This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It describes the key components of the bacterial cell including the cell wall, plasma membrane, and intracellular and extracellular structures. The cell wall differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in its thickness and composition. The plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Extracellular structures include fimbriae, flagella, and capsules. Intracellular structures discussed are plasmids, ribosomes, mesosomes, and the nucleoid, which contains the bacterial DNA.
0.1 What are viruses?
1. Origin of viruses
1.1 introduction
1.2 Theories
RNA molecules that existed before cells
cell components
micro-organisms.
1.3 Conclusion: How did viruses originate?
0.1 What are viruses?
1. Origin of viruses
1.1 introduction
1.2 Theories
RNA molecules that existed before cells
cell components
micro-organisms.
1.3 Conclusion: How did viruses originate?
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...sehriqayyum
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Bacteria are unicellular, procaryotic microorganisms which have diverse shape size and structures. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth. Even the human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells. Most bacteria in the body are harmless, and some are even helpful. A relatively small number of species cause disease.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Introduction
• All bacteria are unicellular organisms that
reproduce by binary fission.
• Most bacteria are capable of independent
metabolic existence and growth, but species
of Chlamydia and rickettsia are obligately
intracellular organism.
• Bacterial cells are extremely small and are
most conveniently measured in microns (10-6
m).
• Bacterial cells are usually between 0.4 and
1.5 micro meter in short diameter.
4. Cell Morphology
• Bacteria have characteristic shape.
microscopic morphologies are :
spherical or ovoid ( cocci )
rod –shaped ( bacilli )
comma shaped ( vibrio )
spiral ( spirillum and spirochete )
The common
• Some cocci characterristically grouped in pairs or
chains; some form grapelike clusters of sperical cells;
some round cocci form cubic packets.
• Bacterial cell of other species grow separately .
• The microscopic appearance is therefore valuable in
classification and diagnosis.
5.
6. Structure of Bacterial cell
The protoplast , i.e. the
whole body of living
material (protoplasm)
is bounded paripherally
by a very thin, elastic
and semipermeable
cytoplasmic
membrane.
Outside and colsely
covering this lies the
,supporting cell
rigid
wall, which is porous
and relativity
permeable.
7. 1] cell wall
The cell wall
immediately
membrane.
encases
external
the protoplast and lies
to the cytoplasmic
It is 10-25 nm thick, strong and relatively rigid,
though with some elasticity and openly porous ,
being freely permeable to solute molecules
smaller then 10 kDa in mass and 1 nm in diameter
It shows granular structure and lacks microfibrils.
Gram Positive and Gram negative bacteria have
different type of bacterial cell wall
9. Gram positive cell wall :-
• The Gram positive type wall is relatively thick
(about 30-100 nm) and it generally has a simple,
uniform appearance under the electron
microscope.
• Some 40 – 80 % of wall is made of tough, complex
polymer , peptidoglycan .
• In this type of wall the sacculus consists of
multilayered peptidoglycan which, during growth,
develops by the “inside–to-outside” mechenism.
10. continue…..
• Covalently bound to peptidoglycan are compounds
such as tichoic acid : typically ,substituted
polymers glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate.
• In some bacteria (e.g. mycobacterium ) the wall
contains lipids, while in others (strains of
streptococcus) it contains carbohydrates.
• The composition of the wall can vary with growth
condition ; for example in Bacillus , the availability
of phosphate affects the amount of cell wall
teichoic acids.
11.
12. Gram negative cell wall :-
• The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria are more
chemically complex, thinner and less compact.
• Peptidoglycan makes up only 5 – 20% of the cell
wall, and is not the outermost layer.
• The peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacteria is
located between the plasma membrane and an
outer, LPS membrane.
• This LPS membrane is similar to the plasma
membrane, but is less permeable and is composed
of lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
14. 2) Plasma membrane :-
• Plasma membranes in bacteria are composed of
phospholipids contain a polar group attached to a
3 carbon glycerol back bone.
• They are also two fatty acid chains dangling from
the other carbons of glycerol.
• The phosphate end of the molecule is hydrophilic
and is attracted to water.
• The fatty acids are hydrophobic.
• Membrane also contain protein.
15. • Typically 20 – 30 % membrane , Most of them are
placed in the membrane so that the hydrophobic
membrane and the hydrophlilic amino acids
amino acid associate with the lipids in the
are
outside the membrane intercting with either the
cytoplasm.
Function :
• The plasma membrane is selectively permeable in
that is helps control what moves into and out of cell.
16. 3) Extracellular structure
• i) fimbriae or Pili :-
fimbriae
elongated
or pili are
or hair like
proteinaceous structures
which project from the cell
surface.
they are specifically on
those gram negative cell.
Fibriae are typically 2 – 3
nm in diameter and from
0.1 micrometer to several
micrometer in length .
They may occur all over the
cell or may be localized
17. •Flagella : -
• The flagella are made up
of a class of linear protein
call flagellins .
• Flagella which arise at
verious points on the cell
surface.
• Flagellated bacteria are
described as
monotrichous,lophotricho
u or petritrichous. Its
depending on how the
flagella are arranged.
18. •Capsule ( Slime layer) :-
• The capsule of most bacteria consists of a
polysaccharide.
• The bacteria of a single species can be classified in
different capsule serovas or serotype based on the
fine chemical structure of this polysaccheride.
19. 4)Intracellular structure
• Plasmids :-
• The term plasmid was first introduced by the
American molecular biologist Joshua lederberg in
1952.
• A plasmids is a short usually circular and double
stranded segment of DNA .
• That is found in the cytoplasm separate from the
main bacterial chromosome.
• Their size veries from 1 kbp to over 100 kilobase
pare.
20. • Plasmids are capable of autonomous replication.
• Plasmids can transfer genes from one cell to other
cell.
21. • Ribosomes :-
• The cytoplasm contains a
large number of solute low
and high molecular weigh
substunce.
• RNA and approximately
20,000 Ribosomes/cell.
• Bacteria have 70S
Ribosomes comprising 30S
and 50s subunit.
• Function :-
as the
for protein
• Ribosomes
organelles
synthesis.
22. •Mesosome :-
• Mesosome are covonluted or
multilaminated membranous bodies
visible in the electron microscope.
• They develop by complex invagination
of cytoplasmic membrane into the
cytoplasm.
• Function:-
• Functioning in the compartment of
DNA at cell division and at
sporulation.
• Having a function analogous to the
eukeryotic cell----providing a cell
membranous support for respiratory
enzyme.
23. •Nucleoid
• The nucleoid is a region of
cytoplasm where the
chromosomal DNA is located.
• It is not a membrane bound
nucleus, but simply an area of the
cytoplasm where the strands of
DNA are found.
• Most bacteria have a single,
circular chromosome that is
responsible for replication,
although a few species do have
two or more.
• Smaller circular auxiliary DNA
strands, called plasmids, are also
found in the cytoplasm.