Introduction Hot Working and Cold Working of Metals Forging Processes- Open, impression die forging, Closed die forging-forging operation Rolling of metals-types of rolling- Flat strip rolling-shape rolling operation -Defects in rolled parts- Principle of rod and wire drawing-tube drawing -Principle of extrusion Types-hot and cold extrusion.
Introduction to casting, Major classifications of casting, Casting terminology, Characteristics of molding sand, Constituents of foundry sand, Patterns and their types, Cores and types of cores, Gating system, Types of gates, Solidification, Riser system, Types of riser, Types of allowances, Directional Solidification, Defects in casting, Riser design(Chvorinov's rules), Advanced casting techniques:Shell molding, Permanent mould casting, Vacuum die casting, Low pressure die casting, Continuous casting, Squeeze casting, Slush casting, Vacuum casting, Die Casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting
casting introduction, steps involved in casting,gating system,gates,pattern, patterns allowances, advantages and disadvantages of casting process and applications of casting process
Introduction Hot Working and Cold Working of Metals Forging Processes- Open, impression die forging, Closed die forging-forging operation Rolling of metals-types of rolling- Flat strip rolling-shape rolling operation -Defects in rolled parts- Principle of rod and wire drawing-tube drawing -Principle of extrusion Types-hot and cold extrusion.
Introduction to casting, Major classifications of casting, Casting terminology, Characteristics of molding sand, Constituents of foundry sand, Patterns and their types, Cores and types of cores, Gating system, Types of gates, Solidification, Riser system, Types of riser, Types of allowances, Directional Solidification, Defects in casting, Riser design(Chvorinov's rules), Advanced casting techniques:Shell molding, Permanent mould casting, Vacuum die casting, Low pressure die casting, Continuous casting, Squeeze casting, Slush casting, Vacuum casting, Die Casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting
casting introduction, steps involved in casting,gating system,gates,pattern, patterns allowances, advantages and disadvantages of casting process and applications of casting process
This is very useful to engineering students and working peoples. Hence, updates your knowledge of Manufacturing Casting Product and their applications.
Presentation study of manufacturing process in hmt machine tools limited.docxAbu Sufyan Malik
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation, and is the essence of secondary industry. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).
Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Cast Parts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, LG, Samsung and Tata Motors.
THIS STUDY MATERIAL IS RELATED WITH ONE OF THE TYPE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES CALLED CASTING.THIS IS VERY GOOD MATERIAL . CASTING IS BASIC MANUFACTURING PROCESS.EVERY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT MUST KNOW CASTING PROCESS,ITS TYPES ,PATTERN ,PATTERN TYPES,PATTERN MAKING ALLOWANCES,DIE CASTING INVESTMENT CASTING.ALL THESE POINTS ARE COVERED IN THIS PPT.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. MANUFACTURING:
Manufacturing is a latin word “manufactus” means
made by hand.
In modern context, it involves making products from
raw materials by using Various processes, by making
use of hand tools, machinery or even computers.
CLASSIFICATIONS:
Casting Process: Die Casting
Forming Process: Rolling, Extrusion
Fabrication Process: Welding, Riveting
Material Removal Process: Drilling, Turning
METAL CASTING:
Converting molten or plastic raw materials into finished
products.
3. Steps involved in producing a cast part:
Preparing the mould
Preparing the molten metal
Introducing or Pouring the molten metal into the mould
with the help of ladle
Solidifying the molten metal
After solidification, removing the cast part from the
mould
Applications of Metal Casting:
Transport: Automobile, Aerospace
Heavy Equipment: Construction, Mining
Electrical Machines: Motors, Generators, Pumps
Household: Kitchen and Gardening Equipments
4. SAND CASTING:
Sand Casting is one of the metal shaping method
It is defined as “ pouring the molten metal into a
refractory mould with the help of ladle and allowing it
to solidify. When solidified, the desired metal object is
taken out from the refractory mould either by breaking
the mould or taking the mould apart ”
MERITS:
Very simple and inexpensive
Any materials like ferrous or non-ferrous can be made
Intricate shapes can be made
Any size and weight, up to 200 tonnes can be made
Certain metals and alloys can be made
8. APPLICATIONS:
Cylinder Block, Liners, Machine Tool Beds, Pistons,
Piston Rings, Wheels, Water Supply Pipes and Bells
MOULDING SAND:
The ingredients of moulding sand are 80 to 90 % Silica
Sand Grains, 5 to 20 % Clay, Moisture, 2 to 5 % Water,
Oxides of Iron, Potash, Limestone, Magnesia and Soda
MOULDING SAND PROPERTIES:
Porosity: It is the property of sand which permits the
steam and other gases to pass through the sand mould. If
the sand is too fine, the porosity will be low.
Strength: Measurement of strength can be done by
using Universal Sand Strength Testing Machine
9. Flowability: When rammed, sand will flow into all
portions of a mould and take up the required shape
Refractoriness: The sand must be capable of
withstanding high temperature of the molten metal
without breaking
Adhesiveness: It is that properties of sand must be
capable of adhering or sticking to the sides of the
moulding box
Cohesiveness: It is the property of sand due to which
the sand grains stick together during ramming. It is
defined as the strength of the moulding sand.
Chemical Resistivity: The moulding sand should not
chemically react with the metallic mould
10. MOULDING SAND TESTING METHODS:
(1) Grain Fineness Test: Grain size of a sand is
designated by a number called “Grain Fineness
Number” that indicates the average size as well as
portions of smaller & larger grains
A sample of dry sand, free from clay is placed on the
upper sieve & the sieve is vibrated for 15 min
Grain Fineness No. = Total Product / Total % of sand
saved on each sieve
(2) Moisture Content Test: The moisture content is
calculated by difference in weight between the moist
and dry sand. The drying of moist sand is carried out at
105ºC & 110ºC in a heated oven and then cooled to
room temperature.
11. (3) Clay Content Test: The method for determining the
clay content of moulding sand consists of agitating the
sand in water.
So as to separate the clay from the sand particles and
then removing the clay which remains suspended in
distilled water at room temperature
(4) Permeability Test: Permeability is measured by the
quantity of air that will pass through a standard
specimen of the sand under a given pressure in a
prescribed time
Permeability Number = v × h / p × a × t
Where, v = Volume of air in cc, h = Height of the sand
specimen in cm, p = Air pressure in gm / cm², a = Cross-
sectional area of the specimen in cm², t = Time in mins
12. PATTERN:
The pattern is used for forming an impression on the
material
PATTERN MATERIALS:
(1) Wood: The most commonly used pattern material is
wood, the main reason being the easy availability, low
weight, it can be easily shaped and cheap
Ex: Pine, Teak wood
(2) Metal: Metal patterns are extensively for casting,
because of their strength, accuracy, good dimensional
stability, durability and smooth surface finish
Many materials such as Cast iron, Brass, aluminium,
white metal can be used as pattern materials
13. Aluminium and White metal are most commonly used,
these materials are light weight, it can be easily worked,
corrosion resistant
(3) Plastics: This are also used as pattern materials
because of their low weight, easier formability, good
dimensional stability, smooth surfaces and durability
Ex: Epoxy resin
(4) Plasters: It has high strength, it can be easily formed
into complex shapes and it can be used only for small
pattern
Ex: Gypsum cement
(5) Waxes: Excellent material for investment casting and
it has good surface finish, high tensile strength, hardness
Ex: Paraffin Wax, Bees Wax
14. (6) Rubbers: Mainly used for investment casting
Ex: Silicon Rubber
Wooden pattern for a cast-iron gear with curved
spokes:
17. THE DETAILS OF A CAST IRON WHEEL
THE DETAILS OF A CAST
IRON WHEEL
THE SPLIT PIECE OR TWO PIECE
PATTERN OF A CAST IRON WHEEL
18.
19. 4. Shell Pattern:
Shell Pattern is a Hollow Pattern. These patterns are
made of metal.
Its outer shape is used for making the mould. The core is
prepared using the inner surface of the pattern itself.
20. This is made into two halves and joined accurately by
dowels. Ex: Drainage Fittings, Pipe Work like Short
Bends
5. Gated pattern:
A gated pattern is simply one or more loose patterns
having attached gates and runners.
21. 6. Sweep pattern:
Sweep patterns are used for the castings which are
symmetrical and regular in shape like cylinder or pipe
etc.
This type of pattern is used when the castings required
are very large.
In sweep pattern a simple sweep which is rotated about a
central axis is used to produce a mould cavity.
22. PATTERN ALLOWANCES:
A duplicate of the product to be cast, modified
dimensionally to reflect process of material to be cast
Modification incorporated in pattern are allowance or
pattern allowance
23. (1) Shrinkage or Contraction Allowance: Generally
metals shrink in size during solidification and cooling
in the mould
So casting becomes smaller than the pattern and the
mould cavity
Therefore, to compensate for this, mould and the pattern
should be made larger than the casting by the amount of
shrinkage.
The amount of compensation for shrinkage is called the
shrinkage allowance.
Generally shrinkage of casting varies not only with
material but also with shape, thickness, casting
temperature, mould temperature, and mould strength.
24. (2) Draft or Taper Allowance: When the pattern is to be
removed from the sand mold, there is a possibility that
any leading edges may break off, or get damaged in the
process
To avoid this, a taper is provided on the pattern, so as to
facilitate easy removal of the pattern from the mold, and
hence reduce damage to edges.
The draft is expressed in millimeters per meter on a side
or in degrees.
The amount of draft needed depends upon (1) the shape
of casting, (2) depth of casting, (3) moulding method,
and (4) moulding material.
25.
26. (3) Machining or Finish Allowance: The surface finish
obtained in sand castings is generally poor
(dimensionally inaccurate)
Hence in many cases, the cast product is subjected to
machining processes like turning or grinding in order to
improve the surface finish
During machining processes, some metal is removed
from the piece
To compensate for this, a machining allowance
(additional material) should be given in the casting
(4) Distortion Allowance: During cooling of the mold,
stresses developed in the solid metal may induce
distortion in the cast
27. For example, a U-shaped casting will be distorted during
cooling with the legs diverged or deviated, instead of
parallel (Figure).
For compensating this, the pattern is made with the legs
converged or jointed but, as the casting cools, the legs
straighten and remain parallel.
(a) Casting without camber or bend
(b) Actual casting
(c) Pattern with camber or bend
28. (5) Shake or Rapping Allowance:
Additional size tolerances must be built into the pattern
When the pattern is shaken for easy withdrawal from the
mould cavity, hence the casting is slightly increased in
size.
In order to compensate for this increase, the pattern
should be initially made slightly smaller.
In this process, the final cavity is enlarged. To
compensate for this, the pattern dimensions need to be
reduced
Usually during removal of the pattern from the mould
cavity, the pattern is rapped or cracked all around the
faces, in order to facilitate or help easy removal
29. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CASTINGS DEFECTS:
Blow: Blow is relatively large cavity produced by gases
which displace molten metal form
Pin holes: Pin holes are small gas holes either at the
surface or just below the surface. When these are present,
they occur in large numbers and are fairly uniformly
dispersed over the surface
30. Blow holes: Blow holes, gas holes or gas cavities are
well rounded cavities having a clean and smooth surface.
They appear either on the casting surface or in the body
of a casting
Misrun or short run: This defect is incomplete cavity
filling. The reasons are - inadequate metal supply, too-
low mould or melt temperature, improperly designed
gates, etc
31. Hot tear: Hot tears are hot cracks which appear in the
form of irregular crevices with a dark oxidized fracture
surface
Shrinkage: A shrinkage cavity is a depression or an
internal void or empty space in a casting that results from
the volume contraction that occurs during solidification
32. CORE:
A core is a device used in casting and molding processes
to produce internal cavities.
It is made of green sand
The core is normally a disposable item.
They are most commonly used in sand casting, but are
also used in injection molding
Cores are placed in the mold, and remain there during the
pouring phase of the sand casting process.
The metal casting will solidify around the core
Cores has good strength, good permeability, high
refractoriness and sufficient
33. TYPES OF CORES:
Green Sand Core: When a pattern leaves a core as a
part of the mould, that body of sand used to make the
core is called Green Sand Core as this core is formed by
pattern itself.
Horizontal Sand Core: The core is placed horizontally
in the mould and it is very commonly used in foundries.
These are usually cylindrical in shape. It may also have
any other shape depending upon the shape of the cavity
required.
Vertical Core: These cores are positioned vertically in
the mould.
Balanced Core: This core is supported and balanced at
one end only. It extends horizontally in the mould.
34. TYPES OF CORE BOXES:
Half Core Box: It is used to form two halves of the
symmetrical core. After baking, the two core pieces will
be pasted together to form the full core.
Dump Core Box: It is used for making a full core in
one box. The box is used for making slabs or rectangular
cores.
Split Core Box: This box has similar halves. They are
aligned by dowel pins. After ramming the core sand, the
box is separated and the core is removed.
Gang Core Box: When a no. of cores needed are more,
a gang core box is used. At one time, many cores may
be made in this box.
35. MELTING FURNACES:
These are used in the foundry industries. The selection
of furnace depends on,
The temperature required to melt the alloy
The quantity of molten metal required
Environmental and Waste disposal requirements
The economy of installation and operation
(1) CUPOLA FURNACE:
This type of furnace is used for melting Cast Iron
(2) BLAST FURNACE:
This type of furnace is used for melting Metal Ore,
usually Iron Ore
36. MOULDING MACHINES:
Moulding involves packing the moulding sand
uniformly around a pattern placed in a moulding box.
Two types of moulding are as follows:
(a) Hand Moulding: It is economical only when castings
are required in very small number
(b) Machine Moulding: High rate of production, Low
cost, uniformity in size and shape and accuracy
Moulding machines will do the following operations:
Ramming the moulding sand
Removing the pattern from the sand
37. TYPES OF MOULDING MACHINES :
(1) Jolt Squeeze Moulding Machine: The pattern is
placed in the flask on the table.
The flask rests on the machine table and the table with
flask is raised to 80 mm by jolting mechanism and
suddenly dropped.
The sudden dropping
of table from a height makes
the sand pack evenly around
the pattern.
38. This machines are used for ramming horizontal surfaces
on the mould. Operation is noisy because of jolting or
shaking.
(2) Vibratory Squeeze Moulding Machine: The
moulding sand is squeezed or pressed between the
machine table and a squeezer head.
The mould board is clamped on the table. The pattern is
placed inside the flask. The sand is filled up and leveled.
The table is raised up by the table lift mechanism
against the squeezer head.
The platen enters the sand frame and packs the sand
tightly. After squeezing the flask, the table comes down
to the starting position.