SSRI poisoning
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SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the brain and periphery. They have a rapid absorption, high protein binding, and long elimination half-life due to active metabolites. SSRI overdoses rarely cause death on their own and are unlikely to cause CNS depression, seizures, or significant cardiotoxicity. Serotonin syndrome can occur from mixed ingestion of serotonergic drugs or changes to SSRI dosing, but is typically mild and treated supportively.
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Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It is found extensively in the gastrointestinal tract and in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system. Serotonin receptors include 5-HT1-7 and are involved in various physiological functions like mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances in the serotonergic system are associated with disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and impulse control disorders. Drugs that affect the serotonergic system include SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, 5-HT3 antagonists, buspirone, and MAOIs.
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Major depressive disorder is a common and often recurrent mental disorder characterized by low mood, loss of interest, and feelings of guilt or low self-worth. It results in significant disability and increased mortality risk. Depression is caused by genetic, environmental, and medical factors that impact neurotransmitter levels and brain structure. Antidepressants work to correct neurotransmitter imbalances and include TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, atypicals, and MAOIs. TCAs were the first generation but cause more side effects, while SSRIs are now first-line due to fewer side effects. All antidepressants aim to increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine levels to alleviate symptoms of depression.
Antidepressant_Pharmacology.ppt
1. Major affective disorders include depression, seasonal affective disorder, atypical depression, and bipolar disorder.
2. Episodal or reactive depression is the most common type, making up over 60% of cases. It is triggered by adverse life events and can be treated with antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy.
3. Antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine or inhibiting monoamine oxidase enzymes. Common classes include SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs, and atypical antidepressants. SSRIs are now the first choice treatment due to their improved safety profile over TCAs.
Antidepressant_Pharmacology.ppt
1. Major affective disorders like depression are classified as episodal, seasonal, atypical, or major/endogenous and can involve mania in bipolar disorder.
2. Depression has genetic and environmental causes and can be drug-induced or drug-treated using antidepressants which work by altering neurotransmitter levels.
3. Common antidepressant drug classes include SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants which work through various mechanisms like inhibiting reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine or blocking MAO enzymes.
Antidepressant_Pharmacology.ppt
1. Major affective disorders like depression have genetic and environmental components and can be treated with drugs or electroconvulsive therapy.
2. Depression is linked to abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems like serotonin and norepinephrine. Antidepressants target these systems by inhibiting reuptake or blocking enzymes.
3. Common antidepressants include SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. They work by increasing synaptic levels of serotonin/norepinephrine through different mechanisms of action.
Antidepressant_Pharmacology.ppt
1. Major affective disorders like depression are classified as episodal, seasonal, atypical, or major/endogenous and can involve mania in bipolar disorder.
2. Depression has genetic and environmental causes and can be drug-induced or drug-treated using antidepressants which work by altering neurotransmitter levels.
3. Common antidepressant drug classes include SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants which work through various mechanisms like inhibiting reuptake or blocking enzymes to ultimately increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Antidepressants mood_stabilizers
Antidepressants work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat conditions like depression, chronic pain, and family history of depression. Common types include SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclics. Side effects may include dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and weight gain. Mood stabilizers like lithium and anticonvulsants are used to treat bipolar disorder and prevent manic episodes. Lithium requires blood monitoring due to risk of toxicity. Side effects can include tremors, nausea, weight gain, and decreased thyroid function.
Overview of Antidepressants
Antidepressants such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs work by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both in the brain. SSRIs are generally first-line treatment and safer in overdose than TCAs, but TCAs may be better for severe depression. Both classes of drugs can cause side effects like dry mouth, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Antidepressants may take 10-20 days to work and should be continued for at least 6 months after symptoms improve to prevent relapse. Combining certain antidepressants can be dangerous due to increased serotonin levels.
Emergencies Caused By Psychiatric Drugs
This document discusses several psychiatric medication emergencies including serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, extrapyramidal reactions, and lithium toxicity. Serotonin syndrome can be caused by medications that increase serotonin levels and can be fatal if not treated. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is associated with neuroleptic medications and MAO inhibitors and presents with fever, muscle rigidity, and elevated enzymes. Extrapyramidal reactions include dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Lithium toxicity can cause confusion, ataxia, seizures or death at levels over 3 mmol per L. Prompt diagnosis and discontinuation of causative medications are important in treating these potential emergencies.
06 Psychotherapeutic Agents Upd
The document discusses antidepressants and antipsychotics used to treat mental disorders like depression, anxiety, psychoses, and affective disorders. It describes the pathophysiology involving biochemical imbalances and provides examples of drug categories and specific medications used, including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, cautions, and monitoring considerations for safe and effective use. Nursing care involves patient education, monitoring for therapeutic effects and side effects, and ensuring safe administration of these medications.
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry Aditya.pptx
Serotonin plays an important role in many psychiatric diseases. It is synthesized from tryptophan and found mainly in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the brain, serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei and projects to various areas influencing mood, anxiety, sleep and other functions. Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and receptors are implicated in depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia and other disorders. Many psychiatric drugs work by altering serotonin levels and receptor activity, such as SSRIs which increase serotonin through SERT blockade, atypical antipsychotics which are 5HT2A antagonists, and triptans which are 5HT1B/1D agonists for migraine treatment.
Anti depression
This document provides an overview of anti-depression including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, hypotheses, symptoms, diagnosis, and antidepressants. It defines depression according to the WHO as a common mental disorder characterized by sadness and loss of interest. It notes the lifetime prevalence varies from 3-17% depending on country, and is higher in women. Several hypotheses for the etiology of depression are discussed related to neurotransmitters, receptors, and neuroendocrine factors. Common symptoms and diagnosis criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Finally, it describes several classes of antidepressants including TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRIs and discusses their mechanisms of action, advantages/disadvantages, side
Pharma Nervous Day 2.pptx
Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of unease, dread, and abnormal responses that prevent normal functioning. Common types include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, and social phobia. Antianxiety medications used to treat these disorders include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, MAOIs, buspirone, and SSRIs. Buspirone has no muscle relaxant or anticonvulsant effects and does not cause sedation, but its effects may take several weeks to be seen. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and headache.
Animal Models for Seizure and Epilepsy
Explanation of Preclinical (Animal) Models of Seizure and Epilepsy.
General overview of Seizure and Epilepsy and its current Management. Need to develop newer drugs and Newer models. Current models for Acute Seizure. Kindling explained. PPT contains overview and Protocol.
Tox and seizures
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This document discusses clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It defines pharmacokinetics as how the body affects a drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Factors like age can impact these processes in pediatric patients. It also discusses pharmacodynamics, how drugs act on the body, and how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics together can help individualize drug therapy and decrease adverse effects.
Kinetika En 2002
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body over time. It aims to quantitatively account for the amount of drug in the body and the rate it is cleared.
- Distribution of drugs throughout tissues is affected by factors like membrane permeability, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH, and plasma protein binding. The apparent volume of distribution indicates how much volume a drug appears to distribute into based on its concentration in plasma.
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Pk1 Ppt
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetic concepts including the four main processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and various pharmacokinetic models. It discusses how drugs move through the body, factors that affect drug concentrations over time, and complexity of drug interactions within the body. Examples are provided to illustrate key pharmacokinetic principles such as the effect of dosage form on absorption rate and how organ function influences drug elimination rates.
Kinetika En 2002
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body. The key pharmacokinetic parameters include volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (CL), and elimination half-life (t1/2). Vd represents the apparent volume needed to contain the total amount of drug at the observed plasma concentration. CL is the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time, determined by metabolism and excretion. t1/2 is the time for drug concentration to reduce by half, dependent on Vd and CL. These parameters allow quantification of drug behavior in the body over time.
Ceorins
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that share a beta-lactam ring structure with penicillins and other beta-lactams. They work by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls to inhibit cell wall synthesis. First generation cephalosporins are mainly active against gram-positive cocci, while later generations have increased gram-negative coverage. Each generation also has distinct and expanded clinical uses depending on their antimicrobial spectrum.
AUPDATE
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For a case of community-acquired pneumonia, the patient was initially treated empirically with Augmentin and clarithromycin per guidelines. Testing later found penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, requiring a change to higher dose beta-lactams, vancomycin, or fluoroquinolones.
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05052008OvarianTelehealth
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mati
- Ovarian cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in women in the US, with a 5-year survival rate of only 35% for advanced cases. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific early symptoms.
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DrTerespolsky
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15
1. Ovarian cancer is the most common type of ovarian tumor and the 7th most common cancer in women.
2. Early stages of ovarian cancer are often asymptomatic but later stages can cause pressure symptoms like abdominal pain or bloating.
3. Ovarian cancer commonly spreads directly to nearby structures in the abdomen or through the lymphatic system to distant lymph nodes.
gopalan031607
Ovarian cancer is the 8th most common cancer in women and the 5th leading cause of cancer death. It has a median age of diagnosis of 60 years old and 68% of cases are metastatic at diagnosis. Risk factors include family history, personal history of breast cancer, infertility, and lack of pregnancy. Genetic mutations like BRCA1/2 account for 10-15% of cases. Symptoms are often vague. Treatment involves surgical staging and debulking followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, with the goal of optimal cytoreduction to ≤1cm residual disease.
IncidentalomaTalk
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Nikiforov
This document summarizes genetic alterations involved in the progression of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas to poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. It discusses mutations in genes such as BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8-PPARγ that are involved in early-stage well-differentiated and follicular carcinomas. Additional mutations in p53 and β-catenin are thought to direct dedifferentiation and progression to later stages. Studies of mutations and loss of heterozygosity support a model where well-differentiated tumors progress through poorly differentiated to anaplastic carcinomas through the accumulation of these genetic alterations.
Thpt
1. The patient has a history of thyroid cancer with metastases to the lungs and skull, and underwent total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy.
2. Treatment options for recurrent or metastatic thyroid cancer include radioactive iodine treatment, surgery, external beam radiation, and molecularly targeted therapies.
3. Molecular targeted therapies that show promise for thyroid cancer work by inhibiting pathways involved in cell signaling and angiogenesis, such as the MAPK and PI3K pathways, or by restoring radioiodine uptake.
Thyroid Disease
- Thyroid cancer accounts for 1.5% of cancers in the US, with papillary carcinoma being the most common at 80% of cases.
- A 45-year-old female presented with a thyroid nodule that was found to be papillary carcinoma on biopsy. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended treatment.
- Her prognosis is favorable at ~90% 10-year survival given her diagnosis of papillary carcinoma and surgery. Ongoing monitoring is still recommended.
THYCER
1. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with papillary thyroid cancer being the most common type.
2. Treatment involves surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland followed by radioactive iodine ablation and thyroid hormone suppression.
3. Follow up care involves monitoring of thyroid levels and imaging tests to check for recurrence or spread of cancer. Outcomes depend on cancer type, stage, and individual risk factors.
DrRobertFoxUtahSSF
1. New diagnostic criteria have been developed to clarify the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome and diminish confusion in clinical practice and research.
2. The diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome can be challenging as minor salivary gland biopsies and ANA blood tests sometimes have variable or non-specific results.
3. While Sjogren's syndrome and SLE share some similarities, Sjogren's syndrome has distinct clinical manifestations and treatment considerations compared to SLE.
Sjögren's_syndrome~_Role_for_Cevimeline
1) The document discusses Sjogren's Syndrome, an autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes and mouth, and evolving concepts for treating it based on pathogenesis involving lymphocytic infiltrates impairing salivary and lacrimal gland function rather than full destruction.
2) It explores using the muscarinic receptor agonist cevimeline to stimulate residual gland function by activating M1/M3 receptors, and insights from Sjogren's into related conditions involving dryness from cholinergic imbalances like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and fibromyalgia.
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