrutvahini College of Engineering Sangamner, Mr.Deshmukh Sanjay, Unique Treatments Nashik,
Mr.Patankar M.K. Nashik Engineering Cluster, Dr. Ghadge N.U., Nashik Cryogenic Services, Dr. Bhase P. G. Fan Services,
Nashik, all my friends and all staff of mechanical department Amrutvahini Polytechnic for their help during this work.
www.ijmer.com 153 | Page
6. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-149-154 ISSN: 2249-6645
REFERENCES
[1] L. Bourithis, G.D. Papadimitriou, J. Sideris, Comparison of wear properties of tool steels AISI D2 and O1 with the same hardness,
Tribology International ,39 , 2006, pp 479-489.
[2] Fanju Meng, Kohsuke Tagashira, Ryo Azumu and Hideaki Sohma, Role of eta-carbide precipitations in the wear resistance
improvements of Fe-12Cr-Mo-V-1.4C tool steel by cryogenic treatment , ISIJ international, 34, 1994, 205-210.
[3] Chai Hung Sun, The effect of microstructure and the mechanical properties of AISI D2 tool steel by deep cryogenic treatment,
Tatung University, Thesis for MS, July 2006.
[4] D. Das, A.K. Dutta, K.K. Ray, Correlation of microstructure with wear behavior of deep cryogenically treated AISI D2 steel, Wear,
267, 2009, 1371-1380.
[5] D. Das, A.K. Dutta, K.K. Ray,Optimization of the duration of cryogenic processing to maximize wear resistance of AISI D2 steel,
Cryogenics, 49, 2009, 176-184.
[6] D. Das, A.K. Dutta, K.K. Ray,On the enhancement of wear resistance of tool steels by cryogenic treatment, Philosopical Magazine
Letters , 88 (11),2008, 801-811.
[7] A. Molinari, M. Pellizzari, S. Gialanella, G. Staffelini, K. H. Stiansy, Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical
properties of tool steels,Journal of Materials Processing Technology ,118 ,2001, 350-355.
[8] N.B. Dhokey, S. Nirbhavne, Dry sliding wear of cryotreated multiple tempered D-3 tool steel, Materials Processing Technology
,209 ,2009, 1484-1490.
[9] A. Akhbarizadeh, A. Shafyei, M.A. Golozar, Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel, Materials and Design,
30,2009, 3259–3264.
[10] Cord Henrik Surberg, Paul Stratton, and Klaus Lingenhole,The effect of some heat treatment parameters on the dimensional stability
of AISI D2, Cryogenics, 48 ,2008, 42-47.
[11] T. Yugandhar, P.K.Krishnan, C.V.Bhaskar Rao and R. Kalidas,Cryogenic treatment and its effect on tool steel, 6th International
Tooling conference, 671-683.
[12] D.Mohan Lal, S. Renganarayanan, A.Kalanidhi, Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels, Cryogenics
,41,2001 , 149-155.
www.ijmer.com 154 | Page