Statistical techniques
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This document discusses statistical techniques for analyzing data, including measures of location (mean, median, mode) which represent a single value for the data set, and measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation) which represent the spread of the data set. It provides examples of calculating the mean, median, and mode of sample data sets. The mean is most affected by extreme values, while the mode may be more useful than the median or mean for data with multiple instances of the same value. The advantage of the mean is that it uses all data values in its calculation.
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This document discusses descriptive statistics and their uses in research. Descriptive statistics describe basic features of data through simple summaries, and allow researchers to describe many data points with a few key values. These include distributions to show frequencies of values, measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, and measures of dispersion like range and standard deviation. The mean is the average value and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle value when values are arranged in order. The mode is the most frequent value. Standard deviation measures how spread out values are from the mean.
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Cognitive load theory describes the different types of cognitive load on working memory: intrinsic load from the difficulty of the material, extraneous load from poor instructional design, and germane load that aids learning. Various instructional design techniques can manage cognitive load, such as worked examples, completion problems, integrating rather than splitting sources of information, presenting words and pictures together rather than separately, and eliminating redundant information. The effectiveness of techniques depends on learner expertise and the complexity of the material.
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This document provides instructions for playing a game called "Player Key". The game is played in pairs, with one player making a chain from side to side and the other from top to bottom on a grid. Players take turns answering trivia questions, coloring in a block if they answer correctly. Players can also block their opponent's chain by choosing a question. The first player to complete their chain across or down wins.
Blockbusters template
Players work in pairs to build chains across or down the game board by answering questions correctly. Each player uses a different color to mark their chain, and can choose questions to block their partner's chain. The first player to complete a chain from side to side or top to bottom wins.
Blockbusters #socfam
Work in pairs to create chains by colouring in blocks when answering questions correctly. One player makes a chain from side to side, the other from top to bottom. Players use different colours and can block their partner's chain by choosing questions. The first to complete their chain across or down wins.
2.6 acids bases and salts
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines pH and the pH scale, explaining that acids have a pH below 7 while bases have a pH above 7. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. Acids contain H+ ions while bases contain OH- ions. When an acid and base react, they form a salt and water through neutralization. Common acids and bases are given along with examples of acid-base reactions and properties. Methods for making soluble salts by reacting acids with metals or insoluble bases are also described.
C2.5 exothermic and endothermic reactions
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions. It provides examples of common exothermic reactions like combustion and oxidation, which release energy to their surroundings. Endothermic reactions like the decomposition of calcium carbonate absorb energy from their surroundings. The document uses examples like hand warmers and sports injury cold packs to illustrate exothermic and endothermic processes. It also contains questions to test the reader's understanding of whether specific reactions are exothermic or endothermic.
C2.3.3 quantitative chemistry
Farmer Giles wants to determine which fertilizer contains more nitrogen. To do this, he needs to calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in each fertilizer. KNO3 has a higher percentage of nitrogen than NaNO3 because KNO3 has a lower molar mass and therefore more of its mass is made up of nitrogen. Calculating percentage by mass involves using relative atomic masses and molar masses. For example, the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia is calculated by taking the mass of nitrogen atoms, dividing by the molar mass of ammonia, and multiplying by 100.
C2.2 how structure influences
Substances with simple molecular, giant ionic and giant covalent structures have very different properties. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonds are strong, while forces between molecules are weaker. Nanomaterials have new properties due to their small size on the scale of 10 atoms. The structures of substances influence their properties and uses.
C2.1 structure and bonding
1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonding including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
2. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions with opposite charges that are attracted in a giant lattice structure.
3. Covalent bonding can form either simple molecules held together by shared electron pairs or giant covalent structures with thousands of atoms bonded together.
C2.1 structure and bonding
Ionic compounds form giant lattice structures when oppositely charged ions bond via electrostatic forces. This ionic bonding results in high melting points and the ability to conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing and can form either simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces or giant covalent structures with very high melting points due to numerous strong covalent bonds. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons that act as glue between positive metal ions, allowing them to slide past one another.
B2.8 speciation
Speciation is the formation of new biological species. The document provides three key points about speciation and its relationship to natural selection:
1. Speciation can occur when a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups. Over time, each group evolves differently through genetic variation and natural selection, resulting in reproductively isolated species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows organisms changing over time and new species arising as others become extinct.
3. Natural selection plays a role in speciation when environmental changes cause isolated populations to evolve adaptations better suited to their local conditions, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species over prolonged periods of separation.
B2.7 meiosis and mitosis
Meiosis and mitosis are two types of cell division. Meiosis occurs in sex organs and produces gametes through two divisions, resulting in four cells each with half the number of chromosomes, while mitosis occurs throughout the body and involves one division to produce two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes. The main differences are that meiosis produces gametes and reduces chromosome number, while mitosis produces somatic cells to grow and repair tissues.
B2.7 genetic disorders
This document discusses several genetic disorders including polydactyly, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease. It provides details on the inheritance patterns and characteristics of each disorder. Potential treatments and ethical issues related to genetic testing, gene therapy, cloning, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis are also examined.
B2.7 cell division and inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allow characteristics to be passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes, made of DNA and containing genes, are found in cell nuclei and segregate into gametes during meiosis. Offspring receive half their chromosomes from each parent, determining traits like earlobe attachment and sex, which is determined by XX or XY sex chromosomes. Genetic crosses can predict the likelihood offspring will inherit dominant or recessive alleles.
B2.5 proteins enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions. They are specific and only catalyze one reaction. Enzymes are found in animals, plants and microorganisms and are used widely in the home and industry. Some advantages of using enzymes include enabling reactions to occur at lower temperatures and making industrial processes cheaper. However, enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH changes.
Aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
B1.4 red v grey
Environmental changes affect the distribution and survival of both plant and animal species through biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors like competition for resources and disease transmission have led to changes in species populations over time, such as the disappearance of pollinating insects and the decline of red squirrel numbers in the UK due to the introduction and spread of grey squirrels who outcompete reds for food and carry squirrel pox virus to which they are immune but kills reds. Non-biotic environmental changes in temperature, oxygen levels, water, and light availability from sources like pollution have also impacted species distributions.
B1.4 pollution detectors
Lichens are useful as bio-indicators of pollution levels because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from the air. Different lichen species show varying sensitivities and abilities to accumulate pollutants. They can survive in almost all environments and seasons. Indicator species found in water can also indicate pollution levels, with mayfly nymphs and caddis fly larvae found in cleaner water, and water lice and sludgeworms found in more polluted water, allowing conclusions about water quality to be drawn. Samples should be taken at the same time each year for valid comparisons, and other factors like oxygen, pH, metals or chemicals can also act as non-biological pollution indicators.
B1.4 plants adaptation
Plants have developed various adaptations to survive in different environments. Some plants in cold climates are small, dark-colored, and have small waxy leaves or needles to minimize heat loss. Desert plants often have silver or hairy leaves to reflect sunlight, store water in stems or leaves, or have deep root systems to reach water underground. Adaptations help plants acquire resources and endure environmental stresses.
B1.4 animals adaptations
This document discusses animal adaptations for survival in different environments. It provides examples of how Arctic and desert animals have adapted through physical traits like thick fur or thin coats and body shapes that minimize heat loss or gain. Sharks are used to demonstrate both general aquatic adaptations like streamlined bodies and gills as well as specific predatory adaptations like sensitive smell and replaceable teeth. Surface area to volume ratio is discussed as an important factor in an animal's ability to retain or shed heat.
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- 1. Statistical techniques Unit 8 strand 1
- 3. Measures of location There are three types of ‘average’: the mean (x bar ), mode and median. These are known as measures of location. This provides a single value that represent the data.
- 4. Now try this Find the mean, median and mode of the following data: (a) 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 (b) 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ,1 ,1, 9
- 5. Which of the three measures of location is most affected by an extreme value? When might the mode be of more use than either the median or the mean? What is the advantage of the mean?
- 6. Measures of dispersion One measure of dispersion or spread is the range . Another is the standard deviation , s or σ . The formula for standard deviation is: