Forging is the operation where the metal is heated and then a force is applied to manipulates the metals in such a way that the required final shape is obtained.
this ppt pdf beneficial for 1st year engineering student who studying workshop technology. in this pdf types of joining, gas welding, arc welding, spot welding, tig welding, mig welding, soldering brazing and different welding defect has been discussed.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
this ppt pdf beneficial for 1st year engineering student who studying workshop technology. in this pdf types of joining, gas welding, arc welding, spot welding, tig welding, mig welding, soldering brazing and different welding defect has been discussed.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Abstract Bending machine is a common machine that is used to bend a metal. It is most frequently used in various industrial processes such as bending a sheet to make cylinders or to make various shape such as “V shape”. There are many kind of bending machine that can be found in the market such as press brake bending machine. Roll bending machine, and folding bending machine. In this paper design a bending machine specially for the bending a sheet metal is given. There is no proper small scale bending machine for bending a sheet metal having thickness up to 2mm is manufactured. In this paper all the necessary criterion of small scale bending machine to be considered such as roller bending type to be used, the design of the bending machine, the method of assembly the machine parts and the consideration of material need to be bend. A idea to design a bending machine is followed in the paper by considering design parameters. Keywords:-Bending machine, working principle, design, materials, material selection, and Stress analysis
The talent management process is how you organize the management of your human resources. It is how you choose employees, how you hire them, and how (or if) you train them, motivate them, fire them, and so on.
Steps
1.Specify What Skills You Need.
2.Attract the Right People.
3.Onboard and Organize Work.
4.Strategize to Retain Your Best Talent.
5.Plan for Successions.
Principles
Alignment with strategy.
Internal consistency.
Cultural embeddedness.
Management involvement.
Balance of global and local needs.
Employer branding through differentiation
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
Tenses play a crucial role in the general life of human. It denotes the time an action takes place, whether sometime in the past, in the present or will take some time in the future.
Proper and good education is very important for all of us. It facilitates quality learning all through the life among people of any age group, cast, creed, religion and region. It is the process of achieving knowledge, values, skills, beliefs, and moral habits.
working capital to small scale industrial units. Commercial Banks extend two types of short term assistance to industry namely, granting loans, advances, cash.
Porter Governor is a modification of Watt Governor with central load attached to the sleeve. This load moves up and down the central spindle. The additional force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise to any predetermined level.
A governor is a system that is used to maintain the mean speed of an engine, within certain limits, under fluctuating load conditions. It does this by regulating and controlling the amount of fuel supplied to the engine.
phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Forging is the process of shaping heated
metal by the application of sudden blows (i.e.,
hammer forging) or steady pressure (i.e.,
press forging) and makes use of the
characteristic of plasticity of the material.
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3. A metal such as steel can be shaped in a cold
state but the application of heat lowers the
yield point and makes permanent deformation
easier.
Forging may be done by hand or machine.
Forging by machine involves the use of dies
and is generally used in mass-production.
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4. Forging refers to the production of
medium size and heavy parts in large
scale using closed heating furnaces and
heavy hammers, forging presses and
machines.
Forging is the working of metal into a
useful shape by hammering or pressing.
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5. Forging is basically involves plastic
deformation of material between two
dies to achieve desired configuration.
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8. Cold Forging
Hot Forging
Press Forging
Impact Forging
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9. By equipment
1) Forging hammer or drop hammer
2) Press forging
By process
1) Open - die forging
2) Closed - die forging
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10. Hot or warm forging
most common, due to the significant deformation and
the need to reduce strength and increase ductility of
work metal to produce complex shapes
Cold forging
advantage: increased strength that results from strain
hardening and minimal machining
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11. Based on the nature of material flow and
constraint on flow by the die/punch,
Forging is classified as
Open die forging,
Impression die forging and
Flashless forging.
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12. There is no constraint to material flow in lateral
direction. Upsetting is an open die forging in which
the billet is subjected to lateral flow by the flat die and
punch.
Due to friction the material flow across the thickness
is non uniform. Material adjacent to the die gets
restrained from flowing, whereas, the material at
center flows freely.
This causes a phenomenon called barreling in upset
forging.
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13. Open die forging is hot mechanical forming between
flat or shaped dies in which the metal flow is not
completely restricted
The stock is laid on a flat anvil while the flat face of the
forging hammer is struck against the stock.
The equipment may range from the anvil and hammer
to giant hydraulic presses
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14. a) Solid cylindrical billet upset between two flat dies
b) Uniform deformation of the billet without friction
c) Deformation with friction
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15. Reduced chance of voids
Better fatigue resistance
Improved microstructure
Continuous grain flow
Finer grain size
Greater strength
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16. "Cogging" is the successive deformation of a bar along its
length using an open-die drop forge. It is commonly used
to work a piece of raw material to the proper thickness.
Once the proper thickness is achieved the proper width is
achieved via "edging".
"Edging" is the process of concentrating material using a
concave shaped open-die.
The process is called "edging" because it is usually carried
out on the ends of the workpiece.
"Fullering" is a similar process that thins out sections of the
forging using a convex shaped die. These processes prepare
the workpieces for further forging processes.
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18. In closed die forging, the desired configuration is
obtained by squeezing the workpiece between two
shaped and closed dies.
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22. Press forging may be defined as the process of shaping a
metal that is placed between two dies by applying
mechanical or hydraulic pressure.
Press forging is usually done on a forge press - a machine
that applies gradual pressure on the forging dies.
The shape of the metal is usually accomplished by a single
stroke of the press for each die station.
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23. Coining
This forging method is used to make coins. The metal is
enclosed in a closed die and high pressures (almost 5-6
times the strength of the metal) are applied to obtain
fine details of the die. Lubricants are not used in coining.
Hubbing
In this type of press forging, a pattern is pressed onto the
die, such that the pattern flows into the die cavities. This
process is often used in making of silverware.
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24. The three main types of forging presses used for press
forging are listed below:
Mechanical Press – converts the rotation of the motor
into linear motion of the ram.
Hydraulic Press – hydraulic motion of the piston
moves the ram.
Screw press – screw mechanism actuates the ram
movement.
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25. Deforms the work piece completely
Compression rate of the work piece can be controlled
More economical for high volume productions
Any size and shape can be created
Requires less draft and produces lesser scrap.
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26. Some of the industrial applications of press forgings
are listed below:
Making of coins and silver articles
Automatic forging.
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27. Upset forging increases the diameter of the
workpiece by compressing its length .
These rules must be followed when designing parts to be
upset forged
The length of unsupported metal that can be upset in one blow
without injurious buckling should be limited to three times the
diameter of the bar.
Lengths of stock greater than three times the diameter may be
upset successfully, provided that the diameter of the upset is not
more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock.
In an upset requiring stock length greater than three times the
diameter of the stock, and where the diameter of the cavity is not
more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock, the length of
unsupported metal beyond the face of the die must not exceed
the diameter of the bar.
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28. Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines
called crank presses.
The machines are usually set up to work in the horizontal
plane, to facilitate the quick exchange of workpieces from one
station to the next, but upsetting can also be done in a vertical
crank press or a hydraulic press.
The initial workpiece is usually wire or rod, but some machines
can accept bars up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter and a capacity
of over 1000 tons. T
he standard upsetting machine employs split dies that contain
multiple cavities.
The dies open enough to allow the workpiece to move from
one cavity to the next; the dies then close and the heading tool,
or ram, then moves longitudinally against the bar, upsetting it
into the cavity.
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29. Compression of workpart by dies with inverse (negative
impression) of desired part shape
Flash is formed by metal that flows from die cavity into a
small gap between die plates – represents a possible flow
path, flow inside the cavity represents an alternative
Metal will always take the path of least resistance.
Flash is excess material & must be trimmed, but it serves
an important function:
As flash forms, friction resists continued metal flow into
gap, constraining material to fill die cavity
Strain rate sensitivity also resists movement in the flash
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30. Advantages of impression-die forging compared to
machining from solid stock:
Higher production rates
Less waste of metal
Greater strength
Favorable grain orientation in the metal (harder to
shear across the grains)
Limitations:
Not capable of close tolerances (± 0.030”)
Machining often required to achieve accuracies and
features needed
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31. 1.) Unfilled Section:
As the name implies in this type of defect some of the forging
section remain unfilled. This is due to poor design of die or poor
forging technic. This is also due to less raw material or poor
heating. This defect can be removed by proper die design, proper
availability of raw material and proper heating.
2.) Cold Shut:
Cold shut includes small cracks at corners. These defects occur due
to improper design of forging die. It is also due to sharp corner, and
excessive chilling in forge product. The fillet radius of the die
should be increase to remove these defects.
3.) Scale Pits:
Scale pits are due to improper cleaning of forged surface. This
defect generally associated with forging in open environment. It is
irregular deputations on the surface of forging. It can be removed
by proper cleaning of forged surface.
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32. 4.) Die Shift:
Die shift is caused by misalignment of upper die and lower
die. When both these dies are not properly aligned the forged
product does not get proper dimensions.
This defect can be removed by proper alignment. It can be
done by provide half notch on upper die and half on lower die
so at the time of alignment, both these notches will matched.
5.) Flakes:
These are internal cracks occur due to improper cooling of
forge product. When the forge product cooled quickly, these
cracks generally occur which can reduced the strength of
forge product. This defect can be removed by proper cooling.
6.) Improper Grain Growth:
This defect occurs due to improper flow of metal in casting
which changes predefine grain structure of product. It can be
removed by proper die design
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33. 7.) Incomplete Forging Penetration:
This defect arises due to incomplete forging. it is due to light
or rapid hammer blow. This defect can be removed by
proper control on forging press.
8.) Surface Cracking:
Surface cracking occurs due to exercise working on surfaces
at low temperature. In this defect, So many cracks arise on
work piece. This defect can be removed by proper control
on working temperature.
9.) Residual Stresses in Forging:
This defect occurs due to improper cooling of forged part.
Too much rapid cooling is main causes of this type of
defects. This can be removed by slow cooling of forged part.
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34. High cost and high residual stress produced.
Most forging processes are expensive because of the
cost of making dies, so long production runs are
usually necessary to reduce costs.
The high residual stresses in forgings are often
released when they are machined and cause warping
when heavy cuts are taken.
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