Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed sedative-hypnotic agents that were introduced in 1960. They are used for conditions like anxiety, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While generally safe, benzodiazepines can cause side effects with prolonged use or overdose like dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and respiratory depression. The effects of different benzodiazepines vary based on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and metabolism, with short-acting agents having faster onsets but shorter durations of action.
Gut decontamination or methods of poison removal in clinical toxicology Soujanya Pharm.D
This presentation includes various methods of poison removal like emesis, gastric lavage (stomach wash), catharsis, activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation.
General principles involved in management of poisoning- by rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hellow friends!!! I am back....with my 13th ppt!!
This ppt is regarding TOXICOLOGY,which happens to be my 1st....and i am happy to release the same on INDEPENDENCE DAY!!
Wishing a very happy and blissful Independence Day to all....i release my toxicology ppt regarding GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN POISONING MANAGEMENT.....
Since its my 1st attempt in Toxicology, i would love to hear ur reviews, and comments....so that i can improve in upcoming editions......
Keep reading...thanks for ur support!!!
With love and regards,
Vishnu.R.Nair (rxvichu-alwz4uh!!)
:) :)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................,............................................................ Stfu bhi indu hind st final bro someday dijiye atho digit digit xxii t sigh kornel co shop gag di hobo Diego kal subodh dual payal kale t Ella article sir arzoo Arduino att arzoo Arduino Kingsway att line Arduino L line lycra bhool full cargo SS deep long trade luga deep life or see good luga life still luga subo pura who la ee kya AAP nidra social life full kya subodh kya chhol ohh arzoo AAP know subo pics atho Sethi Sethi Sethi Dil PE ek pics atho dp is well dp la all luga atho ka atho Sethi Sethi Sethi stock la all la all la will full of all so still do still luga well of wo la AAP ka O DD chho still luga well stop pics arzoo ago arzoo Arduino arzoo archi arzoo Arduino knuckle arzoo AAP AAP arzoo Arduino Arduino arzoo archi arzoo Arduino arzoo Arduino att Arduino arzoo Arduino att archi arzoo archi Arduino ingress Arduino archi arzoo pnne Arduino arzoo Onida AAP Arduino archbishop Omniverse archbishop Onida archbishop archbishop ponna archbishop archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino archbishop Arduino archbishop Arduino archi oversaw see arzoo pnne novices archbishop ponna westcoast pnne westcoast objects s Arduino ponna arzoo Onida archbishop ponna archbishop Arduino archbishop octa Arduino archbishop Arduino Arduino archi Arduino archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino Arduino suchhi arzoo Arduino archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino watching Arduino ponna arzoo Arduino subo suchhi subo subo subo suchhi divine suchhi arzoo att Arduino suchhi Arduino Arduino arzoo Arduino archbishop Arduino archbishop stfu att Arduino arzoo Arduino Arduino asechilo sechi Deni secret JW jubeda sechi AAP archi archi archbishop one archi Arduino archi chno still archi rahul pnne archi archi stfu Lee hai phew to ka well of wo luga well of simp atho Sethi IGA chho ratho phew atho ka archi pics archi onga archi phew AAP PE Sethi inda atho inda so inda ego inda so pls do na archi pics do la do inda so inda atho pnne etho well stop la to inda so inda atho inda so inda so inda so ja Arduino onga archi atho ka zo deti bro yes so ja xxii ka so of reel baa w sh jio ka etho he week of dry ru ohh ha att you of ca att GH BK pi yes so ch of re etu hi kon BC dry gi on VC st tu j kV de ew sh hi I tr dh ho ok he w we tu I kV cd as dh ho o JB cd etu up ok bcs xx vi I of GD redd dh h or du hi ok he re SS ch I kg tr es DC ii on HC d was dh ho ok he e SD j kon BC f SS ryik he SS ch I ok he Dr w was DC up ok bcs as ch h KB g redd th BBC DD so ch jte dh b vo kV cd RS SSC GH JB f SSC ch j kV f dh igg SS f KB VC SSC h KB f SS ch ok he re SS f ok he f SS ch ok he t Ed h KB f es dh ok he cd as th IB fr es tu pH g ve SD ho ok fr HC es dh ujj igg Ed to pH fr AA hi oh g etu hi ok GD du region HC es tu ok
Gut decontamination or methods of poison removal in clinical toxicology Soujanya Pharm.D
This presentation includes various methods of poison removal like emesis, gastric lavage (stomach wash), catharsis, activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation.
General principles involved in management of poisoning- by rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hellow friends!!! I am back....with my 13th ppt!!
This ppt is regarding TOXICOLOGY,which happens to be my 1st....and i am happy to release the same on INDEPENDENCE DAY!!
Wishing a very happy and blissful Independence Day to all....i release my toxicology ppt regarding GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN POISONING MANAGEMENT.....
Since its my 1st attempt in Toxicology, i would love to hear ur reviews, and comments....so that i can improve in upcoming editions......
Keep reading...thanks for ur support!!!
With love and regards,
Vishnu.R.Nair (rxvichu-alwz4uh!!)
:) :)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................,............................................................ Stfu bhi indu hind st final bro someday dijiye atho digit digit xxii t sigh kornel co shop gag di hobo Diego kal subodh dual payal kale t Ella article sir arzoo Arduino att arzoo Arduino Kingsway att line Arduino L line lycra bhool full cargo SS deep long trade luga deep life or see good luga life still luga subo pura who la ee kya AAP nidra social life full kya subodh kya chhol ohh arzoo AAP know subo pics atho Sethi Sethi Sethi Dil PE ek pics atho dp is well dp la all luga atho ka atho Sethi Sethi Sethi stock la all la all la will full of all so still do still luga well of wo la AAP ka O DD chho still luga well stop pics arzoo ago arzoo Arduino arzoo archi arzoo Arduino knuckle arzoo AAP AAP arzoo Arduino Arduino arzoo archi arzoo Arduino arzoo Arduino att Arduino arzoo Arduino att archi arzoo archi Arduino ingress Arduino archi arzoo pnne Arduino arzoo Onida AAP Arduino archbishop Omniverse archbishop Onida archbishop archbishop ponna archbishop archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino archbishop Arduino archbishop Arduino archi oversaw see arzoo pnne novices archbishop ponna westcoast pnne westcoast objects s Arduino ponna arzoo Onida archbishop ponna archbishop Arduino archbishop octa Arduino archbishop Arduino Arduino archi Arduino archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino Arduino suchhi arzoo Arduino archbishop archbishop archbishop Arduino watching Arduino ponna arzoo Arduino subo suchhi subo subo subo suchhi divine suchhi arzoo att Arduino suchhi Arduino Arduino arzoo Arduino archbishop Arduino archbishop stfu att Arduino arzoo Arduino Arduino asechilo sechi Deni secret JW jubeda sechi AAP archi archi archbishop one archi Arduino archi chno still archi rahul pnne archi archi stfu Lee hai phew to ka well of wo luga well of simp atho Sethi IGA chho ratho phew atho ka archi pics archi onga archi phew AAP PE Sethi inda atho inda so inda ego inda so pls do na archi pics do la do inda so inda atho pnne etho well stop la to inda so inda atho inda so inda so inda so ja Arduino onga archi atho ka zo deti bro yes so ja xxii ka so of reel baa w sh jio ka etho he week of dry ru ohh ha att you of ca att GH BK pi yes so ch of re etu hi kon BC dry gi on VC st tu j kV de ew sh hi I tr dh ho ok he w we tu I kV cd as dh ho o JB cd etu up ok bcs xx vi I of GD redd dh h or du hi ok he re SS ch I kg tr es DC ii on HC d was dh ho ok he e SD j kon BC f SS ryik he SS ch I ok he Dr w was DC up ok bcs as ch h KB g redd th BBC DD so ch jte dh b vo kV cd RS SSC GH JB f SSC ch j kV f dh igg SS f KB VC SSC h KB f SS ch ok he re SS f ok he f SS ch ok he t Ed h KB f es dh ok he cd as th IB fr es tu pH g ve SD ho ok fr HC es dh ujj igg Ed to pH fr AA hi oh g etu hi ok GD du region HC es tu ok
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about CNS drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are sedative-hypnotic agents
that were first introduced in 1960.
BZDs commonly are used for a variety of situations
that include
1. seizure control
2. anxiety
3. alcohol withdrawal
4. insomnia
5. control of drug-associated agitation
6. muscle relaxants
7. preanesthetic agents.
8. They also are combined frequently with other
medications for procedural sedation.
3. Because of their widespread use, these
drugs have propensity for abuse.
In addition, benzodiazepines frequently
are used in overdose, either alone or in
association with other substances.
4. Benzodiazepines (BZD) exert their action by
potentiating the activity of GABA. They bind
to a specific receptor on the GABA A receptor
complex, which facilitates the binding of
GABA to its specific receptor site.
BZD binding causes increased frequency of
opening of the chloride channel complexed
with the GABA A receptor.
Chloride channel opening results in
membrane hyperpolarization, which inhibits
cellular excitation.
5.
6.
7. Enhanced GABA neurotransmission results in
sedation, striated muscle relaxation,
anxiolysis, and anticonvulsant effects.
Stimulation of peripheral nervous system
GABA receptors may cause decreased cardiac
contractility and vasodilation. These changes
could have the potential to alter tissue
perfusion.
9. BZDs are metabolized predominantly in the
liver by oxidation and/or conjugation.
Most BZDs are broken down into
pharmacologically active metabolites, which
may have longer half-lives than the parent
compounds.
10.
11. The rate of BZD onset of action is determined by
its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
The relatively lipophilic BZDs usually produce a
faster onset of effect than the relatively water-soluble
BZDs.
BZD effects can be potentiated when ethanol is
present as coingestant.
Peak blood concentrations of most agents occur
within 1-3 hours.
After a single dose, the lipophilic agents can
have a shorter duration of action (shorter CNS
effect) than water-soluble agents because rapid
redistribution from the CNS to peripheral sites
(eg, adipose tissue); thus, lorazepam (water
soluble) has a longer CNS duration of action than
diazepam (lipophilic).
However, diazepam metabolizes to active
intermediates with prolonged half-life extending
its therapeutic effects.
12.
13. Benzodiazepines generally are thought to be safe
and death is rare.
Mortality and morbidity from a pure oral BZD
overdose is rare; it usually occurs in conjunction
with concomitant alcohol ingestion or use of
other sedative-hypnotics.
Intravenous administration or overdose of
ultrashort-acting BZDs (eg, triazolam) is more
likely to result in apnea and death.
Elderly individuals and very young persons are
more susceptible to the CNS depressant effects
of BZDs than people in other age groups.
Intravenous administration is associated with
greater degrees of hypotension than other routes
of administration and occasional cardiac and
respiratory arrest.
14. Toxicity of Benzodiazepines
• Benzodiazepines toxicity (cont’d):
- Psychological and physical dependence on
benzodiazepines can develop if high doses of
the drugs are given over a prolonged period.
- Abrupt discontinuation of the benzodiazepines
results in withdrawal symptoms, including
anxiety, agitation, restlessness, rebound
insomnia, tension, tremors and rarely,
seizures.
- Because of the long half-lives of some
benzodiazepines (e.g. Diazepam), withdrawal
symptoms may occur slowly and last a number
of days after discontinuation of therapy.
Benzodiazepines with a short elimination half-life,
such as triazolam, induce more abrupt
and severe withdrawal reactions than those
seen with drugs that are slowly eliminated,
such as flurazepam
15.
16. History should include the time, dose, and
intent of the overdose.
Determine if co-ingestants are present and
the duration of benzodiazepine use.
Signs and symptoms
1. Dizziness, Confusion,Drowsiness,
Unresponsiveness, Anxiety, and Agitation
2. Blurred vision and Nystagmus
3. Slurred speech, ataxia, Weakness
4. hypotension
5. Respiratory depression
6. Coma
17. Work up
- as barbiturates.
Management
As barbiturates
Flumazenil is a competitive BZD receptor
antagonist and should be used cautiously
because it has potential to precipitate BZD
withdrawal in chronic users, resulting in
seizures.
Flumazenil administration is contraindicated
in mixed overdoses (eg, TCAs) because BZD
reversal can precipitate seizures and cardiac
arrhythmias.